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PROCEEDINGS of the ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY of WASHINGTON
Volume 83
OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1981
President Jack E. Lipes President-elect Margaret S. Collins Recording Secretary David A. Nickle Corresponding Secretary Mignon B. Davis Treasurer F. Christian Thompson Editor David R. Smith Custodian Sueo Nakahara Program Committee Chairman Jay C. Shaffer Membership Committee Chairman Joyce A. Utmar Delegate to the Washington Academy of Sciences Jack E. Lipes Hospitality Chairman Helen Sollers-Riedel
Published by the Society WASHINGTON, D.C. 1981
il PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME 83
AIPKEN, 0. H...G:—See VIRBABE Gi iC re ta ee ee eo noe 140 AKERS, R. C. and W. H ROBINSON—Spatial pattern and movement of German cock- roaches in urban, low-income apartments (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) ............... 168 ANDERSON, D... M.—See CLARK. WES 3.) Stats acne ose eaters Aer eee 185 BOLEN EE} G:=SeesMEDANIEIS Ba 22cn ais oc Oe ae et eee 40 BROWN: He P See SPANGLER, RB. JS ¢.. tobacco ee oe eo ot ee eee 596 BURDETRE. Az W.—see:GOEWALD. We Ee. JiR ocpeeree leer ee cee eae eee 72 BURGER, J. F., D. J. LAKE, and M. L. MCKAY—The larval habitats and rearing of some common Chrysops species (Diptera: Tabanidae) in New Hampshire .......... 373 BURGER, J. F. and F. C. THOMPSON—The Tabanus striatus complex (Diptera: Ta- banidae): A revision of some Oriental horse fly vectors of surra ................... 339 CARROLL, J. F., J. W. KIMBROUGH, and W. H. WHITCOMB—Mycophagy by Aphacnoevaster Spp(Elyimenoptenra: FOLMICIdac) pena aee ce roe acre tienes 326 CARTWRIGHT, O. L. and P. J. SPANGLER—A new Ataenius from Socorro Island, Mexicoi(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Aphodiinae) seer ee eee eee eee 785
CLARK, W. E.—The genus Chionanthobius Pierce (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): A new Species fromi@ubarandta key toispeciesiaaer eee era ener one ae cee cee nee 690 CLARK, W. E. and D. M. ANDERSON—The genus Chionanthobius Pierce (Coleop- tera: Curculionidae): Descriptions of a new species on Forestiera (Oleaceae) and of thevlanvarandipipaloteG- sciwarci lence: ee ee eee een eee ene 185 DEBACH, P. and J. LASALLE—The taxonomic status of Encarsia, Prospaltella, and Trichaporus and a description of Primaprospaltella, new genus (Hymenoptera: Chal- cidoideasAphelinidae) ic 15. c.sic. nies Hearse eo RE Oe ae OE eee ee 642 DEBACH, P. and M. ROSE—A new genus and species of Aphelinidae with some syn- onymies, a rediagnosis of Aspidiotiphagus and a key to pentamerous and heteromerous
Prospaltellinae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Aphelinidae) ........................ 658 DELONG, D. M.—New species of Gypona, Gyponinae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) with
descniptionyof anew. subgenus” i. ..asoucssh amen or eee cee eee eee 505 DOBKIN: D2 S:—See SCHWANS iT .\Gi. .o0 ccc uke aoe soe ec eee Cerne oe 93 DUFFIELD, R. M.—2-Nonanol in the exocrine secretion of the Nearctic caddisfly Rhy-
acophila fuscula (Walker) (Rhyacophilidae: Trichoptera) ......................005- 60
DUFFIELD, R. M.—Biology of Microdon fuscipennis (Diptera: Syrphidae) with inter- pretations of the reproductive strategies of Microdon species found north of Mexico 716 EMERSON, K. C.—Status of five species of Mallophaga described by M. A. Carriker,
UG aCe ee re ee ERR ee a Ge tr c.h. an poe OOTG oor Danaea eas sc: 137 EVANS, H. E.—Biosystematics of ground-nesting species of Pison in Australia (Hy- menoptera; Sphecidae> Dry poxyvilini) rere nt ae oe ee oreo 421 FISK, F. W. and C. SCHAL—Notes on new species of epilamprine cockroaches from Costa Rica and Panama (Blattaria> Blaberidae) {5.4 2...-45452 2208 See eee 694 FOOTE, B. A.—Biology and immature stages of Lytogaster excavata, a grazer of blue- green aleae (Diptera; Ephydnidae)ie. sae.) 4 oe eee eee 304 FOOTE, B. A.—Biology and immature stages of Pelina truncatula, a consumer of blue- greentaleae (Diptera: Ephydnidae)..5 core ooe renee een eo ee eee 607
FOSTER, Jz W.'S.; 1lI—See KONDRATIEFF; BoC. 25: 0255. seek eee eee eee 300
VOLUME 83, NUMBER 4
FRANCLEMONT, J. G.—The identity of Mamestra passa and Morrisonia peracuta of Morison (eepidopteras Noctuidae? Hadenimae)ir eee s eerie icles aes eee FROESCHNER, R. C.—Elsiella, a new genus for Ebora plana Walker, 1867 (Hemiptera: Rentatomidae) es ccc. acc) <the seis eee rs situs ane pene eee Ruger em en ahote abe Sale naa EROS GENE Reka C-—See SOLOMON Ja Gee aera ee ie erie eerie GAGNE, R. J.—A new species of North American Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) from Spar- TO? CANO ALO AAA 0 ROLNACES) igtie tetaeh ro ele Un OIOD Coon Seeds ube Gb ooo ee occ eee oe GAGNE, R. J.—A new species of Endaphis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) endoparasitic in aphidspineBritishy COMM DIA secs 5 = ores epee coe ts eetogs eects Seis eek ieee Sue GILES, F. E., W. W. WIRTH, and D. H. MESSERSMITH—Two new species of biting midges and a check list of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Sri [LET RETS ne Paes & CRA CRE Pee Rene ere nice tate ee mentee analy CO ERO a rc Sarde GORDON TR D:——Seer MIE BRAS. JES bec eece nein Gan ea ae ieee GOTWALD, W. J., JR. and A. W. BURDETTE—Morphology of the male internal reproductive system in army ants: Phylogenetic implications (Hymenoptera: Formici- GES) ees OS oe Oe ore Bee ERE ee eis hole ohm erotaomma atte au ands Set eaee GRISSELL, E. E.—The identity of Nearctic Cerocephala Westwood (Hymenoptera: |PLISROSa nM ETS Ve) ae eee ney Orc eeee Ce DO ee ne OO hie ee tee ee ne Ce erode ees GRISSELL, E. E.—Edovum puttleri, n. g., n. sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), an egg patasite onthe: Colorado) potato beetle (Ghrysomelidace) saa cer eae el err GRISSELL, E. E. and M. E. SCHAUFF—New Nearctic Jnvreia (Hymenoptera: Chal- Cara AS)) TiOLAM, |EFSCKOVOVISROWIS PSSIG Wr ERIM ooo Scan ogcge so ou cu ouCODOuOC eC aeoeCe GROGAN, W. L., JR. and W. W. WIRTH—Three new Oriental species of Jenkinshelea Mackiex(DipterasCeratoposonidae)) ya ee ieee eee aba aeEaeeeeer HARRIS, S. C.—An illustrated key to the species of Tyrrellia (Prostigmata: Limnesiidae) HENRY, T. J.—A new eastern United States Psallus Fieber (Heteroptera: Miridae) from EM SO COI P US (ROSACEAE) je yens joe sy 0s oun ei tate pe AEF WO eed ayo) hs “hehe ns uoreys avensyete oi Oks ton ow pes HEPPNER, J. B.—Neomachlotica, a new genus of Glyphipterigidae (Lepidoptera) .... HOEBEKE, E. R. and D. A. NICKLE—The forest cockroach, Ectobius sylvestris (Poda), a European species newly discovered in North America (Dictyoptera: Blatto- Gear Ctobudae) bi. = eMteys ek, she sreia Seo ys Uses eRe oslo SORA 12 a> Bute ohe em cele aesowe evar tee ELOWID EI Niain ee —S ees MINES BB ReaS: sia as sce voeseusrelcust ousccedey anita va ke erslenorg eeieate oie: HUDSON, A.—Distinguishing characters of the reproductive system and genitalia of Xestia dolosa and Xestia adela (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) ......................... KAPLAN, M. and F. C. THOMPSON—New Syrphidae from Israel (Diptera) ........ MUIMBROUGE J: We—Seei CARROLL Wik. Gani aaceriesendea donee eee KINGSOLVER, J. M.—Two new species of Acanthoscelides (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) associated with Phaseolus (Leguminosae) from Argentina, with the description of a MeWeSPEGIES-CLOUp sand abnewW, SYMON Mises otaes ul sieve ay yosicns omicieede spree aces een tee KNUTSON, L.—New combinations and synonymies in Palearctic and Nearctic Scio- THING ACHE) PTC LA) Screens eal sytney sd cas a oe ose 04 ore. ye RR Oa Oe KONDRATIEFF, B. C., J. W. S. FOSTER, III, and J. R. VOSHELL, JR.—Description of the adult of Ephemerella berneri Allen and Edmunds (Ephemeroptera: Ephemer- eiidae)awithybrologicallnoteswseh -er4 sta ack ancia pamoctessiabeedtea treet deci — aoe rere KORMILEV, N. A.—A new micropterous species of Carventus Stal from Chile (He- MOLE tase AA CIC AC) iepcrrechsy ence) aha Atal Aap: bac, es tery daiuaiget ads Syrah omen
ill
iV PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
KOSZTARASB,,-M.—See EAMBDINE Palio erator: cern i eee ere ee ee KRAUSE. C. R.—See REXRODE= CHO: ao ec occu ieee. Sera See acre enor GAKED: V=SeesBURGER VI: Bieri at tein at een eee ee ase ace eae LAMBDIN, P. L. and M. KOSZTARAB—Revision of the genus Frenchia with descrip- tion of a new species (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Asterolecaniidae)................... PASAIISE "I. See DEBA CHRP sbi cate sai 5 sro ays: sc) adeaniarea Ate rac ee MCCAFFERTY, W. P.—A distinctive new species of Stenonema (Ephemeroptera: Hep- tareniidae) mrommnentuckyangdsMISSOUM \ s.-ce «-g icine secreciece ie oei eerie eer ener MCDANIEL, B. and E. G. BOLIN—A new species of Bochartia Oudemans from Texas (Acanzeenythraeidae:Enythraeimae)y. cme crc aileron eee MORAY Mair — See BURGERG TR sana. God Sone Cece DR OTy © ae Sen MESSERSMITHE DD. E—SeciGILES4BsE. 2.4] Gees eee een are heen MIEIER Re Gs B= See) NAR AEIARACTS: “hogs tte Geek ahve ater ce sarc. enaap neuer Oana MILLER, S. E., R. D. GORDON, and H. F. HOWDEN—Reevaluation of Pleistocene scarab beetles from Rancho La Brea, California (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) ......... NAKAHARA, S.—The proper placements of the Nearctic soft scale species assigned to the genus Lecanium Burmeister (Homoptera: Coccidae) ................2..2-eeee- NAKAHARA, S. and C. E. MILLER—A list of the Coccoidea species (Homoptera) of PUETTOPRICON 5 Sere cassccle Sucka ARRAS Reboot bce ete Maven sedate etaveytons fa. POETS oka ae NICKEE,D: A:—See HOERBERE MEARS xc. smacatiic. § dy acces Seen Oe Cea OATIMAIN: (ER: —See PLATNE RAG? Rigcsy. ssiesc ae eror oes ec ecta ere ree ORTH, R. E. and G. C. STEYSKAL—A new species of Pherbellia Robineau-Desvoidy separated from a previously described North American species (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) PETERS Mi—At new, NearcticuDixas (Diptera sDixidae))emase ie eer tere eee BERBERS ONSBeVi—See. TID WETICE, (Mi rAL cccsnr cheanie cise civics Sues «cle: eh een ea PLATNER, G. R. and E. R. OCATMAN—Description of a new species of Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trchoorammatidae)iirom News Yorke eerie ee ase eee RADOVIC, I. T.—Anatomy and function of the sting apparatus of stingless bees (Hy- menoptera-Apidac--Apinae-sMelipOnini) ie. ase reir iene ee ee RATANAW ORABHAN, INE G=See WIRMEESWe Wa sean ccs seers oes hanes RAY, C. H., JR. and M. L. WILLIAMS—Redescription and lectotype designation of the tessellated scale, Eucalymnatus tessellatus (Signoret) (Homoptera: Coccidae) ... REXRODE, C. O. and C. R. KRAUSE—Sexing Phloeotribus liminaris adults (Coleop- tera: Scolytidaé)'... jacecesus ¢ 2 ee ie a ae Ace eee ROBINSON, W. H—Terminalia of North American species of Group II Megaselia (Aphiochaeta), and descriptions of four new species (Diptera: Phoridae)............ ROBINSON W..H=SeevAK ERS RAGA es. G: Ca eee ee ne ee ROSE,..M.—See DEBACH, Ps... 222 Aosn tee Oe eR ROSS, M. H.—Trapping experiments with the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae), showing differential effects from the type of trap and the:environmental resources: (si either a. a wets sl i yahly oe aia ok Poe ROTH, L. M.—The mother-offspring relationship of some blaberid cockroaches (Dic- tyoptera: Blattana:-Blabendae) <7 fo0 eee BO ee ee eee SCARBROUGH, A. G.—Ethology of Eudioctria tibialis Banks (Diptera: Asilidae) in Maryland: Seasonal distribution, abundance, diurnal movements, and behaviors ..... SCARBROUGH, A. G.—Ethology of Eudioctria tibialis Banks (Diptera: Asilidae) in Maryland sbrey, predator behavior, and) enemies’... on ase eee
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269 287
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168 658
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VOLUME 83, NUMBER 4
SCARBROUGH, A. G.—Ethology of Eudioctria tibialis Banks (Diptera: Asilidae) in ManyiandjReproductivelbehaviom samme ee cee ae er. Sai aicens Sete sve oe ee SCHABER, B. D.—Description of the immature stages of Dioryctria taedae Schaber and Wood, with notes on its biology and that of D. disclusa Heinrich (Lepidoptera: | PAV G2 bo =) Ree Neh eer Pe Se meOES Sa Cn Jone eet =r ne Ce ttn PREMERA rts cron oes a S SEDATE IC == Seer BIS Kei W serene Seniesa Es ORS EPIL E CR Se ror at eae Ste SCHAUFF, M. E.—A review of Nearctic species of Acmopolynema Oglobin (Hyme- NOpteraaiMiyMARAAe)YT Aas. Ne Se ASE RELIES: Seen Pre. bao oS Le: SCHAWEE IM: iE ==See GRISSEL LAE Ea see. Sse ae i te does oh Soe eee. SCHWAN, T. G. and D. S. DOBKIN—An unusual example of teratogenesis in the flea Thrassis fotus from Colorado (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae) ..................... SELANDER, R. B.—The Caustica Group of the genus Epicauta (Coleoptera: Meloidae) SHOLES, O. D. V.—Herbivory by species of Trirhabda (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on Solidago altissima (Asteraceae): Variation between years ....................-. SMITH, D. R.—Studies on the leaf-mining sawflies of the tribe Fenusini in Asia (Hy- menoplterayadenthnredinidae) se. -..er cone os eine tee Ot eee Re ee ee SMITH, R. L.—The trouble with ‘‘bobos,’’ Paraleucopis mexicana Steyskal, at Kino Bayessonora.s Mexico (Diptera; Chamacmiyiidae) sana ose ee eee ee eee SOLOMON, J. C. and R. C. FROESCHNER—Notes on food resources and behavior of the family Coreidae (Hemiptera) in a semi-deciduous tropical forest ............. SPANGLER, P. J.—A new water beetle, Troglochares ashmolei, n. gen., n. sp., from Ecuador; the first known eyeless cavernicolous hydrophilid beetle (Coleoptera: EAVGROPRIIGAL):. «cies ales os vows soars Mw ecm ew oe AOR eR ete Re SPANGLER, P. J. and H. P. BROWN—The discovery of Hydora, a hitherto Australian- New Zealand genus of riffle beetles, in austral South America (Coleoptera: Elmidae) SEANGLERL P=) :-SeeCARPWRIGHT 7 OMEGS 2672 SAU) = ME. AO STEYSKAL, G. C.—A bibliography of the Malaise trap oo... 05000. 00 STEYSKAL, G. C.—A new “‘bobo”’ fly from the Gulf of California (Diptera: Chamae- MYHNAACs PArAlCHCOPIS JMEXICANA) . )x0<.26 baud kam eae ne eee me ae STEYSKAL, G. C.—A new species of Rhagoletotrypeta (Diptera: Tephritidae) from liexas;-withvalkey-to the knownispecies ee 2 or ce ae eee nee ee Se YORAL.G. C.= See OR Bey RB te acl ks CeOh BEE te IE eee THOMPSON, F. C.—Revisionary notes on Nearctic Microdon flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) EO MPSON ME: G==See WAREANG Mit ccs bcs ems weed oes hniSe ee BEOMPSON. F./C. See BURGER, J. Pits oS 2202 Do ot PE eee waved ee eatin TIDWELL, M. A., M. A. TIDWELL, and B. V. PETERSON—A redescription of the female of Simulium sanguineum Knab and description of the male, pupa, and larva (Diptera snSimulildae) is vs. e Peds Akt se ok oie ae See ee ne, ee TODD, E. L.—The noctuoid moths of the Antilles—Part I (Lepidoptera: Dioptidae) .. . VITALE, G. C., W. W. WIRTH, and T. H. G. AITKEN—New species and records of Culicoides reared from arboreal habitats in Panama, with a synopsis of the debilipalpis croup (Dipteras Ceratopoponidae) sie. SUN Pp eee ee Le ester Rk: —see KONDRATIEFF; BrG: 2er20. 2 SS 2 WHEELER, A. G., JR.—The distribution and seasonal history of Slaterocoris pallipes kaneht)i(rvemiptera: Miridae) sae es .-o1 5 eee ee eee een Sees OP eee. TE dD, WHEELER, A. G., JR.—Insect associates of spurges, mainly Euphorbia maculata L., DESIG MUGS: CN 2. San ae ee ts Me aie ok, oo keke: Ol eee an ene ae See.
432
vi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
WHITCOMB W: Hie=See CARROL GE WAR acta noe Biatonitatae citi eae WHITE, R. E.—Three new species of Anobiidae from southwestern United States and northwestem!Mexicoi(Coleoptera): ans te Pace els tele retail ee eer eres eae WHITE, R. E.—The genus Uroplata, type-species and authorship (Coleoptera: Ghrysomelidae)is : 23.5 See ae Sd ee Sn Bis orie «ers Ae eee WHITE, R. E.—A key to tropical species of Tricorynus, with taxonomic changes (Co- leoptera: “Anobiidae). iste. 26 See ih SS I le ee ee WILDER, D. D.—A revision of the genus Oreothalia Melander (Diptera: Empididae) . WILKERSON, R. C.—Two new species of Dichelacera (Nothocanthocera) Fairchild with a key to the species of the subgenus (Diptera: Tabanidae) .................... Wile IELAMS MT: See RiAcvetG: EIS Wiis. 2. eee a een ee eee WIRTH, W. W. and N. C. RATANAWORABHAN—The Oriental species of the genus Dibezciankuietter, (Dipteras'Ceratoporonidac)ie= ass-ehe aero ee ee ee WIRTH W.. W-—See' GROGAN We betUIRE <yasrtt eere. cence cies ieee lag he eee WIRDHEIW AW: See ViIlTAlbE AGG Soe heee Bee ae oe Set ee nc eee WIRTH: WicW—See:GILESs Babes seis eae as oa oe eee YONKE, T. R.—Descriptions of two new species of Neotropical Leptoglossus Guerin (Hemiptera; Coreidae))..2... Mirae Meee okt a ee SE ES eee eee
BLANCHARD, A. and J. G. FRANCLEMONT—Charadra ingenua Smith in West Tex- asi (eepidoptera: Noctuidae-sPantheimae) ieee ares ce earlier eee BOURGEOIS, C. E. and W. THRELFALL—Mallophaga from three species of scoters (CAmatidaeyrem age athotah ols ae OMe. ecru, ee cae. Riek 2 iar Ree CRABILL, R. E., JR.—On the identity of Dysmesus Chamberlin: A new generic syn- onymy (Chilopoda:(Geophilomorphaz Geophilidae)) 4.5. 44-eee eee CRABILL, R. E., JR.—Synonymy by way of teratology (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha: ) Li) colo) (0-12) parent eee heen ei tea ic oe eae Pena reer. as cr ero ices cho chap toloic. eo ¢ CRABILL, R. E., JR.—On the true identity of Zygethobius pontis Chamberlin (Chilo- podalithobiomorphas Henicopidac) men. ses Hee an eae ene. eee FRANCLEMONT, J. G.—The identity of Noctua marginata Fabricius, 1775, with a note on Schinia marginata (Haworth, 1809) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Catocalinae and [RKO TONES) hee ae ee ee ee eee ce 6 ctA dio adn a Go OE ODE Goa hae 8 bce c BRANCEEMONT,J..G:—See BLANCHARD Atwr {heehee eee ae eee HARPBR#J:=—See: NICKIZE Di vA Riera 2s Ae se RL Se ee et eee HEPPNER, J. B.—Acleris maccana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): Distribution notes and AME WETECOLGSHTOMEV IGINLA hs Vc so'e vedo, seach Sood Sitohs shown dere tl ator Lee tee eee KINGSOLVER, J. M.—Synonymical notes on New World Bruchidae (Coleoptera) and AN EMeNndatlonise. Baieeh.gs Astle See Ee Se ee nee ee eee NICKLE, D. A. and J. HARPER—Predation on a mouse by the Chinese mantid Ten- odera aridifolia sinensis Saussure (Dictyoptera: Mantoidea) ...................--4- SMITH, D. R.—New records for Eriotremex (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) from Southeast AsiavandiNews Guinea... otra dvtes Baits tyre ero Oe On oe ee ee STIMMEL, J. F.—First record of the red pine scale, Matsucoccus resinosae (Homop- tera-eMarearodidae) fromsbennsylvaniaeoa> ccs eine een eee THREEPALIE AW:—See BOURGEOIS WC aE site cooled es oo Ee eee
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97
VOLUME 83, NUMBER 4 Vil
VOEGTLIN, D.—Notes on a European aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) new to North
JNU GUSH Paes che REE Git sca PRC ROIS GEES CROMER Nias San ROME tices ech Sct cee aL Lena 361 WHEELER, A. G., JR.—Updated distribution of Aleuropteryx juniperi (Neuroptera: Coniopterygidae), a predator of scale insects on ornamental juniper ................ 173
BooK REVIEWS
BARROW SEM BntOmolOgya cw cic ae-ueas nls fale wo eecoeumie Miners Sietsle be ck veerene elem 570 GURNEE YS Ac B:— Ihe Cockroach Combat Manual aeeee roe eee eerie oer 805 HENRY, T. J.—The Semiaquatic and Aquatic Hemiptera of California .............. 178 HENRY, T. J.—The Plant Bugs of the Prairie Provinces of Canada.................. 809 JONES, J. C.—Insect Hemocytes Development, Forms, Functions and Techniques ... 177 KOSZTARAB, M.—Coccoids of the Far East USSR (Homoptera, Coccinea) with a Phylogenetic Analy sissot the Coccoid Fauna ofthe World eeaeee eae rie: 363 STEYSKAL, G. C.—The Insects and Arachnids of Canada. Part I. Collecting, Preparing, ainel RETAINS IhNGSIS., INES, SINGS aasaonssdounsoocddédcosnuoarsenooasoons 181 STEYSKAL, G. C.—Taxonomists’ Glossary of Mosquito Anatomy.................. 805 OBITUARIES Doris Holmes Blake—FROESCHNER, R. E., E. M. L. FROESCHNER, and O. L. CARTWRIGHER Meecs fein: PAH) Ry Sha tacul tea saa) 5 oi card Bet ea Rae ee eda ee 544 Edson: Hambleton RUSSELL SES Mee onic cctS sneer ele Soe eee eaten icie slater 564
INDEX TO NEw TAXA, VOLUME 83
Acari shirleyanneae McDaniel and Bolen (Bochar- tia), 40
Coleoptera
annectens Spangler and Brown (Hydora), 599
ashmolei Spangler (Troglochares), 318
autumnalis Clark (Chionanthobius), 194
brasilera Selander (Epicauta), 587
caracallae Kingsolver (Acanthoscelides), 56
comptus Kingsolver (Acanthoscelides), 52
crucera Selander (Epicauta), 589
darlingtoni Clark (Chionanthobius), 690
dudleyae White (Tricorynus), 472
fuliginosa White (Trichodesma), 475
hoguei Cartwright and Spangler (Afaenius), 785
lenta Spangler and Brown (Hydora), 602
ovatus White (Byrrhodes), 477
Troglochares Spangler, 316
Dictyoptera belli Fisk and Schal (Epilampra), 699 involucris Fisk and Schal (Epilampra), 695 rothi Fisk and Schal (Epilampra), 703 unistilata Fisk and Schal (Epilampra), 700
Diptera
abditus Thompson (Microdon), 732
abstrusus Thompson (Microdon), 735
adusta Wilkerson (Dichelacera (Nothocan- thocera)), 67
adventitius Thompson (Microdon), 735
alterniflorae Gagné (Calamomyia), 132
annuliductus Wirth (Culicoides), 150
bayano Wirth (Culicoides), 152
carola Robinson (Megaselia (Aphiochaeta)), 495
chillcotti Wilder (Oreothalia), 470
debenhamae Wirth and Ratanaworabhan ( Di- bezzia), 290
Vill
filiductus Wirth (Culicoides), 155
flavicosta Wilkerson (Dichelacera (Notho- canthocera)), 67
gregaria Gagné (Endaphis), 222
hermonensis Kaplan (Paragus), 201
krombeini Giles, Wirth, and Messersmith (Culicoides), 542
lanata Robinson (Megaselia (Aphiochaeta)), 499
mexicana Steyskal (Paraleucopis), 403
niphanae Grogan and Wirth (Jenkinshelea), 45
pseudindiana Peters (Dixa), 518
quadrimaculosa Thompson (Brachyopa), 208
rotunda Robinson (Megaselia (Aphiochaeta)), 502
schramae Giles, Wirth, and Messersmith (Culicoides), 539
setosiforceps Grogan and Wirth (Jenkinshe- lea), 50
sierrensis Wilder (Oreothalia), 469
spinitarsis Wilder (Oreothalia), 467
sulcifrons Kaplan (Cheilosia), 203
suspecta Orth and Steyskal (Pherbellia), 100
tokunagai Grogan and Wirth (Jenkinshelea), 49
ungulata Robinson (Megaselia (Aphiochae- ta)), 503
uniformis Steyskal (Rhagoletotrypeta), 709
Ephemeroptera bednariki McCafferty (Stenonema), 512
Hemiptera chilensis Kormilev (Carventus), 296 Elsiella Froeschner, 533 nigropearlei Yonke (Leptoglossus), 213 physocarpi Henry (Psallus), 399 usingeri Yonke (Leptoglossus), 217
Homoptera
banksiae Lambdin and Kosztarab ( Frenchia), 109
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Carnoseta DeLong, subg. of Gypona, 510
colomella DeLong (Gypona (Carnoseta)), S11
decorana DeLong (Gypona (Gypona)), 506
metalana DeLong (Gypona (Gypona)), S05
mocamba DeLong (Gypona (Marganalana)), 508
quadra DeLong (Gypona (Gypona)), 508
platona DeLong (Gypona (Marganalana)), 510
rubranura DeLong (Gypona (Gypona)), 506
Hymenoptera
Aleurodiphilus DeBach and Rose, 659
americanus DeBach and Rose (Aleurodiphi- lus), 660
areniferum Evans (Pison), 422
barbatum Evans (Pison), 424
ciliatum Evans (Pison), 423
deceptor Grissell and Schauff (Jnvreia), 2
Edovum Grissell, 791
immaculatum Schauff (Acmopolynema), 453
Julianoi Platner and Oatman (Trichogramma),
164 lobatus Smith (Okutanius), 769 miamiense Schauff (Acmopolynema), 449 nepalensis Smith (Metallus), 768 Okutanius Smith, 769 Primaprospaltella DeBach and LaSalle, 644 puttleri Grissell (Edovum), 794 satoi Smith (Metallus), 767 sema Schauff (Acmopolynema), 447 shinoharai Smith (Anafenusa), 763 taiwanensis Smith (Birmella), 765 threa Grissell and Schauff (Jnvreia), 8 uma Schauff (Acmopolynema), 451 usta Grissell and Schauff (Jnvreia), 6
Lepidoptera Neomachlotica Heppner, 479 spiraea Heppner (Neomachlotica), 481
—N 7 VOL. 83 JANUARY 1981 NO. 1 (ISSN 0013-8797)
PROCEEDINGS
of the
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20560
PUBLISHED QUARTERLY
CONTENTS
AKERS, R. C. and W. H ROBINSON—Spatial pattern and movement of German cockroaches in urban, low-income apartments (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) .........
DUFFIELD, R. M.—2-Nonanol in the exocrine secretion of the Nearctic caddisfly, Rhyacophila fuscula (Walker) (Rhyacophilidae: Trichoptera) ....................
EMERSON, K. C.—Status of five species of Mallophaga described by M. A. Carriker, ETN hon ai io cave oie o/s wsiic a, 0.041 e-SGeah binha lot Woelen eye 66-4 Sig ore eRe peer ke
FRANCLEMONT, J. G.—The identity of Mamestra passa and Morrisonia peracuta of Morrison (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Hadeninae) .......5....50...0c0ceec ences
GAGNE, R. J.—A new species of North American Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) from PRET ULERNIIONM. (POACEAE) 6.6 sim.8 2 602 we alee ne Was wile skioim alee a¥Ounle seat Reed Oh
_GOTWALD, W. H., JR. and A. W. BURDETTE—Morphology of the male internal reproductive system in army ants: Phylogenetic implications (Hymenoptera: For- UTE) 3 2 Ae a er eRe eee iene,» emer eres ML Teens
GRISSELL, E. E. and M. E. SCHAUFF—New Nearctic /nvreia (Hymenoptera: Chal- eidiaae) trom lepidopterous pests of peanut . 1... 5.2.0 cacu Wer seeks cae denisik ees
GROGAN, W. L., JR. and W. W. WIRTH—Three new Oriental species of Jenkin- Saeed Macric (Diptéra: Geratopogonidae) ©... 2.60 ee chee scan ceceslemece caren
_KINGSOLVER, J. M.—Two new species of Acanthoscelides (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) associated with Phaseolus (Leguminosae) from Argentina, with the description Ola new species-group, and a Mew SyYMOMNYM .....6.....00secrceceeenescnenenes
LAMBDIN, P. L. and M. KOSZTARAB—Revision of the genus Frenchia with de- scription of a new species (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Asterolecaniidae) ............
~ MCDANIEL, B. and E. G. BOLEN—A new species of Bochartia Oudemans from BiexasAcan., Erythracidgae: Brythtaeinae)” <....6.5s.iccs ce nen 6s esse ce clee eee case
(Continued on back cover)
THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF WASHINGTON
ORGANIZED MARCH 12, 1884
_
OFFICERS FOR 1981
Jack E. Lipes, President HELEN SOLLERS-RIEDEL, Hospitality Chairman |) MARGARET S. COoLLINns, President-Elect JAY C. SHAFFER, Program Chairman Davip A. NICKLE, Recording Secretary Joyce A. UTMAR, Membership Chairman MIGNON B. Davis, Corresponding Secretary SuEO NAKAHARA, Custodian | F. CHRISTIAN THOMPSON, Treasurer JAcK E. Lipes, Delegate, Wash. Acad. Sci.
Davipb R. SmitH, Editor
Publications Committee E. Eric GRISSELL GEORGE C. STEYSKAL JOHN M. KINGSOLVER WAYNE N. MATHIS THOMAS E. WALLENMAIER
Honorary President C. F. W. MUESEBECK 7
Honorary Members FREDERICK W. Poos ASHLEY B. GURNEY RAYMOND A. ST. GEORGE
All correspondence concerning Society business should be mailed to the appropriate officer at the following address: Entomological Society of Washington, % Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560.
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: PROCEEDINGS. —Published quarterly beginning with January by the Society at Washington, D.C. Members in good standing receive the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. Nonmember subscriptions are $18.00 per year, domestic, and $20.00 per
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1h
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STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP
Title of Publication: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. Frequency of Issue: Quarterly (January, April, July, October).
Location of Office of Publication, Business Office of Publisher and Owner: The Entomological Society of Washington, % Departme of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, 10th and Constitution NW, Washington, D.C. 20560.
Editor: Dr. David R. Smith, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, % U.S. National Museum NHB 168, Washington, D.C. 20560. Managing Editor and Known Bondholders or other Security Holders: none.
This issue was mailed 17 February 1981 Second Class Postage Paid at Washington, D.C. and additional mailing office.
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PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 83(1), 1981, pp. 1-12
NEW NEARCTIC INVREIA (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDIDAE) FROM LEPIDOPTEROUS PESTS OF PEANUT
E. E. GRISSELL AND M. E. SCHAUFF
(EEG) Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, Agric. Res., Sci. and Educ. Admin., USDA, % U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Wash- ington, D.C. 20560; (MES) Maryland Center for Systematic Entomology, Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, Mary- land 20742.
Abstract.—Invreia deceptor, /. usta, and /. threa, new species, are de- scribed and keyed based on material reared from lepidopterous pupae col- lected in peanuts. All three new species are known from Texas and attack pupae of Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller). Invreia deceptor and I. threa are also known from Oklahoma, where deceptor attacks E. lignosellus and Stegasta bosqueella (Chambers), but threa so far is known to parasitize only the latter host. Jnvreia mirabilis of Wall and Berberet, the only pre- viously reported Jnvreia in the New World, is a misidentification of decep- tor; I. mirabilis Bouéek is a valid Old World species.
Invreia mirabilis Bouéek, an Old World species, has thus far been the only member of the genus known from the New World. It was recently reported from Oklahoma by Wall and Berberet (1975) as a parasite of lepi- dopterous pests on peanuts. In studying the Wall and Berberet specimens as well as additional material from Texas, we find that mirabilis is a mis- identification and that three undescribed species are represented. Because several workers are holding manuscripts pending the identification of these specimens, we take this opportunity to describe three new species of /n- vreia. Invreia mirabilis is a valid Old World species but is not known to occur in the Western Hemisphere.
The most recent revision of Jnvreia was by Nikol’skaya (1960) who treat- ed 17 species worldwide. Since that time one species has been described by Steffan (1962: festiva) and another by Habu (1970; ghanii). Habu also cited taxonomic literature for the genus but overlooked a paper by Erdés (1957) describing the female of /. mirabilis. Additionally Steffan (1976) transferred the previously described species e/egantula Masi from Euchalcidia to In- vreia, making a total of 20 described species worldwide to date. We add
2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
another three species in this paper, the only ones thus far known from the New World. Habu (1970) summarized distribution for /nvreia as **Africa and Europe to Central Asia.’’ The only host records for Jnvreia were pupae of Myelois cinctipalpella Christ (Pyralidae) for /. rufitarsis (Illiger) (Nikol’skaya, 1960) and pupae of Chilo partellus Swinhoe (Pyralidae) for I. ghanii (Habu, 1970). To these hosts were added the Nearctic records for pupae of Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller) (Pyralidae) and Stegasta bos- queella (Chambers) (Gelechiidae) for J. ‘‘mirabilis’’ of Wall and Berberet (1975). These Nearctic records now refer to the /nvreia species described below.
Invreia may be distinguished from other Chalcididae by the following characters: Hindtibia essentially truncate distally, two hindtibial spurs pres- ent (Haltichellinae); marginal vein slightly removed from anterior margin of wing, but parallel to it, postmarginal vein absent, stigmal vein rudimentary (Hybothoracini); scutellum posteriorly rounded, subtruncate, or slightly bi- lobed but without large projecting dents, propodeum not extended back- wards on sides of abdomen, clypeus not developed as a projection, first tergum without lateral carinae at base.
In the descriptions all ratios were measured at 50x except ocellar ratios which were measured at 100. All characters were measured in the flattest plane. Thoracic length was measured from the anterior extent of the prono- tum to the posterior extent of the propodeum. Sculpture was described using fluorescent and incandescent light and largely follows the nomenclature of Eady (1968). Propodeal terms are adapted from Bouéek (1951). Holotypes are in the U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. (USNM).
Invreia deceptor Grissell and Schauff, NEw SPECIES Bigs. 15. 6.6, 10, 02. as ile
Holotype female.—Length 3.8 mm. Ratio head:thorax:abdomen 25:90:80. Black except the following reddish brown: Basal % of scape, fore- and midlegs except coxae, hindtibia, tarsi, and base and apex of hindfemur. Face (Fig. 15) barely wider than high (53:50), eye essentially bare, eye height:interocular distance at vertex 25:27, lateral ocellus:ocellocular length:postocellar length 10:7:25, malar:intermalar distances 20:21; upper face with punctures ca. own diameter apart each with recurved seta, lower face laterad of scrobes rugulose and covered with appressed dense silvery pubescence; scrobe nearly reaching median ocellus, finely aciculate; flagel- lum (Fig. Ic) filiform, scape swollen in basal 2, ratio beginning with scape 38:15:7:8:8:8:7:7:7:7:11 (club counted as 1), pedicel 5.0x longer than wide (15:3). Thorax ratio pronotum:scutum:scutellum:propodeum 28:27:30:20; pronotum medially and anterior of scutum (Fig. 17) with setigerous punc- tures separated by ca. own diameter, seta length ca. 2* puncture diameter,
VOLUME 83, NUMBER 1
2 threa 3 subarmata 4 usta
8 deceptor
ih
7 threa
9 usta
10 deceptor
11 subarmata 12 deceptor 13 usta 14 threa
Figs. 1-14. Invreia spp. 1, Antenna, lateral (a, b = inner. 5, Abdomen, lateral, insert shows sculpturing. 6
8-9, Thorax, mesepisternum and hindcoxa, lateral. 10, dorsal.
male; c = female). 2-4, Scape, male, —7, Scutellum, posterior apex, dorsal. Midfemur, lateral. 11-14, Propodeum,
4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
interspaces lightly transversely aciculate, slide lobe along notaular border with several punctures on otherwise aciculate background, setigerous punc- tures elsewhere on thorax (including pronotum laterally) variably spaced without apparent or regular ridges between, aciculation fading on posterior of scutum, nearly polished here and on scutellum; pronotum dorsolaterally with punctures nearly contiguous, laterally punctures mixed with reticula- tion continuing to ventral marginal strip which is reticulate; mesepisternum with forecoxal depression prolonged into toothlike flange ventrally (Fig. 8), posterior apex of scutellum rounded (Fig. 6); propodeum (Fig. 12) with complete, equally developed, submedian, accessory, sublateral, and lateral carinae, median carina present but much weaker than others, posterolateral margin angulate, produced about as far backward as petiolar foramen; mid- femur (Fig. 10) distally swollen, rounded ventrally, nearly 3 wider distally than proximally (11:4); forewing length:width 110:40, hyaline, submargin- al:marginal:stigmal veins 43:8:3. Abdomen elliptical in side view, tergum I reaching ca. 2 length of abdomen (40:80), epipygidium and ovipositor barely visible from above; tergum I laterally polished, dorsally appearing mostly polished, faintly reticulate in median 4 becoming polished laterally; tergum II laterally polished towards base parallel to lower margin of tergum I, otherwise covered with sparse regularly placed setae each surrounded at base by “‘petallike’’ arrangement of reticulation (Fig. 5; best seen at 25x or higher), dorsally polished; complete terga II-VI with anterior polished, pos- terior reticulate with setal row, tergum VI inclined.
Allotype male.—Length 3.8 mm. Black except the following reddish brown: foretibia, distal “2 of midfemur, tips of mid- and hindtibiae, all tarsi. Setae and structure as for female except: Scape (Fig. la, b) subapically incised with upward projecting denticle on lower margin, antennal ratio beginning with scape 24:5:2:9:9:8:8:8:7:7:14 (club counted as 1). Punctures on scutellum nearly contiguous. Reticulation on dorsum of tergum I as heavy as terga II-VI, terga II with areas between setae evenly reticulate (rather than with distant ‘‘petallike’’ reticulations at base as in female).
Holotype.—°, Texas, Comanche County, 3 miles west DeLeon, 10-VII- 1978, R. L. Sams; reared from Elasmopalpus lignosellus pupa in peanuts, USNM type no. 76269.
Allotype and paratypes.—Allotype ¢ and 9 2,2 6 paratypes, same data as holotype (except collection dates range from 13-VII to 10-X-1978). 9 °, 14 ¢ paratypes, laboratory culture, parental stock from same locality, S. Johnson. Other paratypes as follows: 2 2, 2 ¢, Beattie, Texas, 18-VIII- 1975, 6—25-I1X-1976, S. Johnson, host data same as holotype. Specimens not paratypes, all from Oklahoma as follows: Reared from E. lignosellus pupae: 1 9, Acme, Grady Co., 22-VII-1974; 1 3, Colbert, Bryan Co., 1-VIII-1972; | 2, Enos, Marshall Co., 13-VIII-1973; 1 2, Holdenville, Hughes Co., 19- VII-1974; 6 2, Madill, Marshall Co., various dates from 17-VIII to 3-X;
VOLUME 83, NUMBER | 5
reared from Stegasta bosqueella: 60 2, 88 3, Marshall Co., R. Wall, 15- VIII to 29-IX-1975-76; 1 2, Madill, 10-VIII-1972. Paratypes will be depos- ited in the British Museum (Natural History) (London), the Canadian Na- tional Collection (Ottawa), the Florida State Collection of Arthropods (Gainesville), the Department of Entomology, Texas A. & M. University (College Station), and the USNM.
Variation.—Females (31) from Elasmopalpus vary in length from 2.9 to 3.8 mm; males (19) from 2.3 to 3.8 mm. Females (61) from Stegasta vary from 2.0 to 2.3 mm and males (88) from 2.3 to 2.7 mm. About one-fourth of the females from Elasmopalpus have the scape all dark: the rest are like the holotype. Almost all the females from Stegasta have the scape dark. Males are generally like the allotype, but a few small ones (ca. 2.5 mm) are entirely black except the tarsi. The denticle of the scape may not be as pronounced as in Fig. 1b. The median propodeal carina is present at least as a vague, broken line in all specimens, but the accessory carinae become irregular posteriorly in some specimens and fade before reaching the hind- margin of the propodeum.
Discussion.—In Nikol’skaya’s key to world Jnvreia (1960), deceptor would be placed in rubric 26, keying out with swharmata (Forster). In direct comparisons with specimens, the females of both species agree in the elon- gate antenna with pedicel about 5x as long as wide and scape a little less than 3x the length of the pedicel. Both have the malar distance slightly shorter than the eye height, the marginal vein about 2.5 the length of the stigmal vein, the apparent sixth abdominal segment inclined (not vertical), the interspaces between scutal punctures aciculate, and the midfemora rounded ventrally with the greatest width in the distal third (Fig. 10) as opposed to angulate and/or with greatest width at the midpoint. Female deceptor may be distinguished from subarmata as follows: Invreia deceptor with lower face covered with dense, silvery pubescence on either side of scrobal basin and area beneath setae rugulose (Fig. 15) (subarmata with few setae on either side of scrobal basin, each placed in distinct puncture, Fig. 16); deceptor has anterior portion of scutum with punctures generally separated by puncture diameter or more (Fig. 17) (subarmata with punc- tures less than own diameter or nearly contiguous, Fig. 18); propodeum of deceptor with posterolateral margins developed as sharp angles (Fig. 12) (subarmata with margins nearly right angled, Fig. 11); and deceptor with fore- and midlegs (except coxae) concolorous reddish brown (subarmata has legs nearly black). Males of deceptor may be separated from those of subarmata by the characters just mentioned (except legs of deceptor are mostly black) as well as the following: In deceptor the antennal scape has an incision subapically with upward projecting denticle and the pedicel un- modified beneath (Fig. 1b), whereas in swharmata the incision is merely angulate basally and the pedicel has a protuberance (Fig. 3); deceptor has
6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
16 subarmata
15 deceptor
Figs. 15-16. Invreia spp., face, female.
the wing hyaline beneath the marginal vein while swharmata has the wing weakly stained brown for about one-third the wing length from stigma to base.
Among Nearctic species, females of deceptor are morphologically like threa in having the mesepisternal depression with a projection, but other- wise share more characters with usta (e.g. smooth, punctate pronotum, smooth lateral area of tergum I). Invreia deceptor may be separated from both by characters given in the key. Males differ as discussed under usta.
Etymology.—From the Latin deceptor meaning “‘deceiver’’ in reference to its confusion with mirabilis.
Invreia usta Grissell and Schauff, NEw SPECIES Figs: 4,9) 13.19
Holotype female.—Length 3.8 mm. Ratio head:thorax:abdomen 26:80:82. Black except the following orange brown: scape, pedicel, midcoxa, apex of hindcoxa, all legs beyond coxae (except hindfemur infuscate medially on outer side, ventrally with denticles nearly black, hindtibia ventrally with dark carinae), and tegula. Face slightly wider than high (54:48), eye essen- tially bare, eye height:interocular distance (at vertex) 25:29, lateral ocel- lus:ocellocular length:postocellar length 7:4:25, malar:intermalar distances 19:25; upper face with punctures ca. own diameter apart, each with recurved seta (as in Fig. 15); lower face laterad of scrobes rugose and covered with appressed dense silvery pubescence; scrobe nearly reaching median ocellus, finely aciculate; flagellum filiform, scape swollen in basal , ratio (beginning with scape) 36:12:6:7:7:7:7:6:6:6:11 (club counted as 1), pedicel 4.0x longer
VOLUME 83, NUMBER 1 7
than wide (12:3). Thorax ratio, pronotum:scutum:scutellum:propodeum 25:23:31:18; pronotum medially and scutum anteriorly with setigerous punc- tures separated by ca. own diameter, seta length ca. 2x puncture diameter, interspaces lightly longitudinally aciculate; pronotum laterally with punc- tures contiguous, laterally punctures mixed with reticulation continuing to ventral marginal strip which is reticulate; side lobes (Fig. 19) along notaular border with few punctures, scutum medially and anterior of scutellum with punctures separated by ca. 2x own diameter, interspaces aciculate ante- riorly becoming highly polished posteriorly, scutellum laterally with punc- tures contiguous, posterior apex of scutellum rounded (Fig. 6); mes- episterum with forecoxal depression not prolonged into a flange (Fig. 9); propodeum (Fig. 13) with complete, equally developed, submedian, sublat- eral, and lateral posterolateral carinae, accessory carinae fading posteriorly, no median carina, posterolateral margin angulate, produced ca. as far back- ward as petiolar foramen; hindfemur distally swollen, rounded ventrally, 2.5x wider distally than proximally (10:4). Forewing length:width 124:50, hyaline, submarginal:marginal:stigmal veins 48:8:3. Abdomen elliptical in side view, tergum I reaching less than % length of abdomen (37:92); epi- pygidium and ovipositor barely visible from above; tergum I laterally pol- ished with few setae at dorsolateral margins, dorsally almost uniformly ‘reticulate’ (at 25x: actually microscopically punctulate at higher magni- fication) except posterior '/. fading to faint reticulate-coriaceous sculpture; tergum II laterally with narrow anterior margin polished, otherwise reticu- late and covered with regularly placed setae, some with ‘“‘petallike”’ reti- culation (as in Fig. 5), dorsally reticulate about like posterior of tergum I, medially without setae; entire terga III-VI polished anteriorly, reticulate with setal row posteriorly; tergum VI inclined.
Allotype male.—Length 2.9 mm. Black, reddish brown as follows: Fla- gellar segments beneath, fore- and midlegs past coxae (ventral forefemur and apical % of midfemur infuscate), distal tip of hindcoxa, apical and distal tip of hindfemur, hindtibia, tarsi (hindtibia ventrally with dark carinae), tegula (dorsal edge black). Structurally as for female except: Malar:intermalar distances 15:25, scape (Fig. 4) subapically incised with forward projecting denticle on lower margin, pedicel with ventral protuberance, antennal ratio beginning with scape 20:5:2:9:7:7:6:6:6:6:13 (club counted as 1). Thorax ratio, pronotum:scutum:scutellum:propodeum 28:25:25:15, pronotum dor- solaterally with contiguous punctures, laterally shining to ventral marginal strip which is reticulate, thorax irregularly covered with setae 4-6 length of own puncture diameter; anterior of scutellum with punctures irregularly separated by from ca. 1-4 own diameter, posterolateral margin of pro- podeum an obtuse angle, not produced caudally as far as the petiolar fora- men; abdomen without “‘petallike’’ reticulation.
Holotype.— ° , Texas, Comanche County, 3 miles west DeLeon, 14-VIII-
8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
1978, R. L. Sams: reared from Elasmopalpus lignosellus, in peanuts (No. 81), USNM type no. 76488.
Allotype and paratypes.—Allotype ¢, 3 paratype 2°, same data as holo- type except dates 17-VIII (allotype, no. 158), 20-VII (no. 28), 24-VIII (no. 39), 1-IX (no. 36). Paratypes in USNM, British Museum (Natural History), and Department of Entomology, Texas A. & M. University.
Variation.—In two female specimens the accessory carinae of the pro- podeum fade out posteriorly, but in the other two females and the male a transverse carina connects the accessory to the sublateral carinae. One fe- male has the hindoxa and femur (except denticles) entirely orange brown.
Discussion.—/nvreia usta runs to rubrics 25 and 28 of Nikol’skaya’s key (1960) but fits neither alternative. It has a polished thorax as in 28, but the marginal vein is only about 2.5 the stigmal as in 25. Among females of the three New World species, usta has the reddish coloration of threa (legs, tegulae) but is distinguished from both deceptor and threa by the dorso- median area of the scutum and anterior of scutellum with punctures about two diameters apart and polished between as opposed to one diameter or less apart and reticulate to aciculate between (cf. Figs. 17, 19, 20). Males of usta may also be distinguished from deceptor and threa by the setae on the dorsum of the thorax being about four to six times the length of its puncture diameter, but setae only about two times or less as long in deceptor and threa. From deceptor, male usta may be distinguished by the strongly outward projecting denticle on the inner side of the scape (Fig. 4), whereas in deceptor the denticle projects upwards and is less developed (Fig. 1b): and in usta the lateral corners of the propodeum form an obtuse angle, whereas in deceptor they form an acute angle which projects caudally.
Etymology.—From the Latin usta meaning ‘‘burnt color’ in reference to the legs of this species.
Invreia threa Grissell and Schauff, NEw SPECIES Figs. 2, 7, 14, 20
Holotype female.—Length 2.5 mm. Ratio head:thorax:abdomen 20:55:60. Black except the following reddish brown: Scape, midcoxa, all legs past coxae (except hindfemur ventrally with denticles nearly black, hindtibia ventrally with dark carinae), and tegula. Face barely wider than high (45:40), eyes essentially bare, eye height:interocular distance (at vertex) 20:20, lat- eral ocellus:ocellocular length:postocellar length 7:5:20, malar:intermalar distances 18:16, face medially (scrobal basin) reticulate merging to strigose or rugose laterally, scrobe nearly reaching midocellus as faint, setaeless depression; upper face with evenly placed recurved to recumbent setae, area laterad of scrobe with recumbent to appressed dense silvery pubes- cence; flagellum filiform, scape swollen in basal %, ratio beginning with scape 30:19:5:6:7:7:5:5:5:5:10 (club counted as 1), pedicel 3.0 longer than
VOLUME 83, NUMBER 1 9
19 usta
18 subarmata
Figs. 17-20. Invreia spp., thorax excluding pronotum, dorsal.
wide (9:3). Thorax ratio, pronotum:scutum:scutellum:propodeum 22:24:27:13; pronotum, scutum, and scutellum generally with setigerous punctures separated by ca. own diameter (Fig. 20), seta length scarcely 1x puncture diameter, interspaces reticulate-aciculate, side lobes of scutum,
10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
axillae, and anterior of scutellum with punctures ca. 2 or more diameters apart; pronotum dorsolaterally with punctures nearly contiguous, lateral lower % evenly reticulate, without punctures; posteromedial margin of scu- tellum subtruncate; mesepisternum with forecoxal depression prolonged into toothlike flange ventrally (as in Fig. 8); propodeum distinctly reticulate between major carinae, with submedian, sublateral, and lateral carinae com- plete, accessory carina fading posteriorly, no median carina, areas between carinae without transverse carinae or where present carinae weak, postero- lateral margin angulate, produced backward as far as petiolar foramen (Fig. 14): midfemur distally swollen, rounded ventrally, ca. 2.5 wider distally than proximally (10:4); forewing length:width 90:35, hyaline, submarginal:marginal:stigmal veins 35:5:2. Abdomen ovate-elliptic in side view, tergum I reaching ca. % length of abdomen (33:65), epipygidium and ovipositor barely visible from above; terga uniformly reticulate; tergum I with few setae dorsolaterally, others with single setal row posteriorly, ex- cept tergum II bare medially, and tergum VI with several rows; tergum VI inclined.
Allotype male.—Length 1.7 mm. Black, reddish brown as follows: Fla- gellar segments beneath, forefemur distally, foretibia distally and beneath, foretarsi (distal segment darker), midfemur and midtibia distally, midtarsi (distal 2 segments darker), apical and distal tip of hindfemur, distal % of hindtibia, hindtarsi (distal 2 segments darker), tegula posteriorly. Setae and structure as for female except: Face wider than high (40:30), lateral ocel- lus:ocellocular length:postocellar length 10:3:23, malar:intermalar distances 13:16, scape (Fig. 2) subapically incised with forward projecting denticle on lower margin, antennal ratio beginning with scape 16:5:1:6:5:5:5:5:5:5:11 (club counted as 1). Thorax ratio pronotum:scutum:scutellum:propodeum 13:16:18:8, anterior of scutum with punctures separated by ca. 1-3 own diameter, side lobes of scutum with few punctures medially; posteromedial margin of scutellum not emarginate; forecoxal flange present, but difficult to see. Forewing length:width 75:30, submarginal:marginal:stigmal veins 30:5:2. Abdomen with Ist tergum reaching past 2 length (80:50) (posterior segments telescoped foreward), tergum I with dorsal reticulation fading at lateral and posterior margins, tergum II with several rows of setae laterally.
Holotype.—°?, Oklahoma, Marshall County, 9-IX-1975, R. Berberet; No. 84, reared from Stegasta bosqueella, USNM type no. 76489.
Allotype and paratypes.—Allotype ¢, same data as holotype, except No. 111, 13-[X-1975; 55 2, 27 3 paratypes, same data, except 31-VII to 30-IX- 1975-76; 1 3 paratype same data, except collected in Enos, 21-VIII-1974; 2 2 paratypes, Texas, Comanche County, 3 miles west DeLeon, 13-VII (No. 45) and 14-VIII (No. 187), reared from Elasmopalpus lignosellus pupa in peanuts. Paratypes in USNM, British Museum (Natural History), and the departments of entomology of Texas A. & M. University and Oklahoma State University.
VOLUME 83, NUMBER | 1]
Variation.—Differences among female specimens available for study are confined to the scutellum, the propodeum, and color. In one specimen there is a sharp angle formed at the intersection of the lateral carina and cross carina from the sublateral. A single specimen has a weak median propodeal carina which fades out dorsally. In all specimens the transverse carinae are variable in presence and/or intensity, not being as well developed as the primary longitudinal carinae. The areas between carinae are almost uni- formly reticulate. In several specimens (from both Elasmopalpus and Ste- gasta) the apex of the scutellum is slightly bilobed (Fig. 7), in most it is as in Fig. 6, and in several it is nearly squared-off apically. The color of the hindfemur in females varies from all orange to black medially with orange apices. In some specimens from Stegasta the tegula is black for both sexes. Females from Elasmopalpus have the tegula orange. Females from Stegasta vary in length from 1.6 mm to 2.5 mm, males from 1.6 mm to 2.1 mm. Females from Elasmopalpus vary from 2.5 mm to 2.9 mm.
Discussion.—Invreia threa would be placed in rubric 27 of Nikol’skaya’s key (1960). It agrees with subtilis Nikol’skaya in the generally small size (2.5 mm) and reddish coloration of antenna, tegula, and legs. According to the description, however, subtilis has the abdomen polished dorsally where- as threa is evenly reticulate dorsally. Additionally, swhtilis has the postero- lateral corners of the propodeum rounded and without dentation, whereas threa has the corners angulate and produced caudally.
From Nearctic Invreia, threa may be distinguished by characters given in the key and by the reticulate ventral half of the lateral aspect of the pronotum. In deceptor and usta this area has setigerous punctures extend- ing nearly to the ventral edge.
Etymology.—A euphonious, arbitrary combination of letters.
KEY TO NEARCTIC SPECIES OF INVREIA
1. Males, scape on apicoventral margin produced as a denticle; pedicel
Sedicenyalonger thal Oro0ad (E10. 1a) 2 os cee onus ce ure crocae a cere eee p — Females, scape without denticle; pedicel 3—5x longer than broad Mee) Ne CAA ns ance gee vice mines dcalace eo wie ove Oye Wee ae Teena 4
Ze Wenticle of scape projecting upward (Fig! 1b) dass kink A. Pele i ter eines fake. cnt Aw aus ed outa aie tues deceptor, new species Denticle of scape projecting outward (Pigs..2, 4) 2. <<: ce awa ee Oe 3
3. Pronotum laterally 74 reticulate, no punctures: setae on dorsum of
thorax subequal in length to own puncture diameter ............. ee race en ok Siete. cig ace Riots eae ar aue a Geta eta threa, new species
— Pronotum laterally with mixture of reticulation and punctures; seta on dorsum of thorax 4-6 own puncture diameter .. usta, new species
4. Tergum I dorsally evenly reticulate (except narrow posterior pol-
ished band), lateral part of tergum either polished or reticulate; hind-
12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
femur entirely brownish or orange, or infused with black; tegula Orange’ to’ blacks..6 . 2905 BOs re a ee Se ee 5)
— Tergum polished dorsally (faint reticulation may be visible medially)
continuing to lateral part of tergum; tegula and hindfemur black .. . Ge SS CRRA AU OR Pa Se ce deceptor, new species
5. Tergum I as reticulate laterally as dorsally; scutellum reticulate-acic-
ulate*between-punctines: (Pigs 20) She. Aree ee threa, new species — Tergum I polished laterally; scutellum smooth between punctures CEigs AIO) ttae Bt POS Ie ee ee ee usta, new species ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank J. W. Smith, Jr. (Department of Entomology, Texas A. & M. University, College Station) and R. C. Berberet (Department of Entomol- ogy, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater) for sending us the series of reared material which formed the basis for our study. Additionally, we thank John Noyes, British Museum (Natural History), London, for the loan and/ or gift of several Invreia species, Yevgeny Sugonyayev (Zoological Insti- tute, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad) for translating Nikol’skaya’s 1960 world key to /nvreia, L. N. Kassianoff (Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution) for translating the species description of J. subtilis, and E. M. Paige for drawing Figures 17-20.
LITERATURE CITED
Boucéek, Z. 1951. The first revision of the European species of the family Chalcididae. Acta Entomol. Mus. Natl. Pragae 27(Suppl. 1): 1-108, 17 pls.
Eady, R. D. 1968. Some illustrations of microsculpture in the Hymenoptera. Proc. R. Ento- mol. Soc. Lond. (A) 43: 66-72.
Erdos, J. 1957. Miscellanea chalcididologica Hungarica. Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. (n.s.) 8: 347-374.
Habu, A. 1970. Description of a new Jnvreia species parasitic on a paddy stem borer in Pakistan. Mushi 43: 45-49.
Nikol’skaya, M. N. 1960. Fauna USSR: Hymenoptera VII (No. 5). Chalcidoids, families Chalcididae and Leucospidae. Zool. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSR, Moscow (n.s.) No. 76, 221 pp.
Steffan, J. R. 1962. Chalcidoides de L’Institut National D’Entomologie de Rome. Fragm. Entomol. 4: 19-39.
—. 1976. Les Euchalcidia Masi du bassin mediterraneen. Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 81: 52-63.
Wall, R. and R. C. Berberet. 1975. Parasitoids associated with lepidopterous pests on peanuts; Oklahoma fauna. Environ. Entomol. 4: 877-882.
PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 83(1), 1981, pp. 13-27
A REDESCRIPTION OF THE FEMALE OF SIMULIUM SANGUINEUM KNAB AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE MALE, PUPA, AND LARVA (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE)'
M. A. TIDWELL, MARGARET A. TIDWELL, AND B. V. PETERSON
(MAT, MAT) International Center for Medical Research, Tulane Univer- sity, Cali, Colombia; (BVP) Biosystematics Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario KIA 0C6.
Abstract.—The female of Simulium sanguineum Knab is redescribed and the male, pupa, and larva are described for the first time from specimens from the type-locality in Colombia. Illustrations and biological information are provided. Simulium sanguineum is differentiated from the closely re- lated species S. amazonicum Goeldi.
The original description of Simulium sanguineum Knab was based on female specimens collected biting man on the Atrato River, Boca de Arquia, Colombia (Knab, 1915). Since that time specimens identified as S. sangui- neum have been reported from Panama, Venezuela, Guyana, and Brazil. Considerable confusion exists in the literature concerning the identification of specimens of this species as well as those of S$. amazonicum Goeldi and other closely related species. Currently, the designations $. amazonicum and S. sanguineum groups are being used by Simulium taxonomists to include at least six described species and an unknown number of unde- scribed species some of which have been confused with S$. sanguineum. Superficially, the females of these groups are very similar and difficult to distinguish. Resolving the taxonomic confusion regarding these groups has been hampered by the lack of associated immature stages or in some cases by the incorrect association of immature stages with adults of another species.
The purpose of this paper is to redescribe the female of S. sanguineum and to provide the first descriptions of the male, larva, and pupa. The de- scriptions are based on material collected at the type-locality, and the fe- males were compared with the holotype of S. sanguineum from the British Museum (Natural History), London, provided through the courtesy of R.
! This investigation was supported by grant AI-10050 from the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health.
14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
I
Fig. 1. Simulium sanguineum, female. a, Scutum, composite illustration with light sources from both sides. b, Scutum showing variation in pattern. c, Left lateral view of scutum with right submedian pruinose vitta at top, light sources anterior and posterior. d, Same position with posterior light source only.
Crosskey and A. J. Shelley. All colors are those of dry pinned specimens; measurements were made from slide mounted or alcohol preserved material. Figures la and b are composite drawings; with specimens in this position the lateral pruinosity is not normally observed to the extent that it has been illustrated. Figures 4a—c were drawn from cleared specimens in temporary gel mounts, and Figure 4d was made from a permanent slide mounted spec- imen.
VOLUME 83, NUMBER | 15
Fig. 2. Simulium sanguineum, female. a, Antenna. b, Palpus. c, Variation in form of sen- sory vesicle. d, Proximal margin of cibarial pump. e, Variation in margin of cibarial pump. Abbreviation: sen ves = sensory vesicle.
Simulium sanguineum Knab Simulium sanguineum Knab, 1915: 279 (°).
Female.—General body color black. Length: Body, 1.2—2.0 mm (dry pinned specimens), |.6—2.1 mm (alcohol preserved specimens): wing, 1|.3— 1.5 mm.
Head black with a bluish-silver pruinosity. Frons pruinose, moderately broad, at vertex about 0.18 mm wide and approximately 144 as wide as at narrowest point. Ocular triangle greatly reduced, short but broad, at tallest point less than width of an ommatidium. Clypeus slightly wider than frons at narrowest point, concolorous with it except more densely pruinose, with sparse yellow to pale brownish setae. Antenna about 0.3 mm long, shape and proportions of segments as in Fig. 2a; scape, pedicel and base of Ist flagellomere yellow to brownish yellow, remaining flagellomeres dark brown to black. Proboscis yellowish brown to dark brown; mandible with about 6 Or more serrations on outer lateral margin and 25-27 on inner margin. La-
16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
ed \ Fig. 3. Simulium sanguineum, female. a, Anterior wing venation showing detail. b, Legs.
c. Portion of hindtarsus showing calcipala and pedisulcus. Abbreviations: calc = calcipala;
peds = pedisulcus.
VOLUME 83, NUMBER | 17
cinia with 16-20 (avg 18) retrorse teeth; palpus (Fig. 2b) dull dark brown to black, with brown setae; sensory vesicle of 3rd segment 0.5—0.6 as wide as segment; variation noted in size and shape of sensory vesicle illustrated in Fig. 2c. Proximal medial margin of cibarial pump with 38—60 minute teeth, narrow medial emargination and apices of dorsolateral arms simple, without teeth (Figs. 2d, e), width between distal portions of dorsolateral arms av- eraging 0.13 mm.
Thorax basically black; scutum with two submedian bluish-silver to gold- en-silver iridescent vittae on a velvety black background, with a wide band of similar colored pruinosity present along lateral and posterior margins, this pattern varying in shape and intensity according to direction and angle of incident light (Figs. la—d). Scutellum markedly triangular in shape, dark brown to velvety black with a light dusting of silvery pruinosity lateroven- trally, and with long dark setae sometimes interspersed with some golden or bicolored setae. Postnotum black, densely silvery pruinose. Anepister- num and katepisternum with dense bluish-silver pruinosity. Wing about 0.7— 0.9 mm wide; veins pale yellow, basicosta and stem vein with dark brown setae; costa and R, with spinules, R, with 5—9 (avg 7) and R,,; with 8-14 (avg 10) spinules (counts of R, and R,,; are made to point of fusion with costa). Stem of halter brown, knob creamy yellow. Shape and proportions of leg segments as in Fig. 3b; segments faintly to distinctly silvery pruinose; all coxae and trochanters dark brown to black, anterior trochanter some- times dull yellow basally; anterior femur and tibia yellowish to brownish yellow, midfemur and hindfemur dark brown to black, midtibia with pale ring basally, hindtibia with basal % to 2 creamy white, remainder black; anterior tarsus slender, black, basitarsus of middle leg dirty yellow with small dark area distally, 2nd and 3rd tarsomeres pale basally and apical 2 tarsomeres dark brown to black; hindbasitarsus mostly creamy white with about apical '/6 black, 2nd and 3rd tarsomeres pale basally and apical 2 tarsomeres dark brown to black; legs generally with pale setae on yellow areas and dark setae on dark areas; all femora and tibiae with some flattened scales, more numerous on outer surfaces of midleg and hindleg; calcipala about as wide as long, pedisulcus deep (Fig. 3c); claw simple.
Abdomen black, with terga 1—5 dull velvety black, terga 6—9 subshining and with faint silvery pruinosity, terga | and 3-5 with a faint silvery prui- nosity along posterior margins, tergum 2 more widely covered with distinct silvery pruinosity; fringe of tergum 1 of long brown setae, remaining terga with sparse brown setae. Sterna 2-7 not sclerotized, all sterna dull black with faint silvery pruinosity. Terminalia as in Fig. 4; hypogynial valves (ovipositor lobes) short, their hind margins slightly curved, medial margins slightly concave on about posterior 2, and faintly sclerotized on about anterior 14, with fine irregular rows of microtrichia on greater portion of ventral surface. Anal lobe, in lateral view, somewhat ovate, ventral margin
18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Fig. 4. Simulium sanguineum, female terminalia. a, Ventral view with portions of left side removed. b, Left lateral view including genital fork. c, Variation in genital fork. d, Variation in shape of spermatheca. Abbreviations: an Ib = anal lobe: cerc = cercus; gen fk = genital fork; hypg vlv = hypogynial valve; st 8 = sternum 8.
VOLUME 83, NUMBER |
Fig. 5. Simulium sanguineum, male. a, Antenna. b, Palpus. c, Composite illustration of scutal pattern. d, Legs. e, Portion of hindtarsus showing calcipala and pedisulcus.
gently curving posteriorly but not produced beyond hindmargin of cercus. Cercus broadly rounded posteriorly. Genital fork with stem and base of arms heavily sclerotized, arms distally subrectangular to subtriangular, moderately sclerotized, each with a moderately long slender sclerotized anteriorly directed process. Spermatheca globular to slightly elongate, heavily sclerotized, with small differentiated circular area at junction with spermathecal duct.
20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Male.—General body color black. Length: Body, |.3—1.6 mm (dry pinned specimens), 1.8—2.2 mm (alcohol preserved specimens); wing, 1.4—1.5 mm.
Head black: frons and clypeus with silvery pruinosity; clypeus with long pale yellowish to brownish hairs. Antenna (slide mounted) as in Fig. Sa; scape, pedicel, and base of Ist flagellomere dull yellow, remainder dark brown to dull black. Palpus dark brown to dull black, shape and proportion of segments as in Fig. 5b.
Scutum velvety black, with 2 triangular submedian silvery pruinose spots, inner margin of each spot extending posteriorly as a slender submedian concolorous vitta, these vittae somewhat variable in length but sometimes joining with broad pruinose band along hind margin of scutum that continues around lateral margins of scutum (Fig. 5c); anepisternum and katepisternum covered with dense silvery pruinosity. Scutellum dark brown with long hairs around margin, ventral portion with faint silvery pruinosity; postnotum cov- ered with silvery pruinosity. Forecoxa of legs brownish with silver prui- nosity, trochanter, femur, and tibia dirty yellow to brownish, tibia with whitish pruinosity, tarsi black; midcoxa and trochanter dark brown with faint silvery pruinosity, femur and tibia dirty yellow to dark brown, tibia paler on basal portion, basitarsus yellowish with dark apical ring, 2nd and 3rd tarsomeres pale basally, darker apically, remaining tarsomeres dark; hindcoxa and trochanter dark brown with faint silvery pruinosity, femur dark brown to black, tibia with basal 4% to ’% white, remainder black, hind- basitarsus white with black apical ring; 2nd and 3rd tarsomeres white ba- sally, dark apically; remaining tarsomeres dark. Leg shape and proportions of segments as in Fig. Sd; calcipala and pedisulcus as in Fig. S5e. Wing essentially as in female, veins dull yellowish; R, with 5-8 spinules and R,,; with 6-10 spinules. Stem of halter dark, knob yellowish.
Abdomen velvety black in general appearance with lateral silvery prui- nosity on segments 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Tergum | black, posterior margin fringed with long hairs; tergum 2 brownish black with silvery pruinosity; a faint anterior marginal pruinosity present on segments 3, 4, 5, and 6 and a faint posterior marginal pruinosity present on segment 5, and with faint trace of pruinosity on intersegmental membrane between segments 4 and 5 and segments 5 and 6; terga 6-8 with silvery pruinosity that is absent medially, thus forming a posteriorly expanded elongate black triangle. Male terminalia as in Fig. 6; gonocoxite subquadrate, with prominent setae on distal 12; gonostylus approximately 34 length of gonocoxite at longest point; basal width of gonostylus varying from % to % its length, tapering to apex, with a single apical spine. Ventral plate somewhat U-shaped in ventral view, and strongly depressed dorsoventrally, its greatest width occurring approxi- mately midway between basal arms to decurved distal margin; basal ex- tremities of arms strongly sclerotized. Paramere with numerous small and large spines.
VOLUME 83, NUMBER | 21
Fig. 6. Simulium sanguineum, male terminalia. a, Ventral view with portions of left side removed. b, Left lateral view of ventral plate and paramere. c, Terminal (end) view of same structures. d, Terminalia of separate specimen from permanent slide mount. Abbreviations: aed memb = aedeagal membrane: gonocx = gonocoxite; gonost = gonostylus; med scl = me- dian sclerite of aedeagus; pm = paramere; ven plt = ventral plate of aedeagus.
Fig. 7. Simulium sanguineum, pupa. a, Cocoon. b, Respiratory organ showing variation in level of branching. c, Head, female, d, Head, male. Abbreviation: tr = trichomes.
VOLUME 83, NUMBER 1 23
Pupa.—Cocoon slipper shaped (Fig. 7a); length, 1.7—2.5 mm; light brown in color, rim of anterior collar darker and with a short dorsomedial projec- tion present in most specimens but this often broken off. Pupal length 1.6- 2.2 mm; respiratory organ 1.4—1.8 mm in length with 8 filaments originating from 3 primary trunks, dorsal and medial trunks each giving rise at varying levels to 3 filaments and ventral branch to 2 filaments (Fig. 7b). Head (Figs. 7c, d) and portions of thorax with small rounded platelets in an irregular pattern; head with 2 + 2 single frontal and 1 + 1 usually bifid facial tri- chomes; thorax with 5 + 5 usually bifid or trifid dorsal trichomes (Fig. 8a). Abdominal setae and hooks as in Figs. 8b—d:; posterior margins of terga 3 and 4 each with 4 + 4 anteriorly projecting hooks; terga 7-9 each with small posteriorly directed spines along anterior margin. Terminal caudal spines broad basally, tapering to an acute point. Sternum 4 with | pair, and sterna 5-7 with 2 pairs of usually bifid or trifid hooks.
Larva (Fig. 9a).—General body color dull creamy yellow with gray-green to dark brownish mottling, intensity varying from faint to dark. Length 3.8— 4.5 mm; width of head capsule 0.39—0.43 mm; cephalic apotome pale, with- out distinct pattern. Antenna 0.10-0.34x longer than stalk of labral fan; proportional lengths of segments 1-3 approximately 1:1:1. Labral fan with 20-22 primary rays. Hypostomal cleft subtriangular (Fig. 9b), extensively produced anteriorly reducing hypostomal bridge to a narrow straplike pro- cess, distance across hypostomal bridge to hypostomal border less than width of anterior denticulate margin of hypostoma. Margin of postocciput strongly sclerotized to approximate level of posterior tentorial pit. Hypo- stoma as in Fig. 9c; median tooth approximately same height as lateral teeth; sublateral teeth increasing slightly in height toward lateral tooth (Fig. 9d); 1 or 2 lateral serrations immediately posterior to lateral teeth; additional lateral marginal serrations on hypostoma varying from 2—5 (avg 3) on each side; hypostomal setae varying from 3—5 on each side; anterior region of hypostoma, posterior to teeth, not evenly sclerotized but with lighter median area. Mandible as in Fig. 9e; posterior to largest apical tooth there are 3 stout and 5—7 thinner comb teeth, and inner subapical margin with | large and usually | much smaller tooth followed by a row of setaelike teeth form- ing a subapical marginal brush. Apices of posterior bristles of external brush of bristles terminating at or near base of subapical marginal brush. Palpus approximately 2.6—3.4 as long as width at base. Posterior circlet composed of 52-55 rows of hooks with 8-12 hooks per row. Anal papillae with 3 compound lobes each having from 3—5 secondary lobules.
Remarks.—Topotypic females were compared with the holotype and found to be so similar as to be considered conspecific. Differences observed in the intensity of coloration were probably due to fading with age of the holotype. It was difficult to discern the extent of silvery pruinosity on some of the legs and the abdomen of the holotype and accurate comparisons could
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Fig. 8. Simulium sanguineum, pupa. a, Portion of thorax showing trichomes and respiratory organ. b, Abdomen, dorsal surface on left. c, Dorsal hooks. d, Variation in ventral hooks.
not be made. Knab apparently miscounted the abdominal segments in his description of S. sanguineum when he listed segments 5-8 as shining black.
Specimens examined.—COLOMBIA: Dept. of Choco, Rio Tagachi, 1-9 km from mouth of river, September 12, 1978, Tidwell, reared ¢ 41, reared
VOLUME 83, NUMBER 1
to in
Fig. 9. Simulium sanguineum, larva. a, Lateral view. b, Head capsule, undersurface. c, Hypostoma. d, Hypostomal teeth. e, Mandible. Abbreviations: an pap = anal papillae; ap tht = apical teeth; cmb tht = comb teeth; ex bsh = external brush; hyps br = hypostomal bridge: hyps clft = hypostomal cleft; | tht = lateral tooth; | ser = lateral serrations; m tht = median tooth; p ocpt = postocciput; p tnt pit = posterior tentorial pit; sap tht = subapical teeth; sl tht = sublateral teeth.
2 51, pupae 29, larvae 14; August 23, 1979, Tidwell, biting 2 10, pupae 4, larvae 10. Rio Atrato near Boca Arquia, August 23, 1979, Tidwell, biting 2 31. Rio Arquia, Pt. Palacio, September 9, 1977, Tidwell, biting 2 2; February 14, 1978, Tidwell, biting ° 5. Dept. of Cauca, approximately 11
26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
km N. Santander de Quilichao, May 18, 1977, Tidwell, biting 2 21; June 14, 1977, Tidwell, biting 9 39; June 22, 1977, Tidwell, reared 3 4, reared
18, biting 2 31, pupae 5, larvae 7; July 4, 1977, Tidwell, reared 6 12, reared 2 23, pupae 3, larvae 7; January 9, 1978, Tidwell, pupae 9.
Biological notes.—The immature stages of S. sanguineum were found near the type-locality on submerged sticks and stems approximately 0.5 to 3.0 m in depth in the turbid waters of the Tagachi River within approxi- mately 1-9 km of its confluence with the Atrato River. This area lies in a sparsely populated zone of tropical rain forest at less than 200 m elevation. At some sites the immature stages of S. sanguineum were collected along with those of §. exiguum Roubaud, but in general the latter were encoun- tered more frequently in the relatively clear and faster flowing waters up- stream where immatures of S. sanguineum were not found. These two species were the only Simulium species collected biting man in the region. Results of studies on the Arquia River to determine the vectors of Man- sonella ozzardi (Manson), a human filarial parasite endemic in this region, shows that of the two man-biting species only S. sanguineum is a suitable intermediate host for this parasite (Tidwell et al., in press).
Specimens indistinguishable from topotypic S$. sanguineum were collect- ed approximately 330 km south of the type-locality on the eastern side of the Cordillera Occidental in the Department of Cauca. While the life stages from the two areas are similar morphologically, they were found in ecolog- ically distinct habitats. The immature stages in Cauca were collected from small, clear, fast-flowing streams less than 4 m wide in an agricultural area at approximately 1000 m elevation. Streams of this type were not encoun- tered at the type-locality.
Discussion.—The observed pruinose scutal pattern of S. sanguineum var- ies considerably with the position of the specimen and the angle and direc- tion of incident light. Variation due to the latter is illustrated in Figs. lc and d. When viewing specimens, care must be taken to standardize the posi- tioning of the specimen and the placement of the light sources so that one can consistently make accurate comparisons of specimens of the same and closely related species. The pattern formed by the two submedian pruinose vittae as seen in dorsal view (Figs. la, b) may vary and this character should be used with caution when separating closely related species. The pruinose patterns seen in a standarized lateral view with the light source from the anterior and/or posterior aspects generally tend to be less variable and may be used to aid in a more accurate separation of some members of this group.
Characters for the separation of females of some species of the S$. ama- zonicum-sanguineum groups have not yet been completely worked out and characters of the males and/or immature stages must be used for separating these species. Females indistinguishable from those of S. sanguineum but emerging from six filamented pupae have been reported from several South
VOLUME 83, NUMBER | 27
American countries and such females have been incorrectly identified as S. sanguineum. Until further studies on the S$. sanguineum group are com- pleted, it seems advisable to limit the known distribution of S. sanguineum to Colombia, and possibly Panama. Vulcano (1967) lists Panama (Darién) in the distribution of S. sanguineum; since this region joins the northern border of the Choco, Colombia, less than 200 km from the type-locality, it is possible that S. sanguineum is present in this area.
Simulium sanguineum females can best be distinguished from those of S. amazonicum by the absence of a broad, pronounced pruinose connection from the submedian silvery vittae to the lateral pruinosity in the region of the postpronotal lobe. This character is best observed using a light source from each side at approximately 45° angles and placing the specimen in an upright position with the head directed away from the observer. The spec- imen is then rotated approximately 6 turn to the right (right side turning down) or until the black area between the left lateral and submedian prui- nose areas is centered in the field of view. A subanterior pruinose connec- tion between the lateral and submedian pruinose areas, if present, can readi- ly be seen in this position. A few S. sanguineum specimens may have a faint indication of a connection in this region but it is never broad and is always fading in intensity. A redescription of §. amazonicum by A. J. Shel- ley et al. is in preparation and will provide additional characters to help distinguish these two species from other members in this group.
LITERATURE CITED
Knab, F. 1915. Some new Neotropical Simuliidae. Bull. Entomol. Res. 6: 279-282.
Tidwell, M. A., M. Tidwell, P. Munoz de Hoyos, A. Corredor, and P. Barreto. /n press. Vectores de Onchocerca volvulus y Mansonella ozzardi en Colombia. Acta Med. Valle (Colombia).
Vulcano, M. 1967. A catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. 16. Family Simuliidae. Dept. Zoologia, Secretaria da Agricultura, Sao Paulo, 44 pp.
PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 83(1), 1981, pp. 28-39
A LIST OF THE COCCOIDEA SPECIES (HOMOPTERA) OF PUERTO RICO
S. NAKAHARA AND C. E. MILLER
(SN) Plant Protection Quarantine, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705; (CEM) Plant Protection and Quarantine, Animal and Plant Health Inspec- tion Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Frederick, Maryland 21701.
Abstract.—One hundred twenty-nine species of Coccoidea representing 72 genera and 10 families are recorded from Puerto Rico. Seven species are reported for the first time. Although mentioned in this paper, eight species apparently do not occur in Puerto Rico. Collection records based on ex- amined material are presented for species that were misidentified and re- ported in the literature as another species. Unreported collection data also are given for other species.
In a publication on the food plants of the insects of Puerto Rico, Martorell (1976) listed 102 nominate Coccoidea species. Based on information com- piled up to June 30, 1979, from examination of Puerto Rican material in the U.S. National Museum, research of literature, agricultural quarantine in- terception records, and recent collecting by various people, 129 species in 72 genera and 10 families are known to occur in Puerto Rico. Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) and Saissetia oleae (Olivier) reported from Puerto Rico were not seen by the authors; however, these species are likely to be es- tablished on the island, and they have been included in this list. Two species denoted with a cross (+) are known only from agricultural quarantine in- terceptions. They are included because other species previously known only from quarantine interceptions were subsequently collected. Seven species denoted with two asterisks (**) are reported for the first time. Species pre- viously reported in the literature that apparently do not occur in Puerto Rico are listed with comments and denoted with two crosses (+ +), or are treated as misidentifications of other included species.
Collection records based on examined material are presented for species that were misidentified and reported in the literature as another species. Unreported collection records are also given for other species.
The list is arranged alphabetically by family, genus, and species. Refer- ences using the current accepted binomens are cited first followed by cita-
VOLUME 83, NUMBER | 29
tions using synonyms. References published prior to Wolcott (1948) are not cited except when the species was not treated by him.
ACLERDIDAE Aclerda sacchari Teague.—Wolcott, 1948: Martorell, 1976.
ASTEROLECANIIDAE
Asterolecanium bambusae (Boisduval).—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976.
Asterolecanium epidendri (Bouché).—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell and Medina Gaud, 1974; Martorell, 1976.
Asterolecanium ingae Russell.—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976.
Asterolecanium longum (Green) ++.—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976. Old records apparently based on misidentifications.
Asterolecanium miliare miliare (Boisduval).—Russell, 1941. Additional rec- ords: Near Arus, Bambusa sp., 17-VII-77, SN; Barcelona, Bambusa sp., 16-VII-77, SN; Corozal, Bambusa vulgaris, 4-II-71, S. Medina Gaud; Mayaguez, Bambusa vulgaris, 27-X-36, H. R. Plank.
Asterolecanium miliare robustum Green.—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976.
Asterolecanium pseudomiliare Green.—Wheeler et al., 1948. Additional records: Barcelona, Bambusa sp., 16-VII-77, SN; Mayaguez, bamboo, Itr. of 18-IV-16, R. H. Van Zwaluwenburg, 12-VIII-30, A. G. Harley; Puerto Rico, Bambusa nana, 16-III-24, N. L. and E. G. Britton.
Asterolecanium pustulans (Cockerell).—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976.
CEROCOCCIDAE
Cerococcus deklei Kosztarab and Vest.—Martorell, 1976.
COcCIDAE
Ceroplastes cerifer (Fabricius) ++.—Gimpel et al., 1974; Ceroplastes cer- iferus (Anderson): Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976. Records of this species are based on two old collections. The record from Sauvagesia erecta (Wolcott, 1948) is a misidentification of an undescribed Ceroplastes, and very likely, the record from Bursera simaruba is also a misidentification.
Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comstock.—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976; Gimpel et al., 1974.
Ceroplastes cistudiformis Townsend and Cockerell ++.—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976. Based on old records that probably are misidentifica- tions.
Ceroplastes dugesii Lichtenstein **.—Records: Humacao (Palmas Del Mar), unknown host, 2-II-73, T. H. Flavell; Vega Alta, Piper medium, 26-I-17, R. T. Cotton.
Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock.—Wolcott, 1948; Gimpel et al., 1974; Martorell, 1976.
Ceroplastes rubens Maskell.—Medina Gaud and Garcia Tuduri, 1977. Ad-
30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
ditional records: Arecibo, Aglaonema commutatum pseudobracteatum, 8-VI-76, K. Stolley; Caribbean National Forest (Loquillo), Dicranopteris flexuosa, 22-VUI-77, SN; Toa Baja, Aglaonema sp., Ixora sp., Mangifera indica, 13-III-75, H. O’Steen et al.; quarantine interception at San Juan, Ixora coccinea, 15-X-74, J. Thaw.
Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus).—Nakahara, 1978b; Ceroplastes denudatus Cockerell: Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976.
Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus.—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976. Additional record: Isla Verde, Brassaia actinophylla, Yucca sp., 14-VU-77, SN. Coccus longulus (Douglas).—Gill et al., 1977; Coccus elongatus (Signoret): Medina Gaud and Garcia Tuduri, 1977. Additional records: Hato Rey, Spathiphyllum lanceifolium, 13-l-73, S. Medina Gaud; Isla Verde, Ca- janus cajan, 11-VII-77, C. E. Miller and SN; Rio Piedras, Phaseolus puearia, 8-III-54, H. Cibes; quarantine interception from Puerto Rico at
New York, Annona muricata, 8-V-33, H. G. Taylor.
Coccus moestus De Lotto.—Gill et al., 1977, Medina Gaud and Garcia Tu- duri, 1977.
Coccus viridis (Green).—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976.
Cryptostigma secretus (Morrison).—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976.
Eucalymnatus tessellatus (Signoret).—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976. Ad- ditional record: Isla Verde, Ardisia sp., 15-VII-77, SN.
Inglisia vitrea Cockerell.—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976.
Kilifia acuminata (Signoret).—Coccus acuminatus (Signoret): Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976. Additional record: Quarantine interception from Puerto Rico at Miami, /xora sp., 29-VI-65, L. A. McClain.
Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner).—Saissetia nigra (Nietner): Wolcott, 1948; Medina Gaud and Martorell, 1974; Martorell, 1976.
Protopulvinaria longivalvata Green.—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976. Ad- ditional records: Rio Piedras, Mangifera indica, 24-IV-75, J. Garcia Tu- duri; Reserva Forestal Maricao, Samyda spanulosa, 21-VII-77, SN.
Protopulvinaria mangiferae (Green).—Coccus mangiferae (Green): Wol- cott, 1948; Martorell, 1976.
Protopulvinaria pyriformis (Cockerell).—Martorell, 1976. Additional rec- ords: Reserva Forestal Maricao, unknown host, 21-VII-77, SN; quaran- tine interception at San Juan, Psidium guajava, 24-VIII-69, L. Crawford.
Pulvinaria elongata Newstead.—Martorell, 1976. Pulvinaria iceryi (Guérin- Menéville): Wolcott, 1948.
Pulvinaria psidii Maskell.—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976.
Pulvinaria urbicola Cockerell.—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976. Additional records: Isla Verde, Bidens pilosa, 11-VII-77, C. E. Miller and SN; Bahia Montalva, Melochia tomentosa, 17-VII-77, SN.
Saissetia coffeae (Walker).—Martorell and Medina Gaud, 1974: Garcia Tu-
VOLUME 83, NUMBER 1 31
duri et al., 1974; Martorell, 1976; Saissetia hemisphaerica (Targioni): Wolcott, 1948.
Saissetia miranda (Cockerell and Parrott) **.—Saissetia oleae (Bernard): Wolcott, 1948; Saissetia oleae (Olivier): Martorell, 1976 (misidentifica- tions in part). Records: Arecibo, Terminalia sp., 29-VI-17, H. Morrison*, Erythrina berteroana, 27-1X-40, G. N. Wolcott*; Fajardo, Ficus sp., 4-IX-32, G. N. Wolcott*; Isabela, Gossypium sp., 27-1X-35, L. C. Fife*: Isla Verde, Cajanus cajan, 11-VII-77, C. E. Miller and SN, Erythrina sp., Yucca sp., 14-VII-77, SN; Lajas, Abutilon hirtum, 12-X1-35, L. C. Fife*; Mayaguez, Abelmoschus esculentus, 15-XI-35, L. C. Fife*; Mari- cao (Maricao Insular Forest), Cedrela odorata, 15-XII-36, L. F. Marto- rell*; Mona Is., Gossypium punctatum, S5-IV-44, G. N. Wolcott*; Ponce, Mangifera indica, 10-III-17, H. Morrison*; Spondias dulcis, 10-VIII-32, R. G. Oakley*, Tamarindus indica, 28-V1-32, Bofill and Oakley*; Rio Piedras, Swietenia mahogony, 29-III-32, M. D. Leonard*: Plumeria rub- ra, ltr. of 8-II-49, L. F. Martorell*; San Juan, Psidium guajava, 27-V-30, A. S. Mills*, Lxora coccinea, 13-III-75, H. O’Steen et al.; Santurce, Ter- minalia catappa, 9-V-32, A. S. Mills*, Zanthoxylum flavum, 15-V-40, L. F. Martorell*; Vega Alta, Montezuma speciossima, 9-VII-35, Faxon et al.*. Quarantine interceptions: At San Juan, Kopsias sp., 30-X-74, C. Havens; At New York, Lippia sp., 18-V-32, A. G. Lennox*, Punica granatum, 22-VII-35, Locke and Post*, Sterculia apetala, 20-XII-35, H. Fox*. Records marked * previously identified as S. oleae.
Saissetia neglecta De Lotto.—Medina Gaud and Garcia Tuduri, 1977; Sais- setia oleae (Bernard): Wolcott, 1948; Saissetia oleae (Olivier): Martorell, 1976 (misidentifications in part). Additional records: Vicinity of Maya- guez, Coccoloba pirifolia, 4 to 10-III-06, J. F. Cowell*; Ponce, Tama- rindus indica, 28-V1-32, Bofill and Oakley*; Santurce, Citrus aurantifolia, 1-VII-47, F. Sein*; unknown locality, Dieffenbachia amoena, 26-1V-78, F. McHenry, Platycerium sp., 25-IV-77, J. C. Denmark; Quarantine in- terceptions: At San Juan, Annona muricata, 3-1V-75, J. Thaw, Citrus sp., 21-VIII-73, A. Agostini, Citrus paradisi, 7-VII-25, C. E. Cooley*, Psidium guajava, 12-VIII-73, J. Judd; At New York, Coffea sp., 17-VII- 39, McConnell*, Manilkara zapota, 17-II-36, Dodd and O’Brien*; At Philadelphia, Mangifera indica, 23-VII-30, W. W. Chapman*. Records marked * previously identified as S. oleae.
Saissetia oleae (Olivier).—Martorell, 1976; Saissetia oleae (Bernard): Wol- cott, 1948: Martorell and Medina Gaud, 1974; Medina Gaud and Marto- rell, 1974. The senior author has examined the §. oleae material in the U.S. National Museum and found the identifiable Puerto Rican material was either S. miranda or S. neglecta. Although not seen from Puerto Rico, S. oleae probably occurs on the island.
32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Vinsonia_ stellifera (Westwood).—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell and Medina Gaud, 1974; Martorell, 1976.
CONCHASPIDIDAE
Conchaspis angraeci Cockerell.—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976. Addition- al records: Bahia Montalva, Melochia tomentosa, 17-VII-77, SN; Bo- queron, Coccoloba uvifera, 18-VII-77, SN; Culebra Is., Coccoloba uvi- fera, 26-I-76, R. Gonzalez S.; Isla Verde, Coccoloba uvifera, 15-VII-77, SN; Vieques Is., Hibiscus sp., 22-VI-72, D. Miller. Quarantine intercep- tions: At San Juan, Agave angustifolia marginata, 1-I1X-69, L. M. Craw- ford, Agave angustifolia woodrawii, 2-II1-70, L. M. Crawford.
Conchaspis cordiae Mamet **.—Conchaspis orchidarum Mamet: Martorell, 1976 (misidentification). This record is based on a poor specimen depos- ited in the U.S. National Museum.
DIASPIDIDAE
Abgrallaspis cyanophylli (Signoret).—Records: Central Aquirre, Guaiacum officinale, ltr. 27-XI-25, H. L. Dozier; Ensenada, Pithecellobium unguis- cacti, 17-XII-35, H. L. Dozier; Isabela, Persea americana, 29-III-55, H. Goldstein; Isla Verde, Jasminum sp., 12-VIH-77, SN; Mayaguez, Cocos nucifera, 3-XII-35, H. K. Plank; Ramey Field, Jasminum sp., 29-IV-48, various collecters; Rio Piedras, Chlorophytum sp., 25-XI-76, C. Manta- ras. Quarantine interceptions: At New York, Annona reticulata, 5-V-26, Kennedy et al., Annona sp., 20-X-47, Johnston and Burnham. Refer to comments in Wolcott (1948) and Martorell (1976) concerning Hemiber- lesia palmae (Cockerell) and Aspidiotus cyanophylli.
Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell).—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976. Although this species was not seen by the authors, it probably occurs on the island.
Aonidiella comperei McKenzie.—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976.
Aonidiella inornata McKenzie.—Nakahara and Miller, 1978a.
Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead).—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976.
Aonidomytillus albus (Cockerell) **.—Record: Vieques Is., Carica papaya, 31-VII-72, D. Miller.
Aspidaspis arctostaphyli (Cockerell and Robinson)+ +.—Martorell, 1976; Aspidiotus arctostaphyli Cockerell and Robinson: Wolcott, 1948. This species recorded from Stenotraphrum secundatum apparently is a mis- identification.
Aspidiella hartii (Cockerell).—Martorell, 1976.
Aspidiella sacchari (Cockerell).—Martorell, 1976; Targionia sacchari (Cockerell): Wolcott, 1948.
Aspidiotus destructor Signoret.—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976.
Aspidiotus excisus Green.—Medina Gaud and Garcia Tuduri, 1977; Tem- naspidiotus excisus (Green): Dekle, 1966.
VOLUME 83, NUMBER | 33
Aspidiotus nerii Bouché.—Martorell, 1976; Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot): Wolcott, 1948.
Aspidiotus spinosus Comstock +.—Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quar- antine, 1936. Additional record: Quarantine interception at Miami, Ca- Janus cajan, 5-11-58, C. Bennett.
Aulacaspis rosae (Bouche).—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976.
Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead.—Martorell, 1976. A common species on Mangifera indica on the island.
Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus).—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976.
Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan).—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976. Additional records: Near San German, Persea americana, 21-VII-77, SN; San Juan, /xora sp., 13-III-75, H. O’Steen et al.; unknown location, Dra- caena marginata, 28-IV-78, Stolley et al.
Clavaspis herculeana (Doane and Hadden).—Martorell, 1976; Aspidiotus herculeanus Hadden: Wolcott, 1948. Additional records: Bahia Montalva, Avicennia nitida, 17-VII-77, SN; Isla Verde, Erythrina sp., 14-VII-77, SN.
Crenulaspidiotus portoricensis (Lindinger).—Martorell, 1976; Chrysom- phalus (Melanaspis) portoricensis Lindinger: Wolcott, 1948.
Dactylaspis crotonis (Ferris).—Martorell, 1976; Lepidosaphes crotonis Fer- ris: Wolcott, 1948.
Diaspis boisduvalii Signoret.—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell and Medina Gaud, 1974; Martorell, 1976.
Diaspis bromeliae (Kerner).—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976.
Diaspis echinocacti (Bouché).—Wolcott, 1948.
Duplaspidiotus fossor (Newstead).—Nakahara, 1978a.
Duplaspidiotus tesseratus (Grandpre and Charmoy).—Pseudaonidia tesser- ata (de Charmoy): Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976.
Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni-Tozzetti)—Medina Gaud and Garcia Tuduri, 1977. Additional record: Rio Piedras, Artocarpus integrifolia, 12-VII-77, SN.
Furcaspis biformis (Cockerell).—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell and Medina Gaud, 1974; Martorell, 1976.
Genaparlatoria pseudaspidiotus (Lindinger).—Martorell and Medina Gaud, 1974; Martorell, 1976.
Gymnaspis aechmeae Newstead.—Medina Gaud and Garcia Tuduri, 1977.
Haliaspis arecibo Howell.—Howell, 1978; Chionaspis distichlii Ferris: Wol- cott, 1948; Martorell, 1976 (misidentification).
Haliaspis nakaharai Howell.—Howell, 1978.
Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret).—Martorell, 1976; Aspidiotus lataniae Signoret: Wolcott, 1948. Additional records: Boqueron, Melicoccus bi- jugatus, Nerium oleander, 19-VII-77, SN; quarantine interception at San Juan, Agave angustifolia woodrawii, 20-II]-75, L. M. Crawford.
34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerell).—Martorell, 1976; Aspidiotus palmae Cockerell: Wolcott, 1948. Additional record: Unknown location, Neore- gelia carolinae, 4-II-78, F. L. Ware.
Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock).—Martorell, 1976; Aspidiotus camelliae (Signoret): Wolcott, 1948.
Hemigymnaspis eugeniae (Lindinger).—Martorell, 1976; Melanaspis (Hem- igymnaspis) eugeniae Lindinger: Wolcott, 1948.
Howardia biclavis (Comstock).—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976. Additional records: Boqueron, Ficus sp., 19-VII-77, SN; Joyuda, Alternanthera ses- silis, Lantana camara, 18-VII-77, SN; Near San German, Bixa orellana, Persea americana, 21-VII-77, SN; Reserva Forestal Maricao, Clusia sp., 21-VII-77, SN.
Ischnaspis longirostris (Signoret).—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976. Addi- tional records: Yabucao, Securidaca volubilis, 7-V-75, S. Medina Gaud et al.; unknown location, Vriesia polonia, 22-X-75, F. L. Ware.
Kuwanaspis linearis (Green).—Nakahara, 1978a.
Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman).—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976.
Lepidosaphes conchiformis (Gmelin) ++.—Lepidosaphes ficus Signoret: Martorell, 1976. This record is based on one quarantine interception from Puerto Rico at California in fiscal year 1951. We have not been able to substantiate this record and because this species does not occur in the Caribbean Region, we do not consider this species established in Puerto Rico.
Lepidosaphes gloverii (Packard).—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976.
Lepidosaphes rubrovittatus Cockerell.—Nakahara and Miller, 1978b.
Lepidosaphes tokionis (Kuwana).—Martorell, 1976; Lepidosaphes lasianthi Green: Wolcott, 1948.
Lepidosaphes vermiculus Mamet.—Nakahara, 1978a.
Lopholeucaspis cockerelli (Grandpre and Charmoy).—Leucaspis cockerelli (de Charmoy): Wolcott, 1948; Martorell and Medina Gaud, 1973; Mar- torell, 1976. Additional records: Isla Verde, Calophyllum sp., 10-VII-77, SN; near Mameyes, Citrus sp., 16-VII-77, SN: Rio Piedras, Dracaena fragrans, 23-VII-77, SN; quarantine interception at San Juan, Agave an- gustifolia marginata, 1-[X-69, L. M. Crawford.
Melanaspis bromeliae (Leonardi).—Targionia bromeliae: Plant Quarantine and Control Administration, 1932. Additional records: Corozal, Ananas sp., 2-[V-36, Smith and Plank; quarantine interception at San Juan, Ana- nas comosus, 4-VIUII-70, M. South and L. M. Crawford.
Melanaspis coccolobae Ferris **.—Records: Limestone hills, 7 mi. w. Ponce, Coccoloba obtusifolia, 26-XI-02, A. A. Heller; Loquillo Forest, Coccoloba borinquensis, \-I1-32, Barbour and Gerhart; Playa de Espe- ranza, Coccoloba diversifolia, 7-II-14, J. A. Shafer; Ponce to Penneles,
VOLUME 83, NUMBER 1 35
Coccoloba laurifolia, 22-11-06, Britton and Corwell; Vieques Is., Coc- coloba laurifolia, 11-11-14, J. A. Shafer.
Melanaspis nigropunctata (Cockerell).—Martorell, 1976; Chrysomphalus nigropunctatus Cockerell: Wolcott, 1948.
Melanaspis tenax McKenzie +.—Girard, 1974.
Morganella longispina (Morgan).—Martorell, 1976. Additional records: Quarantine interception at Baltimore, Citrus paradisi, 29-VII-36, C. G. Latham; at New York, Spondias dulcis, 7-I11-38, Bassen.
Mycetaspis personata (Comstock).—Martorell, 1976; Chrysomphalus per- sonatus (Comstock): Wolcott, 1948.
Octaspidiotus araucariae Adachi and Fullaway.—Nakahara and Miller, 1978a.
Odonaspis penicillata Green.—Nakahara et al., 1978.
Odonaspis ruthae Kotinsky.—Miller, 1978.
Odonaspis saccharicaulis (Zehntner) **.—Records: Guanica Centrale Eu- senada, Panicum molle, 9-II]-12, T. H. Jones; quarantine interception at San Juan, Saccharum officinarum, 11-XII-74, J. Thaw.
Parlatoria crotonis Douglas.—Morrison, 1939. Additional records: Par- guera, Codiaeum variegatum, 18-VII-77, SN; Rio Piedras, Codiaeum variegatum, 21-IV-76, J. Garcia Tuduri; quarantine interception at New York, Codiaeum sp., 1923.
Parlatoria pergandii Comstock.—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976.
Parlatoria proteus (Curtis).—Nakahara et al., 1978. Additional records: Quarantine interceptions at San Juan, Aechmea sp., 28-X-74, J. Thaw, Mangifera indica, \-V1-76, C. E. Miller.
Parlatoria ziziphi (Lucas).—Records: In the U.S.D.A. Coccoidea reference file is a report that this species was found on a tangerine tree at Mayaguez in 1905. The species was intercepted at San Juan from Mayaguez on Citrus in 1975 and subsequent surveys found it established in a thirty-five mile area around Mayaguez on Citrus. '
Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret).—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976; Pinnas- pis caricis Ferris: Martorell, 1976.
Pinnaspis buxi (Bouché).—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976. Additional rec- ords: Rio Piedras, Monstera deliciosa, 15-VUI-75, J. Garcia Tuduri; un- known location, Vriesia polonia, 22-X-75, F. L. Ware.
Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley).—Wolcott, 1948; Medina Gaud and Martorell, 1974: Martorell, 1976. Additional records: Isla Verde, Erythrina sp., 14-
| VII-77, SN: Parguera, Rhizophora mangle, 17-VII-77, Bryophyllum pin- nata, 18-VII-77, SN.
Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Green)—Medina Gaud and Garcia Tuduri,
| 1977. Additional records: Isla Verde, Carissa grandiflora, Jasminum sp.,
14-VII-77, SN: Reserva Forestal Maricao, unknown shrub, 21-VII-77,
36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
SN; San Juan, Rosa sp., 11-VII-77, E. Feliu and SN; Toa Baja, [xora coccinea, 13-III-77, H. O’Steen et al. Quarantine interceptions: At San Juan, Kopsias sp., 30-X-74, C. Havens; at New York, Mangifera indica, 23-XI-43, Owrey.
Pseudaulacaspis major (Cockerell).—Martorell, 1976; Aulacaspis (Pseud- aulacaspis) major (Cockerell): Wolcott, 1948. Additional records: Bo- queron, Salix sp., 21-VH-77, SN; Playa Aguila, unknown tree, 18-VII-77, SN.
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti).—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976.
Pseudischnaspis bowreyi (Cockerell).—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976. Ad- ditional record: Reserva Forestal Maricao, Coccoloba sentenisii, 21-VII- (eSINe
Pseudoparlatoria ostreata Cockerell.—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976. Ad- ditional record: Parguera, Bryophyllum pinnata, 18-VII-77, SN.
Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Comstock).—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976.
Quadraspidiotus forbesi (Johnson) + +.—Aspidiotus forbesi Johnson: Mar- torell, 1976. This record apparently is a misidentification.
Radionaspis indica (Marlatt).—Leucaspis indica Marlatt: Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976.
Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan).—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976. Ad- ditional records: Parguera, Cordyline terminalis, 18-VII-77, SN; unknown location, Dracaena marginata, 17-II-78, M. Hornyak.
Unaspis citri (Comstock).—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976.
LECANODIASPIDIDAE
Lecanodiaspis ingae Howell and Kosztarab.—Howell and Kosztarab, 1972; Lecanodiaspis sp.: Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976.
MARGARODIDAE
Crypticerya rosae (Riley and Howard).—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976.
Icerya monserratensis Riley and Howard.—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976.
Icerya purchasi Maskell.—Wolcott, 1948; Medina Gaud and Martorell, 1974; Martorell, 1976.
Margarodes formicarum Guilding.—Wolcott, 1948; Medina Gaud and Mar- torell, 1974; Martorell, 1976.
ORTHEZIIDAE Orthezia insignis Browne.—Wolcott, 1948; Medina Gaud and Martorell, 1974; Martorell, 1976. Orthezia praelonga Douglas.—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976. Additional record: San Juan, Vitex sp., 11-VII-77, E. Feliu and SN.
ee
VOLUME 83, NUMBER | 37 PSEUDOCOCCIDAE
Antonina graminis (Maskell).—Martorell, 1976. Additional record: Isla Verde, Tricholaena repens, 11-VII-77, C. E. Miller and SN.
Brevennia rehi (Lindinger).—Nakahara et al., 1978.
Chaetococcus bambusae (Maskell).—Martorell, 1976; Antonina (Chaeto- coccus) bambusae (Maskell): Wolcott, 1948.
Chnaurococcus radicola (Morrison).—Martorell, 1976.
Dysmicoccus boninsis (Kuwana).—Martorell, 1976; Pseudococcus boninsis (Kuwana): Wolcott, 1948.
Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell).—Martorell, 1976; Pseudococcus brev- ipes (Cockerell): Wolcott, 1948.
Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell).—Medina Gaud and Martorell, 1974; Martorell, 1976; Pseudococcus (Ferrisia) virgatus (Cockerell): Wolcott, 1948.
Geococcus coffeae Green.—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976.
Nipaecoccus nipae (Maskell).—Martorell, 1976; Pseudococcus nipae (Mas- kell): Wolcott, 1948.
Planococcus citri (Risso).—Martorell, 1976; Pseudococcus citri (Risso): Wolcott, 1948.
Planococcus citricus Ezzat and McConnell.—Pseudococcus citricus (Ezzat and McConnell): Martorell, 1976.
Phenacoccus gossypii Townsend and Cockerell.—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976.
Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) ++.—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976. A questionable record.
Pseudococcus elisae Borchsenius **.—Records: Bayamon, Bidens pilosa, IV-36, Smith and Plank*; Isla Verde, Mucuna sp., 11-VI-77, C. E. Miller and SN; Mayaguez, Lantana camara, IV-53, N. L. H. Krauss*; Playa Aguila, Melochia tomentosa, 18-VUI-77, SN; Playa Las Croabas, [po- moea pres-capre, 16-VII-77, SN; Rio Piedras, Ipomoea batatas, 17-IV- 48, Oakley and Mills*. Quarantine interceptions: At San Juan, Punica granatum, 3-XII-77, J. Thaw, Sechium edule, 25-VII-35, McCubbin et al.*; at New York, Cajanus cajan, 12-11-47, M. H. Sartor*, Musa par- adisiaca, 29-I1V-35, Fyke et al.*; at San Francisco, Aglaonema sp., 26- X-64, B. Davis*; at Washington, D.C., Codiaeum sp., 2-1V-67, H. F. Lowering*. Records marked * previously identified as P. maritimus.
Pseudococcus longispinus (TYargioni-Tozzetti).—Martorell, 1976; Pseudo- coccus adonidum (Linnaeus): Wolcott, 1948; Martorell and Medina Gaud, 1974.
Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn) ++.—Wolcott, 1948; Martorell, 1976. This species apparently does not occur in Puerto Rico. Most of the pre- viously identified material of P. maritimus are misidentifications of P. elisae.
38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Puto barberi (Cockerell).—Wolcott, 1948; Ceroputo barberi (Cockerell): Martorell, 1976.
Rhizoecus americanus (Hambleton).—Hambleton, 1976. Additional record: Unknown location, Neoregelia carolinae, 31-I-79, F. L. Ware.
Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell).—Martorell, 1976; Trionymus sac- chari (Cockerell): Wolcott, 1948.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are grateful to J. A. Davidson, University of Maryland, College Park, for records of Melanaspis coccolobae Ferris, and A. B. Hamon, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, for collec- tion records. We thank M. Shannon, Plant Protection and Quarantine, APHIS, USDA, Hyattsville, Maryland for his constructive criticism of the manuscript.
LITERATURE CITED
Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine. 1936. List of intercepted plant pests, 1935. U.S. Dep. Agric. Serv. Reg. Announcements, 131 pp.
Dekle, G. W. 1966. Aglaonema scale (Temnaspidiotus excisus (Green)) (Homoptera: Dias- pididae). Fla. Dep. Agric. Div. Plant Ind. Entomol. Circ. No. 49, 2 pp.
Garcia Tuduri, J. C., S. Medina Gaud, and L. F. Martorell. 1974. Preliminary list of the insects of Desecheo Island, Puerto Rico. J. Agric. Univ. P.R. 58(1): 125-133.
Gill, R. J., S. Nakahara, and M. L. Williams. 1977. A review of the genus Coccus Linnaeus in America north of Panama (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Calif. Dep. Food Agric. Occas. Pap. Entomol. No. 24, 44 pp.
Gimpel, W. F., Jr., D. R. Miller, and J. A. Davidson. 1974. A systematic revision of the wax scales, genus Ceroplastes, in the United States (Homoptera; Coccoidea; Coccidae). Univ. Md. Agric. Exp. Stn. Misc. Publ. 841, 85 pp.
Girard, D. H. 1974. List of intercepted plant pests, 1972. APHIS, U.S. Dep. Agric., 97 pp.
Hambleton, E. J. 1976. A revision of the New World mealybugs of the genus Rhizoecus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). U.S. Dep. Agric. Tech. Bull. 1522, 88 pp.
Howell, J. O. 1978. Three new species of armored scales from Mexico and Puerto Rico. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 71(3): 401-407.
Howell, J. O. and M. Kosztarab. 1972. Morphology and systematics of the adult females of the genus Lecanodiaspis. Va. Polytech. Inst. State Univ. Res. Div. Bull. 70, 248 pp.
Martorell, L. F. 1976. Annotated food catalog of the insect of Puerto Rico. Exp. Stn. Univ. P.R., 303 pp.
Martorell, L. F. and S. Medina Gaud. 1974. Orchid pests in Puerto Rico. J. Agric. Univ. P.R. 58(1): 105-124.
Medina Gaud, S. and J. Garcia Tuduri. 1977. New arthropod records for Puerto Rico. J. Agric. Univ. P.R. 61(3):409-412.
Medina Gaud, S. and L. F. Martorell. 1973. New insect records for Puerto Rico. J. Agric. Univ. P.R. 57(3): 247-254.
—. 1974. Insects of Caja de Muertos Island, Puerto Rico. J. Agric. Univ. P.R. 58(2): 244— DID
Miller, C. E. 1978. A diaspidid scale (Odonaspis ruthae)—Puerto Rico—New Record. Coop. Plant Pest Rept. 3(21): 218.
VOLUME 83, NUMBER | 39
Morrison, H. 1939. Taxonomy of some scale insects of the genus Parlatoria encountered in plant quarantine inspection work. U.S. Dep. Agric. Misc. Publ. 344, 34 pp.
Nakahara, S. 1978a. Coccoidea new to Puerto Rico. Coop. Plant Pest Rep. 3(1—4): 11.
. 1978b. Ceroplastes denudatus, junior synonym of C. rusci (Homoptera: Coccoidea:
Coccidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 80(4): 657-658.
Nakahara, S. and C. E. Miller. 1978a. Coccoidea new to Puerto Rico. Coop. Plant Pest Rep. 3(1-4): 11.
———. 1978b. An armored scale (Lepidosaphes rubrovittatus Cockerell)—New record for Puerto Rico. Coop. Plant Pest Rep. 3(12): 122.
Nakahara, S., C. E. Miller, and E. Feliu. 1978. Coccoidea new to Puerto Rico. Coop. Plant Pest Rep. 3(1—4): 11.
Plant Quarantine and Control Administration. 1932. List of intercepted plant pests. U.S. Dep. Agric. Service and Regulatory Announcements, pp. 201—368.
Russell, L. M. 1941. A classification of the scale insect genus Asterolecanium. U.S. Dep. Agric. Misc. Bull. 424, 322 pp.
Wheeler, W. H., J. Hunt, and E. P. Reagan. 1948. List of intercepted plant pests, 1947. Bur. Entomol. Plant Quar., U.S. Dep. Agric., 69 pp.
Wolcott, G. N. 1948. Insects of Puerto Rico. J. Agric. Univ. P.R. 32(1): 1—224, illus.
PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 83(1), 1981, pp. 40-43
A NEW SPECIES OF BOCHARTIA OUDEMANS FROM TEXAS (ACARI: ERYTHRAEIDAE: ERYTHRAEINAE)'
B. MCDANIEL AND Eric G. BOLEN
(BM) Plant Science Department (Entomology), South Dakota State Uni- versity, Brookings, South Dakota 57007; (EGB) Dean’s Office, The Grad- uate School, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409.
Abstract.—A new species, Bochartia shirleyanneae (Erythraeidae: Erythraeinae), was collected from southern Texas. This extends the distri- bution of the genus Bochartia Oudemans to include the United States.
Southcott (1961), in his studies on the systematics and biology of the Erythraeoidea, pointed out the relationship between Nearctic and Palaearc- tic Erythraeinae. Littlke comparison was possible at that time as no larval Erythraeinae had been described from either North or South America.
In a study of the microarthropod fauna of the Rob and Bessie Welder Wildlife Foundation in southern Texas, a single larval specimen representing the subfamily Erythraeinae was collected. This larva belongs to the genus Bochartia Oudemans following Southcott’s (1961) definition of this genus.
Bochartia was established by Oudemans (1910) for B. kuyperi Oudemans. Southcott (1961) utilized the following structures to separate Bochartia from Forania Southcott (1961) which contains the species Forania mento- nensis (André): The presence of three pairs of scutalae in Forania against two in Bochartia and the coxal formula of 1, 3, 3 for Forania against 1, 1, 1 for Bochartia.
The larval specimen collected from southern Texas represents a new species and extends the distribution of the genus Bochartia to include the United States; to our knowledge the first record of an Erythraeinae larva from North America.
Bochartia shirleyanneae McDaniel and Bolen, NEw SPECIES Figs. 1-5
Description.—Idiosoma globular, length to tip of mouthparts 420 jw, length of idiosoma 295 yx, width 225 uw (measured between legs 2 and 3). Dorsal
' South Dakota Agric. Exp. Stn. Jour. Ser. No. 1696.
VOLUME 83, NUMBER 1 41
Figs. 1-5. Bochartia shirleyanneae, holotype larva. 1, Dorsal view. 2, Ventral view. 3, First leg. 4, Second leg. 5, Third leg.
scutum punctate, oval, wider than long with posterior notch between pos- terior pair of sensillae, 94 uw long by 110 uw wide. Scutum with 2 pairs of
scutalae: Anterior pair (AL) with bractate coarse daggerlike ciliation, 67 yu long, arising anteriorly to anterior sensillae, close to shield edge. Posterior scutalae (PL) similar to AL, also with bractate ciliations, 63 u long, arising 17 » from margin of scutal edge, anteriorly of posterior sensillae in middle of scutum. Anterior sensillae of scutum slender, tapering ciliated, 54 u long; posterior sensillae similar to anterior sensillae in length and structure, 63 yu long, arising at posterior edge of scutum.
42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Eyes with 2 distinct lenses on each side, well separated, with idiosomal striations running between them; situated posterolateral to scutum. Anterior lens 15 « wide, 20 uw long, posterior lens 13 u wide, 11 uw long; lens separated by 11 wp.
Dorsal idiosomalae arising in longitudinal rows with bractate ciliations, 37-55 yw long with a total number of 38. Dorsal body setae similar to scutalae on scutum in structure and size.
Ventral idiosomalae consist of 21 setae including a pair located at base of gnathosoma, a single pair between posterior margin of coxae I and another pair between coxae II and III. Behind coxae III are 15 setae, eight on right of small anal opening and seven on left of anus. All ventral setae resembling dorsal idiosomalae and of about same length.
Legs long, slender, typical for genus and subfamily. Coxal formula, 1, 1, 1, these similar in structure to ventral and dorsal idiosomalae. Tarsus I and II each with a single dorsal solenoidala; tarsal trichobothrium absent; tarsal claws 2: anterior claw a straight rod with a terminal ventrally directed hook, with a ventral brush of branching ciliations; middle empodium slender, sides ridged with ciliations. Posterior claw rodlike with ventral branching cilia- tions.
Gnathosoma punctate, with the movable chelicerae stout. Palpal tibial claw strong, with a dorsal accessory claw. Palpal tarsus with | solenoidala.
Holotype.—A single larval specimen collected on the Rob and Bessie Welder Wildlife Refuge, 10 miles north of Sinton, Texas, San Patricio Coun- ty, February 2, 1978, by B. McDaniel and Eric G. Bolen. Slide mounted holotype will be deposited in the U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. (USNM).
Remarks.—The only adults of the family Erythraeidae collected on the same date and site of B. shirleyanneae were members of the genus Leptus of the subfamily Leptinae. The possibility of Bochartia being a synonym of the genus Erythraeus Latreille (s.s.) is very real according to Southcott (1961); however, no attempt has been made to solve this situation as the collection of a single larval specimen without adults and without rearing data makes proof impossible at this time.
Habitat.—The holotype was collected within the transitional zone be- tween the South Texas Plains and the Gulf Prairies and Marshes regionally known as the Coastal Bend (Thomas, 1975). The site supported a prairie community of bunchgrasses and annual forbs on deep Nueces and Falfurrias fine sands. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), seacoast bluestem (Schiza- chyrium scoparium), Pan American balsamscale (Elyonurus tripsacoides), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardi) and other tall and mid-grasses mixed with doveweed (Croton spp.), skunk daisy (Ximenesia encelioides), and wild buckwheat (Eriogonum multiflorum) characterize the vegetation. Overall, the vegetational composition approximates 75% grasses and 19% forbs with
VOLUME 83, NUMBER 1 43
the balance consisting of woody or succulent species. The community re- sembles the tallgrass prairie of the Nebraska Sandhills although it contains a greater percentage of tropical or subtropical vegetation (Drawe et al., 1978).
LITERATURE CITED
Drawe, D. L., A. D. Chamrad, and T. W. Box. 1978. Plant communities of the Welder Wildlife Refuge. Contrib. No. 5, Ser. B (revised), Rob and Bessie Welder Wildlife Foundation, Sinton, Texas. 38 pp.
Oudemans, A. C. 1910. Acarologiche Aanteekeningen XXXI. Entomol. Ber. (Amst.) 3(52): 47—5e
Southcott, R. V. 1961. Studies on the Systematics of the Erythraeoidea (Acarina), with a Critical Revision of the Genera and Subfamilies. Aust. J. Zool. 9(3): 367-610.
Thomas, G. W. 1975. Texas plants—An ecological summary. Jn Gould, F. W., Texas plants— A checklist and ecological summary. Tex. Agric. Exp. Stn. Misc. Publ. 585 (revised),
121 pp.
PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 83(1), 1981, pp. 44-51
THREE NEW ORIENTAL SPECIES OF JENKINSHELEA MACFIE (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE)
WILLIAM L. GROGAN, JR. AND WILLIS W. WIRTH
(WLG) Department of Biological Sciences, Salisbury State College, Salis- bury, Maryland 21801; (WWW) Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, Agric. Res., Sci. and Educ. Admin., USDA, % U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560.
Abstract.—Three new species of the predaceous midge genus Jenkinshe- lea Macfie are described and illustrated. One species, J. niphanae from Southeast Asia, is a typical member of the genus, whereas the other two species, J. tokunagai from Thailand and J. setosiforceps from Malaysia, are unusual in possessing wings with only a single radial cell. A key is given for the taxonomic separation of the five Oriental species of the genus.
This review of the Oriental species of the predaceous midge genus Jen- kinshelea Macfie is prompted by receipt of a large collection of midges from Keizo Yasumatsu that he took in rice paddies in Thailand as a part of his studies on the ecology of insects harmful to rice in that country. Although predaceous midges are not of primary importance in biological control of rice pests, their habits as predators of small chironomid midges and possibly cecidomyiids and other small Diptera may give them some small place in rice paddy economics. A report on the major portion of Yasumatsu’s col- lection will be published elsewhere as studies progress.
Jenkinshelea is a rather small genus with ten described species from the Nearctic, Oriental, Afrotropical, and Australasian regions. A review of the generic characters and systematics of the Nearctic species was given by Grogan and Wirth (1977), in which an explanation of our terminology may be found. In the Oriental and Australasian regions only two species have previously been described: J. setosipennis (Kieffer) (1913) from India, and J. papuae Tokunaga (1966) from New Guinea. We are taking this oppor- tunity to describe three additional species from Southeast Asia. The types are deposited in the U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. (USNM); paratypes, as available, will be deposited in the B. P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, the British Museum (Natural History), Lon- don, and the Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Bangkok.
VOLUME 83, NUMBER | 45
Genus Jenkinshelea Macfie
Jenkinsia Kieffer, 1913: 161. Type-species, Jenkinsia setosipennis Kieffer (original designation). Preoccupied by Jenkinsia Jordan and Evermann, 1896.
Jenkinshelea Macfie, 1934: 177 (new name for Jenkinsia Kieffer). Type- species, Jenkinsia setosipennis Kieffer (automatic).
Diagnosis.—A genus of large, usually grayish pollinose Sphaeromiine pre- daceous midges. Anal angle of female wing greatly expanded; wing with | or 2 radial cells, female with distal cell greatly enlongated with costa nearly reaching wing tip; in male radial cell extending to 0.75 of wing length. Legs slender, femora unarmed; 4th tarsomere cordiform; 5th tarsomere of female with stout ventral batonnets, inflated on foreleg; female claws of all legs rather short, equal, each with a small blunt external basal tooth.
KEY TO THE ORIENTAL AND NEW GUINEA SPECIES OF JENKINSHELEA
PE TTOT WAU 2 GACIANTCENIS.) so Se cis cu cee eats eee Rene eer ee 2 Minerwith dradialccell’s 2 tts tc seen cts oe ee See ae ee ee 3
2. Legs yellow; hindbasitarsus short, tarsal ratio about 2.2; 5th tarso- mere of female with | batonnet on foreleg, 4 on midleg, and 6-8 on hindleg; wing hyaline, crossvein r-m darkened; antenna with bases MigideelGINeLES DAle ooo. Dek k ete tnc tion ares sees setosipennis (Kieffer)
— Legs yellow, narrow tip of hindtibia and all of tarsomeres 3—5 dark brown: hindbasitarsus elongate, tarsal ratio 3.5; 5th tarsomeres of female each with 4-8 batonnets: antenna uniformly dark
“SUT ORUUTTIAge Se pe tebeaes altel sine apart areal parr Melt gob? niphanae, new species 3. Thorax and legs dark brown, proximal tarsomeres (and in papuae bdses-Ol tore and midiemora) paler Sse sc ones 2s eee ee ka es ee ra eee 4
— Thorax of female golden brown; legs yellow, only narrow apex of hindtibia and all of tarsomeres 3—S dark brown; hindtarsal ratio of
(PECTIC Se ad Aegean oe ine A sie reg siete en Pre Pp: A tokunagai, new species 4. Female only: bases of fore- and midfemora pale brown; hindtarsal Ramo oS UNew GUINCA) J c0..% fesse en cee ee ee papuae Tokunaga
— Male only: femora and tibiae uniformly dark brown (Malaysia) oo JS ORS AL SS OP tes re setosiforceps, New species
Jenkinshelea niphanae Grogan and Wirth, NEw SPECIES Fig. 1 a-f
Diagnosis.—A medium sized species of Jenkinshelea distinguished by the following combination of characters: Females with | large ovoid sperma- theca; wing hyaline with 2 radial cells, anterior veins light brown, posterior veins pale; flagellum dark brown; Sth tarsomeres bearing 4—8 batonnets: legs yellow.
46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
(eam)
saa | st ss SE
Fig. 1. Jenkinshelea niphanae, female, a-f; J. setosiforceps, male, g—h. a, Antenna. b, Palpus. c, g, Wing. d, Spermatheca. e, Hindtarsus. f, Fifth tarsomeres and claws of (left to right) fore-, mid-, and hindlegs. h, Male genitalia.
VOLUME 83, NUMBER | 47
Holotype female.—Wing length, 2.32 mm; breadth, 1.00 mm.
Head: Eyes bare, broadly separated (a distance of 0.05 mm). Vertex and frons dark reddish brown; clypeus and proboscis dark golden brown. Antennal pedicel reddish brown; flagellum (Fig. la) dark brown; proximal 8 flagellomeres subovoid, distal 5 flagellomeres more slender and elongated: flagellomeres with lengths in proportion of 20-12-11-12-12-12-14-14-28-32-33- 33-45; antennal ratio 1.60. Palpus (Fig. 1b) light brown, Sth segment darker brown; lengths of segments in proportion of 7-9-10-9-13; 3rd segment with ventromesal patch of long slender capitate sensilla; palpal ratio 1.82. Man- dible with 7 large coarse teeth.
Thorax: Light reddish brown. Mesonotum without anterior spine or pits; covered with fine pubescence and short sparse setae; scutellum with 4 bristles. Legs slender, yellow, unarmed; foretibia with dense apical patch of setae and dense comb with about 20 setae; midtibia with a single dark apical spine; hindtibia with heavy apical patch of setae and dense comb with 5 large setae and about 25 smaller setae; proximal 2 tarsomeres light yellow, distal 3 tarsomeres brown; basitarsus of midleg with 4—S spines plus pair of apical spines; basitarsus of hindleg elongate, tarsal ratio 3.5; Ist and 2nd tarsomeres of hindleg (Fig. le) with dense palisade setae; 4th tarsomeres cordate, those of hindleg elongated (Fig. le); Sth tarsomeres (Fig. If) each with 4-8 ventral batonnets; claws equal with external basal tooth, hindclaws longer than fore- and midclaws. Wing (Fig. Ic) hyaline with broad anal angle and 2 radial cells as is typical for the genus; anterior veins light brown, posterior veins pale; costa extending to wing tip. Halter stem pale: knob white.
Abdomen: Reddish brown. One large ovoid spermatheca (Fig. 1d) mea- suring 0.150 mm by 0.090 mm, plus a small vestigial spermatheca.
Male.—Unknown.
Distribution.—China, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand.
Types.—Holotype 2, one 2 paratype, Chiang Mai, Thailand, April-May 1958, V. Notonanda, light trap (type no. 76115, USNM). Other paratypes, 5 2 as follows: CHINA: Hainan Island, Ta Hian, 12 June 1935, 1 9. MA- LAYSIA: Sabah (N. Borneo), Tawau Residency, Kalabakan River, 30 mi W. of Tawau, 9-18 Nov. 1958, T. C. Maa, 1 2 (Bishop Museum). PHILIP- PINES: Luzon, Pampanga Prov., Angeles, Clark Air Base, 15-22 Nov. 1957, I. Balatbat, light trap, 2 2. THAILAND: Chiang Mai, Amphoe Ban
Pa Tong, Ban Thung Sieo, 19 Feb. 1979, K. Yasumatsu, in rice paddy, 1°.
Discussion.—This species is named for Niphan Chanthawanich Ratana- worabhan of the Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Bangkok, Thailand, in recognition of her numerous contributions to the study of ceratopogonid midges.
Jenkinshelea niphanae is distinguished from others in the genus by its single large functional spermatheca.
48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
<A ESSE) SED PS
ii is eo
So ee
nh
Fig. 2. Jenkinshelea tokunagai, female, a—d, f, h-i; male, e, g. a, Antenna. b, Palpus. c, Spermathecae. d—e, Wing. f, Femora and tibiae of (left to right) fore-, mid-, and hindlegs. g, Genitalia. h, Fifth tarsomeres and claws of foreleg (left) and midleg (right). i, Tarsi of (left to | right) fore-, mid-, and hindlegs.
VOLUME 83, NUMBER | 49
Jenkinshelea tokunagai Grogan and Wirth, NEw SPECIES Fig. 2a-i
Diagnosis.—A small species of Jenkinshelea distinguished from other Oriental members of the genus except J. setosiforceps by the following combination of characters: Wing of both sexes with only a single radial cell; legs yellowish, only tarsomeres 3—5 and apex of hindtibia dark brown; males differ from those of J. setosiforceps in having a long slender aedeagus with long tapering basal arms.
Holotype female.—Wing length, 1.96 mm: breadth, 0.93 mm.
Head: Eyes bare, broadly separated (a distance of 0.07 mm). Vertex and frons dark golden brown; clypeus and proboscis lighter in color. An- tennal pedicel reddish brown; flagellum (Fig. 2a) dark brown; proximal 8 flagellomeres subovoid, lighter brown on extreme basal portions, distal 5 flagellomeres more slender and elongated; flagellomeres with lengths in pro- portion of 21-13-13-12-13-12-13-13-25-27-27-31-34; antennal ratio 1.31. Pal- pus (Fig. 2b) light brown, 5th segment slightly darker; lengths of segments in proportion of 6-8-10-9-11; 3rd segment with 2 subapical ventromesal cap- itate sensilla; palpal ratio 2.2. Mandible with 7 large coarse teeth.
Thorax: Golden brown. Mesonotum without anterior spine or pits; cov- ered with rather coarse pubescence and a few short setae; scutellum with 6 bristles. Legs (Fig. 2f) yellow, slender, unarmed; foretibia with dense apical patch of setae and dense comb; midtibia with 2 subapical spines; hindbitia with a moderately dense apical patch of setae and dense comb with 5 large setae and about 30 smaller setae; proximal 2 tarsomeres yellow, distal 3 tarsomeres of fore- and midlegs brown, distal 3 tarsomeres of hindleg lost; basitarsus of midleg (Fig. 21) with 9 spines plus a pair of heavy apical spines; Ist and 2nd tarsomeres of hindleg (Fig. 21) with dense palisade setae; tarsal ratio of hindleg 2.3; 4th tarsomeres of fore- and midlegs and presum- ably of hindleg cordate; Sth tarsomeres (Fig. 2h) of foreleg with only | pair of batonnets, of midleg with 4 batonnets; claws equal with basal external tooth. Wing (Fig. 2d) hyaline with broad anal angle but with only a single long radial cell which is quite atypical for the genus; anterior and posterior veins pale; costa extending to 0.98 of distance to wing tip. Halter pale brown.
Abdomen: Light golden brown. Two well-developed spermathecae (Fig. 2c) that are ovoid and unequal, the larger measuring 0.070 by 0.050 mm.
Allotype male.—Wing length, 1.07 mm; breadth, 0.62 mm. Smaller than holotype female, with generally similar coloring and features and with the usual sexual differences as follows:
Flagellum with sparse brown plume. Thorax darker brown. Fifth tarso- meres without batonnets; claws small and equal with bifid tips. Wing (Fig. 2e) with narrower anal angle; costa extending 0.83 of wing length.
Genitalia as in Fig. 2g. Ninth sternum very short with greatly curved base;
50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
9th tergum tapering gradually distally, then becoming constricted at the base of the cerci that are long and slender and extend almost to tip of basimeres. Basimere nearly straight, about 4« longer than broad; telomere slightly less than % length of basimere, curved and tapering slightly distally to broad, curved, pointed tip. Aedeagus heavily sclerotized, 1.5x longer than broad, basal arch 4 of total length; basal arms long and slender with pointed tips; distal portion narrowing then expanding to a hastate tip. Claspettes fused; basal arm heavily sclerotized and recurved 180°; distal portion divided with short blunt tips bent ventrad and more lightly sclerotized than remainder.
Distribution.—Thailand.
Types.—Holotype °, allotype ¢, Chiang Mai, Thailand, April-May 1958, V. Notananda, light trap (type no. 76116, USNM). Paratypes, 12 3, Thai- land, Chiang Mai, Amphoe San Pa Tong, Ban Thung Sieo, 19 Feb. 1979, K. Yasumatsu, in rice paddy.
Discussion.—This species is named for Masaaki Tokunaga in recognition of his many contributions to our knowledge of the ceratopogonid midges of the Orient and Pacific.
Jenkinshelea papuae Tokunaga, known only from a female from New Guinea, also has the wing with one radial cell and has two large functional spermathecae, but the New Guinea species has dark brown femora and tibiae and the hindtarsal ratio is 2.9. Jenkinshelea setosiforceps, known only from the male from Malaysia, has one radial cell, but is a dark brown species with dark brown femora and tibiae, and the male genitalia are unusually short and broad, with densely setose basistyle and transversely arcuate aedeagus.
Jenkinshelea setosiforceps Grogan and Wirth, NEw SPECIES Fig. 1 g—h
Diagnosis.—A small species of Jenkinshelea distinguished from all other members of the genus except J. tokunagai by the following combination of characters: Wing with only a single radial cell; males differ from those of J. tokunagai by their genitalia with dense setae on the mesal surface of the basimere and their short, half-moon shaped aedeagus.
Female.—Unknown.
Holotype male.—Wing length, 1.02 mm; breadth, 0.43 mm.
Head: Eyes bare, broadly separated (a distance of 0.07 mm). Entire head including palpus brown. Antennal pedicel dark brown; flagellum light brown; plume dark brown, sparse. Palpus shriveled, segments not measur- able.
Thorax: Medium brown. Mesonotum without anterior spine or pits, cov- ered with rather long pubescence and a few larger setae; scutellum with 4 bristles. Legs brown; 4th tarsomeres cordate; Sth tarsomeres without ven- tral batonnets; claws small, simple, equal sized. Wing (Fig. 1g) hyaline with
VOLUME 83, NUMBER 1 51
moderately narrow angle but only a single long radial cell; anterior veins light brown, posterior veins pale; costa extending to 0.95 of wing length. Halter brown.
Abdomen: Brown. Genitalia as in Fig. lh. Ninth sternum about twice as broad as long with straight base; 9th tergum tapering rather abruptly before becoming constricted at the cerci which extend beyond basimeres. Basimere straight, about 1.5 longer than broad, mesal surface with dense strong setae; telomere nearly the length of basimere, nearly straight, taper- ing only slightly distally, tip curved and pointed. Aedeagus heavily sclero- tized and reduced, half-moon shaped without basal arms or distal exten- sions. Claspettes fused; basal arm heavily sclerotized with subbasal lateral extensions; distal portion divided with long slender tips.
Distribution.—Malaysia.
Type.—Holotype 6, Malaysia, Kuala Kengrong, Girik, Perak, 14 April 1958, R. Traub, light trap (type no. 76117, USNM).
Discussion.—The male genitalia of this species are quite unusual for the genus in being short and squat and having dense coarse setae on the mesal surface of the basimeres, from which the species derives its name.
LITERATURE CITED
Grogan, W. L., Jr. and W. W. Wirth. 1977. A revision of the Nearctic species of Jenkinshelea Macfie (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 79: 126-141.
Kieffer, J. J. 1913. Nouvelle etude sur les Chironomides de |’Indian Museum de Calcutta. Rec. Indian Mus. 9: 119-197.
Macfie, J. W. S. 1934. Report on a collection of Ceratopogonidae from Malaya. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 28: 177-194, 279-293.
Tokunaga, M. 1966. Biting midges of the Palpomyiinae from New Guinea (Diptera: Cerato- pogonidae). Pac. Insects 8: 101-152.
PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 83(1), 1981, pp. 52-59
TWO NEW SPECIES OF ACANTHOSCELIDES (COLEOPTERA: BRUCHIDAE) ASSOCIATED WITH PHASEOLUS (LEGUMINOSAE) FROM ARGENTINA, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES-GROUP, AND A NEW SYNONYM
JOHN M. KINGSOLVER
Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, Agric. Res., Sci. and Educ. Admin., USDA, % U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560.
Abstract.—Two new species, Acanthoscelides comptus and A. caracallae are described and critical characters of external morphology and of male genitalia are illustrated. Since these species are associated with Phaseolus, the genus to which many of the common bean varieties belong, they are of potential importance to bean growers. A new species-group, the suaveolus group, is characterized, a key to the species now included in the group is provided, and a new synonym Acanthoscelides clandestinus (Motschulsky, 1874) (=Bruchus multisignatus Sharp, 1885) is proposed.
Arturo L. Teran and Susana Muruaga de L’Argentier, Fundacion Miguel Lillo, Tucuman, Argentina, have recorded biological data for two new species of Bruchidae from the Tucuman area. To provide names for these species, the following descriptions are provided. Because both species at- tack seeds of species of Phaseolus, they are of potential importance to commercial bean crops.
Acanthoscelides comptus Kingsolver, NEw SPECIES Figs. 4-6, 11-13
Measurements.—Body length, 2.3-2.7 mm, width, 1.9-2.1 mm; pronotal length, 0.9-1.0 mm, width, 1.1—1.2 mm.
Color.—Integument black except pro- and mesolegs, distal 34 of metafe- mur, metatibia, metatarsus, and at least proximal 4 segments and sometimes entire antenna dark red to reddish yellow, head behind eye usually with a reddish spot. Vestiture of silvery-gray, white, and dark brown slender hairs in pattern as in Fig. 4; with median, subcircular pronotal spot of dark brown hairs and with flanks of pronotum and transverse basal band gray: elytra with basal, elongate spots on intervals 2, 3, 4, and 5, elongate postscutellar
VOLUME 83, NUMBER |
Figs. 1-3.
Acanthoscelides caracallae.
is
Habitus, dorsal aspect. 2, antenna. Figs. 4-6. A. comptus. 4, Habitus, dorsal aspect. 5, ¢ antenna.
~ antenna. 6,
, antenna.
35
54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
spot, posthumeral band, and scutellum white; apical */s of elytra and pygid- ium gray; body beneath evenly clothed with gray hairs except for white spot on posterior end of metepisternum and distal end of metacoxa. Structure.—Body ovate (Fig. 4), widest at posthumeral band of elytra. Head subtriangular, eyes strongly protuberant laterally, interocular distance narrower in ¢ than in 9; ocular sinus about % length of eye; postocular fringe narrow, sparse; supraocular sulcus not well defined, marked by row of umbilicate, setiferous punctures; vertex finely, densely punctate, inter- vals finely granulose, frons less densely punctate, intervals granulose, fron- tal carina fine, distinct; clypeus punctation as on frons, intervals granulose, labrum bare, polished; antenna of ¢ strongly serrate from 3rd segment (Fig. 5), segments 6-10 wider than long, 11 elongate-elliptical, in length reaching metacoxa, in 2 serrate from 4th segment (Fig. 6), segments 5—10 wider than long, 11 elongate-elliptical, reaching middle of metepisternum. Pronotum campaniform, lateral margins perceptibly arcuate, basal margin bisinuate, disk strongly convex with shallow depression near each posterior angle; surface finely, densely, somewhat irregularly punctate, punctures nearly concealed by vestiture; lateral carina distinct anteriorly joining cervical sul- cus dorsad of procoxal cavity; cervical boss bisetiferous; prosternum T-shaped, short before coxae, apex acute, procoxae connate. Scutellum subquadrate, emarginate and bidentate apically. Elytra together slightly longer than wide (Fig. 4), lateral margins subparallel in middle “%, evenly convex except 2nd and 3rd intervals slightly depressed behind scutellum, sutural interval prominent behind scutellum; striae regular in course, Ist Stria arising behind scutellum, 2—6 arising basally, without basal denticles, all striae ending free apically except Sth and 6th usually conjoined; strial punctures deep, set in ovate or obovate foveolae in basal “4, each puncture setiferous; 3rd, Sth, 7th, and 9th intervals perceptibly wider than 2nd, 4th, 6th, and 8th; intervals imbricate, not punctate; mesosternum lingulate; post- mesocoxal sulci meeting medially at acute angle, slightly expanded behind coxae; metasternum finely punctate, metepisternum sparsely foveolate. Ab- domen with Ist sternum slightly longer than remaining sterna together in 2, 2 as long as remaining sterna in ¢, sterna strongly telescoped in 6, 5th sternum broadly emarginate in both sexes; pygidium subtriangular, lat- eral margins arcuate, disk moderately convex, surface finely, shallowly fo- veolate, foveolae generally discrete and separated by a diameter. Male gen- italia with median lobe about 4x as long as wide (Fig. 11), apex and cucullus expanded, middle of lobe narrowed, ventral valve short, broad, subtrian- gular, lateral margin shallowly emarginate near base, internal sac lined with fine, truncated denticles in basal 2, denticles more acute in apical 4, a pair of short, boat-shaped sclerites near apex of sac surrounding a mass of fine spicules; lateral lobes long (Fig. 12), slender, spatulate apically, separated by deep cleft. Pro- and mesolegs not modified; metacoxal face reniform,
VOLUME 83, NUMBER |
ea? 3 a i
+
Poy wer
y - o> es e
eSMAS Sy
rary
13
right
10
Figs. 7-10. Acanthoscelides comptus. 7, 3 genitalia, median lobe. 8, 4 genitalia, lateral lobe, ventral aspect. 9, Metaleg. 10, Ist and 2nd abdominal sterna of ¢. Figs. 11-13. A. comptus. 11, 3 genitalia, median lobe. 12, ¢ genitalia, right lateral lobe, ventral aspect.
13, Metaleg.
56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
densely punctulate except for narrow, bare strip near anterior margin; meta- femur (Fig. 13) not strongly incrassate, dorsal margin moderately arcuate, ventral margin nearly straight except for slight sinuation near apex; pecten with | long, slender denticle followed by 2 minute denticles, these often separated from long denticle by broad gap; metatibia (Fig. 13) slightly ar- cuate basally, slightly broadened apically, lateral, lateroventral, ventral, and dorsomedial carinae distinct and complete; mucro short, about % as long as width of tibial apex, lateral denticle short, acute; corona with 3 denticles.
Types.—Holotype ¢, Argentina. Tucuman, Ticucho, V-1977, A. L. Teran coll., ex. Phaseolus aff. peduncularis H.B.K. Allotype 2 and 75 paratypes, same data. Holotype and paratypes deposited in the collection of the Fun- dacion Miguel Lillo, Tucuman, Argentina. Allotype and paratypes deposited in the U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Para- types also deposited in the C. D. Johnson Collection, Flagstaff, Arizona.
Remarks.—The specific name is taken from the Latin adjective comp- tus—ornamented, adorned.
The principal distinguishing characters of the species are pro- and me- solegs yellowish red; metalegs partly red; dark pronotal disk with basal gray band; apices of elytra gray; and first abdominal segment not modified.
Acanthoscelides caracallae Kingsolver, NEW SPECIES Figs. 1-3, 7-10
Measurements.—Body length, 2.5—2.9 mm, width, 1.7—1.8 mm; pronotal length, 0.7-0.8 mm, width, 1.2—1.3 mm.
Color.—Integument black throughout except Ist and 2nd antennal seg- ments occasionally brownish red; pro- and mesolegs occasionally piceous or faintly dark red; lateral spot behind eye red. Vestiture composed of slen- der, silvery-gray and dark brown hairs arranged in pattern shown in Fig. 1; posthumeral band and elongate postscutellar stripe more densely clothed so as to appear pure white; body beneath evenly clothed with silvery-gray hair except pure white spot on posterior portion of metepisternum extending onto metacoxal face.
Structure.—Body ovate (Fig. 1), widest immediately behind humeri. Head subtriangular, eyes strongly convex and protuberant laterally; ocular sinus deep, about %4 length of eye; supraocular sulcus narrow, deep, bottom closely set with setiferous, umbilicate punctures; postocular fringe narrow; frons convex, frontal carina distinct; frons and vertex densely foveolate, each foveola umbilicate and setose, intervals narrow, ridgelike, those on frons tending to be longitudinally imbricate; clypeus with foveolae irregular, somewhat larger than those on frons; labrum bare, polished; antenna of d strongly serrate (Fig. 2), extending to Ist abdominal segment, moderately serrate in 2 (Fig. 3) but reaching only to humerus. Pronotum campaniform, lateral margins slightly arcuate, basal margin bisinuate, apical margin strong-
VOLUME 83, NUMBER | 317/
ly arcuate; disk strongly convex with slight depression opposite base of each 3rd elytral interval and on basal lobe; surface densely, evenly microfoveo- late, intervals micropunctate; in lateral aspect, dorsal profile strongly con- vex, lateral carina traceable as an arcuate, obtuse ridge from posterolateral angle 4 distance to anterior margin then as a fine sulcus connected to ventral end of cervical sulcus; cervical boss bisetiferous; pleural region concave; prosternum T-shaped, short before coxae, apex acute, not separating apices of procoxae. Scutellum quadrate, slightly longer than wide, apex emarginate, bidentate. Elytra together as long as wide (Fig. 1), widest at basal %, lateral margins subparallel, apices evenly rounded, disk subdepressed medially be- tween 6th striae; striae regular in course, stria | arising behind scutellar depression, 2 from a small basal puncture, 3, 4, 5, and 6 subbasal in origin, lacking basal denticles, all striae free apically; striae shallow, distinct, com- posed of confluent rectangular or polygonal foveolae each bearing a fine seta at its anterior border; intervals finely imbricate and densely setose; mesosternum triangular, truncate apically and with a tuft of short hairs; postmesocoxal sulci meeting medially at right angle, laterally arcuate par- allel to coxal cavity margin; metepisternum sparsely foveolate; metasternum finely punctate. Abdomen with Ist sternum 1.5x as long as remaining sterna together, ¢ with Ist sternum depressed medially (Fig. 10), depression finely but distinctly punctate, posterior margin of depression with fringe of long setae, 2nd and 3rd sterna also with some long setae, Sth sternum broadly emarginate to receive apex of reflexed pygidial apex; 2° with Ist sternum not modified, Sth sternum less deeply emarginate than in ¢, ¢ pygidium subtrianglar, lateral margins arcuate, apex slightly more narrowed in °, disk in both sexes microfoveolate, evenly convex. Male genitalia with median lobe (Fig. 7) about 4x as long as wide, expanded apically; ventral valve short, broad, lateral margins strongly arcuate; internal sac without armature in basal % but with short transverse rows of minute setae, apical /2 with fine, acute denticles and spicules, apex with pair of boat-shaped sclerites fringed with fine spicules; lateral lobes (Fig. 8) long, expanded apically, separated by cleft about % their length. Pro- and mesolegs not modified; metacoxal face reniform, concave medially, densely, irregularly punctulate; metafemur (Fig. 9) with dorsal profile evenly arcuate, ventral profile sinuate; pecten with | long and | or 2 shorter denticles; metatibia (Fig. 9) arcuate basally, slightly expanded and distinctly sinuate in apical 1; lateral, ventral, and dorsomedial carinae distinct and complete, lateroventral carina obsolete in apical 4; mucro short, acute, scarcely longer than lateral denticle, sub- equal in length to coronal denticles.
Types.—Holotype ¢, Argentina, Tucuman, Dpt. Trancas, San Pedro de Colalao, 21-IX-1952, A. L. Teran coll., ex semillas de Phaseolus caracalla. -Allotype ° and 53 paratypes, same data. Other paratypes, ARGENTINA: same data as type except IX-1953 (16); same data as type except IV-1953
58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
(10); same data as type except IX-1960 (4); same data as type except 26-V- 1964 (emerged 11-XI-1964 to 18-XI-1964), plant no. 24 (7); same data as type except 3-III-1965, plant no. 41 (2). PARAGUAY: Intercepted USDA APHIS, Los Angeles, 13-V-1980, Vigna sp. seed (2).
Holotype and paratypes are deposited in the collection of the Fundacion Miguel Lillo, Tucuman, Argentina. Allotype and paratypes deposited in the U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Paratypes deposited also in the C. D. Johnson collection, Flagstaff, Arizona.
Remarks.—The specific name is taken from that of the host plant, Pha- seolus caracalla L.
This species is distinctive in this group by its nearly uniformly black coloration, and by the modified first abdominal segment of the male.
Discussion
These two species belong to a group of species of Acanthoscelides that includes also A. suaveolus (Sharp, 1885) described from Nicaragua and Panama, A. clandestinus (Motschulsky, 1874) (=Bruchus multisignatus Sharp, 1885, NEw SYNoNymy), and several undescribed species in Central and South America. Characteristics of this group that I am designating the suaveolus group are the contrasting pattern of white or gray transverse bars on a black or piceous background on the elytra, and an elongate postscu- tellar white mark. Male genitalia are not strongly differentiated in the species studied, but color patterns on pronotum, elytra, legs, and antennae appear to be constant for each species. The following key will separate the de- scribed species:
1. Metalegs entirely black; antennae black except segments 1 and 2 partly reddish; prolegs partly piceous; ¢ abdomen with median depression and:caudalfrimge ‘of: long:setae 45.255. eee eee
ES a PRUE Se: Acanthoscelides caracallae Kingsolver, new species
— Metalegs with some red or reddish-yellow infusion; antennae red or piceous; prolegs reddish; ¢ abdomen not modified................. 2,
2. Pronotum immaculate ashy gray; eyes not sexually dimorphic.....
PT ee ee Tite OPE nt tree 3 ors om arc prow oe A. suaveolus (Sharp)
— Pronotum with median dark markings; eyes sexually dimorphic or MOO 4 26 307.15 3 ew di metanerd 10 ele eee eee ee oe 3
3. Pronotum and elytra with only brown, gray, and white setae; median area of pronotum uniformly dark except for basal band, without lines or spots;eyes not) sexually dimorphicad ieee eee
istie ceo ued hs ob ape ae A. comptus, Kingsolver, new species
— Pronotum and elytra with yellowish setae in addition to black, gray, and white, especially on pronotum and elytral base: pronotum with
VOLUME 83, NUMBER | 59
median line and lateral spots; ¢ eyes larger than 2 eyes ......... ee ee Lat eu e. a e A. clandestinus (Motschulsky)
LITERATURE CITED
Motschulsky, V. 1873 (1874). Enumeration des nouvelles especes de Coléopteres rapporteés de ses voyages. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 46: 203-252. Sharp, D. 1885. Biologia Centrali-Americana, Insecta, Coleoptera, Bruchidae 5: 437-504.
PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 83(1), 1981, pp. 60-63
2-NONANOL IN THE EXOCRINE SECRETION OF THE NEARCTIC CADDISFLY, RHYACOPHILA FUSCULA (WALKER) (RHYACOPHILIDAE: TRICHOPTERA)
R. M. DUFFIELD
Department of Zoology, Howard University, Washington, D.C. 20059.
Abstract.—Abdominal secretions of Rhyacophila fuscula (Walker) con- tain 2-nonanol as the major component. The possible defensive function of the secretion in the biology of the insect and the evolutionary significance of similar abdominal glands in Lepidoptera and Trichoptera are discussed.
In recent years the exocrine chemistry of eusocial insects has been studied extensively in order to determine the controls of their behavioral patterns. The chemistry of a number of economically important non-social insects has also been studied because of the potential application of this information for monitoring and manipulating pest populations (Koehler et al., 1977). Little attention, however, has been directed toward the exocrine chemistry of solitary species. One such taxon is the Trichoptera or caddisflies. They are a small order of insects with about 1300 North American species for which the systematics is relatively well established.
Rhyacophila fuscula (Walker), a common species in the eastern United States, emerges throughout the summer and early autumn. It can be col- lected in sufficient quantities for chemical analysis by black-lighting. We have observed that this medium-sized caddisfly emits a sweet odor when handled. Herein we report the identification of 2-nonanol from exudates released from a pair of abdominal exocrine glands on the fifth segment. The function of the abdominal gland is discussed as well as its phylogenetic significance.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Collection of animals.—Adults of Rhyacophila fuscula were collected during September 1979 at Catoctin Mountain Park, Thurmont, Maryland. Adult caddisflies landing on a large white sheet hung behind a black-light were removed and placed in individual glass shell vials. The caddisflies were chilled in an ice chest and transported to the laboratory where they were stored for a maximum of 24 hours prior to extraction.
VOLUME 83, NUMBER 1 61
Exocrine source and collection of secretion.—Female specimens were cleared in KOH and examined both internally and externally for an exocrine glandular apparatus.
Whole body extracts of females were prepared by dipping the specimen in methylene chloride. In addition, the paired exocrine glands on the fifth abdominal segment were dissected from female specimens held under ice water. These excised glands were extracted in methylene chloride for later chemical analysis.
Chemical analyses.—An extract made from 30 whole specimens was an- alyzed on a computerized Finnigan 3200 gas chromatograph-mass spectrom-
~ eter (GC-MS) equipped with a 1m x | mm (I.D.) glass column utilizing 3%
OV-17 and 10% SP-1000 as stationary phases. The column was programmed at 10°C/min from 60°—200°C (or 300° for OV-17). The major component was identified by comparison of mass spectra and retention times with those of previously published spectra and standard compounds. An extract of eight abdominal glands was analyzed by gas chromatography and the retention time compared to those of standard compounds.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Gas chromatograph analyses of both excised glands and whole body ex- tracts of R. fuscula showed the presence of one component which consti-
tuted over 95% of the observed volatiles. The component has a base peak
at m/z 45 with additional peaks at m/z 129, 126, 111, 98, 97, 83, 69, and 55. The molecular ion at m/z 144 was not visible, but the base peak and the M-15 peak at 129 plus the M-18 peak at 126 indicated that this component was 2-nonanol. Comparison with an authentic sample established its struc- ture. The specific stereochemistry of the 2-nonanol is unknown. 2-Nonanol has previously been identified in the head extracts of two species of stingless bees in Mexico, Trigona mexicana Guerin and T. pec- toralis Dalla Torre. 2-Nonanol along with a series of alcohols and ketones functions to release alarm behavior in these bees (Luby et al., 1973). It has
_ also been found in the mandibular glands of bumblebees (Cederberg, 1977).
Interestingly, 1-nonanol has been identified in the mandibular gland secre- tions of the formicine ants, Lasius niger (L.) (Bergstrom and L6fqvist, 1970) and Qecophylla longinoda (F.) (Bradshaw et al., 1975) where it functions in signaling alarm.
The chemistry of exocrine secretions of trichopterans has been reported only in one other species, Pycnopsyche scabripennis (Rambur) (Limne- philidae). Secretions in this species are dominated by indole along with traces of skatole and cresol (Duffield et al., 1977).
Most caddisflies have paired glandular openings on the fifth abdominal segment (Betten, 1934; Ross, 1956). The presence of an exocrine gland in
62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
this segment appears to be a basic caddisfly characteristic which has sub- sequently been modified in different taxa (Ross, 1956). The structure and position of the gland are variable within the segment. Both males and females of Pycnopsyche scabripennis have paired glands 1.8 mm in length opening dorsolaterally on the fifth abdominal sternum. There is a peglike cuticular modification near the opening of the gland (Duffield et al., 1977). A large dorsal exocrine gland has been described in the males of the South American caddisfly Barypenthus sp. (Odontoceridae) which opens between the fifth and sixth abdominal terga (Barth 1963a, 1963b). This may represent a fusion of the paired fifth abdominal glands or may represent an entirely different gland. The function of the gland is unknown. A number of other species have what appear to be openings of exocrine glands on other abdominal segments (Flint, personal communication). At present there are no compre- hensive studies of the distribution and morphology of abdominal exocrine glands present in Trichoptera.
Based on morphology, it is believed that Trichoptera and Lepidoptera are closely related (Carpenter, 1953; Ross, 1955). This is substantiated by the presence of abdominal exocrine glands on the fifth sternum in both primitive families of Microlepidoptera, Micropterygidae and Eriocranidae (Davis, 1975) and the primitive family of caddisflies, Rhyacophilidae. Thus, the presence of exocrine glands in the fifth segment represents a plesiomorphic character shared by both caddisflies and some primitive Lepidoptera.
The function of these abdominal glands may also be similar in both orders. Kristensen (1972) has suggested they may serve a defensive purpose in the Microlepidoptera. In Trichoptera they may be used to repel small invaders such as ants while the caddisflies rest in the vegetation during daylight hours (Duffield et al., 1977). Since 1-nonanol functions as an alarm releaser/de- fensive product in Lasius and Oecophylla, 2-nonanol may function similarly for caddisflies.
The natural product chemistry of the Trichoptera must be regarded as an unexplored field. At this juncture it is impossible to discuss the distribution of 2-nonanol in Trichoptera. Future studies may well demonstrate the use- fulness of comparative chemical and morphological data on the fifth abdom- inal glands in the systematics of Trichoptera. This information may be used both as systematic characters and to test phylogenetic affinities proposed in the literature.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank D. R. Davis and O. S. Flint, Jr., Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution for identifying the specimens and for their helpful suggestions. In addition, we thank Tom McFadden and Jim Voigt (National Park Service), Catoctin Mountain Park, for their cooperation.
VOLUME 83, NUMBER | 63
LITERATURE CITED
Barth, R. 1963a. Das Duftorgan von Barypenthus sp. (Trichoptera: Odontoceridae). Mem.
Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de J. 61: 133-141.
. 1963b. Ueber eine Besondere Muskelform von Barypenthus sp. (Trichoptera). Mem.
Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de J. 61: 143-147.
Bergstrom, G. and J. L6fqvist. 1970. Chemical basis for odour communication in four species of Lasius ants. J. Insect Physiol. 16: 2353-2375.
Betten, C. 1934. The caddisflies or Trichoptera of New York State. N.Y. State Mus. Bull. 292: 1-576.
Bradshaw, J. W. S., R. Baker, and P. E. Howse. 1975. Multicomponent alarm pheromones of the weaver ant. Nature (Lond.) 258: 230-231.
_ Carpenter, F. M. 1953. The geological history and evolution of insects. Am. Sci. 41: 256-270.
a
Cederberg, B. 1977. Chemical basis for defense in bumblebees. Proc. Int. Congr. Int. Union Study Social Insects. 8th Centre Agric. Publ., Wageningen, Neth. 1977: 77.
Davis, D. R. 1975. Systematics and zoogeography of the family Neopseustidae with the pro- posal of a new superfamily (Lepidoptera: Neopseustoidea). Smithson. Contrib. Zool. 210: 1—45.
Duffield, R. M., M. S. Blum, J. B. Wallace, H. A. Lloyd, and F. E. Regnier. 1977. Chemistry of the defensive secretion of the caddisfly Pycnopsyche scabripennis (Trichoptera: Lim- nephilidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 3: 649-656.
Koehler, C. S., J. J. McKelvey, W. L. Roelofs, H. H. Shorey, R. M. Silverstein, and D. L. Wood. 1977. Advancing toward operational behavior-modifying chemicals, pp. 395— 400. In Shorey, H. H. and J. J. McKelvey, eds., Chemical Control of Insect Behavior, Theory and Application. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Kristensen, N. P. 1972. Sommerfuglenes stilling i Insektsystemet. Lepidoptera (Copenh.) (n.s.) 2: 61-67.
Luby, J. M., F. E. Regnier, E. T. Clarke, E. C. Weaver, and N. Weaver. 1973. Volatile cephalic substances of the stingless bees, Trigona mexicana and Trigona pectoralis. J. Insect Physiol. 19: 1111-1127.
Ross, H. H. 1955. The evolution of the insect orders. Entomol. News 66: 197-208.
. 1956. Evolution and Classification of Mountain Caddisflies. Univ. Ill. Press, Urbana.
231 pp.
PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 83(1), 1981, pp. 64-71
TWO NEW SPECIES OF DICHELACERA (NOTHOCANTHOCERA ) FAIRCHILD WITH A KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE SUBGENUS (DIPTERA: TABANIDAE)'”
RICHARD C. WILKERSON
Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Gainesville, Florida 32611; Research Associate, Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville, Florida.
Abstract.—Two new species of the subgenus Nothocanthocera are de- scribed and figured: Dichelacera (N.) adusta from Brazil, Minas Gerais, and D. (N.) flavicosta from Venezuela, Bolivar. A key to the females of all 12 species is presented, and figures of all species showing a wing pattern are included. Additional criteria for characterizing Nothocanthocera are given. Dichelacera (N.) leucotibialis (Barretto) is a new synonym of D. (N.) diaphorina (Barretto).
The subgenus Nothocanthocera of the genus Dichelacera is a widely distributed Neotropical group, most members of which are found east of the Andes, with one isolated species, costaricana (Fairchild), from Central America. The subgenus was erected by Fairchild (1969) to accommodate 11 Neotropical species, most of which were previously placed in the genus Acanthocera. Fairchild felt these species were more closely allied to Di- chelacera than Acanthocera yet subgenerically distinct from the other Di- chelacera species (Fairchild, 1939; Barretto, 1947).
Nothocanthocera have a bare and somewhat inflated frontoclypeus, a dorsal antennal tooth which does not reach the end of the basal plate, con- trastingly pale tibial bases, and a pollinose subcallus. They are usually wasp- like in appearance with the first two abdominal segments slightly constrict- ed, often with golden-yellow hair patches on the pleura, sides of the mesonotum, scutellum, and along the posterior borders of some abdominal segments. In addition, they generally have a dark infuscation along the entire anterior half of the wing.
' Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. 2308. * This paper was prepared during the tenure of National Science Foundation grant DEB78- 10121.
VOLUME 83, NUMBER 1 65
Nothocanthocera differs from other Dichelacera subgenera by lacking a strong diagonal wing band (indistinctly present only in D. (N.) tenuicornis (Lutz)), by having only a partially sclerotized labella, and by their wasplike appearance. Nothocanthocera does have in common with other Dichela- cera, s.l., a first antennal segment which is usually much shorter than the basal plate and annuli which are sometimes slightly longer, but more com- monly shorter, than the basal plate.
Acanthocera species, which also resemble wasps, seem to be closely
_ related to Nothocanthocera. They are separable on antennal characters.
Acanthocera has annuli which are much wider, when viewed from above, than the first two antennal segments or the basal plate, while the annuli of Nothocanthocera are not wider than the other antennal parts. In addition, the annuli are 1.5—2.5 times longer than the basal plate, those of Notho- canthocera 1.1 or less. Usually Acanthocera has the first antennal segment at least as long as the basal plate; the first segment is usually much shorter
in Nothocanthocera.
Three species presented in the key, nigricorpus (Lutz), cnephosa (Bar- retto), and steleiothorax (Barretto), are known to me only from their original descriptions, the last described from a male. Wing photos of the above two Barretto species are reproduced here from his treatment (Barretto, 1947).
Dichelacera (N.) leucotibialis (Barretto) was described from a male for which there was no associated female. The wing pattern of leucotibialis (Barretto, 1947, fig. 16) is identical to that of diaphorina (Barretto) (Fig. 7; Barretto, 1947, fig. 13); in addition I find no appreciable non-sexual differ- ences between the description of /eucotibialis and the specimen of dia- phorina before me. I therefore place /eucotibialis as a synonym of dia- phorina (NEW SYNONYMy). Both names were published simultaneously, but diaphorina is preferable since it was described from a female.
KEY TO FEMALES OF DICHELACERA (NOTHOCANTHOCERA) SPECIES
l. Wing nearly evenly infuscated yellow or brown, without con- BESSA PAE ANLOTM te = scscn! 35 «acu Sipe oS chm cee. «tier pease ee a 2 Wing with contrasting yellow or brown and hyaline areas ...... 5)
2(1).. Hindtibia mostly black, whitish and white haired at base only. Palp, sides of posterior mesonotum, and 2nd abdominal seg- ment with a few reddish hairs intermixed with the black. Lateral posterior margins of abdominal segments pale with fine, shiny, white hairs. About 15 mm long. Wing infuscated yellow (Brazil: Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro) ... nigricorpus (Lutz)
- Hindtibia mostly pale yellow and yellow haired, apical 4 dark. Palp brown haired. Posterior 74 of mesonotum and scutellum
66
3(1):
4(3).
5G):
6(5).
7(6).
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
mostly golden-yellow haired. Abdomen wholly brown haired. About 10 mm long. Wing evenly brown infuscated (Guyana) LRRD Pee aE NOOR eo etree beet melanoptera (Hine) Wing darkly infuscated except for hyaline triangular patches occupying ’2—%4 of basal cells and narrow posterior hyaline bor- der beginning in 2nd submarginal cell and extending at least to
axillary cell. (Figs 3; 4)". 3... . sehen geet ene gee 4 Wing not as above, variable but usually hyaline with at least a broad yellow or dark anterior margin (Figs. 5-12) ............. 5
Dorsal antennal tooth subequal to 2nd antennal segment. Ter- minal annulus about as long as wide. Basal cells hyaline except
for their apices, lightly infuscated median area in Ist basal cell
and small infuscated area at base of 2nd. About 10 mm long. Frontal index about 2.3 (Fig. 3) (Venezuela, Colombia) ...... Std EARS iet Lars ie US OR. Pe trigeniferan(Sehinem Dorsal antennal tooth 1.5—2.0x longer than 2nd antennal seg- ment. Terminal annulus longer than wide. Hyaline areas of bas-
al cells restricted to 4 of Ist basal cell and contiguous anterior
4 of 2nd. 12-15 mm long. Frontal index 2.8—-3.4 (Fig. 4) (Co- lombiaxChoco)yrseae. 64k S2G3k S196 AE albomarginata (Krober) Wing tricolored, the following cells yellow: Costal, subcostal, marginal, basal 2 of Ist submarginal, Ist basal, and basal 2 of anal. Vein R, to fork and vein R, broadly margined dark brown. Apical % of anal cell infuscated brown except for a hyaline center. Remainder of wing hyaline or lightly brown tinted (Figs. 2A—C, 5) (Venezuela: Bolivar) .......... flavicosta, new species Wing not as above, bicolored, usually with broad dark anterior margin and broad hyaline or lightly infuscated posterior
PVA SMI sets ooo Sr aol arekee re ie Nota ey ate cece easyer 6 Wing with oblique lightly infuscated mark extending from near apex of anal cell, across bases of the Sth and 4th posterior cells
and through discal cell where it joins dark anterior margin of wing in Ist posterior cell. Posterior /2 of scutellum and hindbor- ders of abdominal terga 2—4 golden-yellow haired. Remaining terga dark brown haired (Fig. 6) (Brazil: Sao Paulo, Minas Ger-
aS“ santa’ Cataritia) vs. ce ce see creer teres tenuicornis (Lutz) Wing without an oblique infuscated mark. Scutellum and ab- domen often marked as above but posterior border of tergum
4 not golden-yellow haired .:. -. aceseuste se ee oe ee ee 7 Diseal cell infuscated’(Fig. 11) (Brazil: Parana)® 2.7: 2... see
NP Ge MR do Pies tt eg hee el Ye hehe dem sc steleiothorax (Barretto) Discal cell with at least’a hyaline center +... 2+. ss0e: 07 st ee 8
|
VOLUME 83, NUMBER | 67
8(7).
9(8).
10(9).
11(10).
Wholly brown and brown haired, without golden-yellow hairs (Figs. 1A—C, 8) (Brazil: Minas Gerais) ..... adusta, new species Yellow hairs present in at least 1 of the following locations: On longitudinal sutures, scutellum, on notopleural lobe, below wing base, and on posterior margins of abdominal segments 2 ENC ae cic Pe oe Soa. sack ace 4 Bela Sadie ne Re ernd te ow ee 9 Anterior wing infuscation does not include base of Ist posterior cell. Remainder of wing, except anal cell, hyaline. Thorax blackish with pale pollinose and yellow pilose scutellum, no- topleural lobe, and paired anterior dorsal stripes. Abdomen shiny black, only Ist segment pale pilose. Halter creamy white (Fig. 9) (Honduras; Costa Rica) ......... costaricana (Fairchild) Wing similar to above but with base of Ist posterior cell infus- cated, and area along posterior margin from 2nd submarginal to Sth posterior cell lightly infuscated. Abdomen with at least 2nd segment with a fringe of pale pilosity laterally. Halter
BYRON WVIDY SBene Seatac eae Ne ere A ORM nies ot 10 Notopleural lobe with tuft of yellow hair (Fig. 10) (Brazil: Sao
| PAVE) Wie a cpa ne a i ara n aeaRe OPA apicalis (Fairchild) Notopleunallobe/ Drown haired, .:; + uss ane ee hheeteicia ante eee eae t 11
Wing with Ist posterior cell nearly wholly darkened except for thin line along posterior margin. Dorsal antennal tooth re- curved, nearly reaching Ist annulus. Space between tooth and basal plate about 34 width of basal plate (Fig. 12) (Brazil: Rio Gen AMEIEO) yas. SSO ud Ae, ee cnephosa (Barretto) Wing with basal 2 of Ist posterior cell darkened, contrasting with paler apical 2. Dorsal antennal tooth more or less straight, basal plate 4 again as long as tooth. Space between tooth and basal plate equal to about 2 width of basal plate (Fig. 7) (Brazil: Sa0-PanloRio' de Janeiro)’. 25. 20. diaphorina (Barretto)
Dichelacera (Nothocanthocera) flavicosta Wilkerson, NEW SPECIES
Figs. 2A—C, 5
Medium-sized, dark-brown species with bare shiny frontoclypeus, long, slender, dorsal antennal tooth, and basally swollen subshiny palp. Wing tricolored, broadly yellow along costal margin, broadly dark brown along vein R, to fork, along vein R,, and apical 2 of anal cell, remainder hyaline.
Female.—Length, 14 mm; of wing, 14 mm. Head characters as figured. Frontal index 2.9. Frons reddish black in ground color, dark yellowish-gray pollinose. Frons, thorax, and upper abdomen slightly greased. Basal callus protuberant, shiny reddish black. Median callus subshiny reddish black,
borne on central elevated area leading from just above callus to below the
68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
0.5mm
Fig. 1. Dichelacera (Nothocanthocera) adusta, holotype. A, Antenna. B, Palp. C, Frons.
barely visible ocellar vestiges. Subcallus and gena reddish black in ground color, yellowish-gray pollinose. Beard and hairs of upper gena sparse and dark brown. Frontoclypeus protuberant, mostly shiny dark reddish brown but yellowish-gray pollinose below level of tentorial pits. Antennal segments 1 and 2 dark brown and black haired with sparse grayish pollinosity. Seg- ment 3 black with base, dorsal tooth, and small rings at each annulus yel- lowish. Third segment sparsely grayish pollinose and black haired. Palpus subshiny dark reddish brown and black haired, covered with sparse grayish pollinosity. Labella with dorsolateral shiny sclerotized stripes.
Mesonotum reddish brown with sparse grayish pollinosity and sparse black hairs. Scutellum dark reddish in ground color, mostly black haired with a few yellowish hairs intermixed. Pleura and coxae dark brown in ground color, pale grayish pollinose and dark brown haired. Legs dark reddish brown and black haired except for basal 34, 74, and % of fore-, mid-, and hindtibiae, respectively, which are yellowish white and yellowish-white haired. Wing as figured, costal, subcostal, marginal, basal % of Ist sub- marginal, Ist basal, and basal % of anal cells yellow, veins R, and R; broadly brown margined, apical 2 of anal cell brown, remainder of wing hyaline. Basicosta bare. Halter pale yellowish brown.
Abdomen above dark brown in ground color and black haired except for posterior borders of terga 1 and 2 which are yellowish brown and sparsely
VOLUME 83, NUMBER | 69
Fig. 2. Dichelacera (Nothocanthocera) flavicosta, holotype. A, Antenna. B, Palp. C, Frons.
yellow haired. Pale margin of segment 2 much narrower than that of segment 1. Segments | and 2 constricted, slightly narrower than following segments. Tergum | appears slightly paler than other terga due to sparse grayish-yel- low pollinosity and lateral pale yellow hairs. Abdomen below as above but only sternum 2 with yellowish and yellow haired posterior border.
Male.—Not known.
Type material.—Holotype, 2, Venezuela, Bolivar, Sta. Elena, 10—11-IX- 1977, leg. Lindemann. In Zoologische Staatsammlung, Munich, West Ger- many.
Discussion.—This species, as the name suggests, may be separated from the other members of this group by the broad yellow coloration along the costal margin of the wing.
Dichelacera (Nothocanthocera) adusta Wilkerson, NEW SPECIES Figs. 1A—-C, 8
Small to medium sized, all brown and brown haired species with short dorsal antennal tooth, shiny frontoclypeus, and slender palp.
Female.—Length, 9 mm; of wing, 9.5 mm. Head structures as figured. Frontal index 2.2. Frons pale yellowish brown pollinose. Callus shiny yel- lowish brown, basal /% protuberant, upper 2 sunken in, borne on median
70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Figs. 3-12. Wings. 3, Dichelacera (Nothocanthocera) trigonifera. 4, D. (N.) albomar- ginata. 5, D. (N.) flavicosta. 6, D. (N.) tenuicornis. 7, D. (N.) diaphorina. 8, D. (N.) adusta. 9, D. (N.) costaricana. 10, D. (N.) apicalis. 11, D. (N.) steleiothorax. 12, D. (N.) cnephosa.
concave portion of frons. Three barely visible vestiges of ocelli present near vertex, area around and above these subshiny yellowish brown. Subcallus and most of gena pale yellowish brown pollinose. Frontoclypeus and median thin stripe below each eye on genae shiny yellowish brown. Beard of sparse brown hairs. Antennal segments | and 2 pale yellowish brown and dark brown haired. Segment 3 orange yellow basally, darkening to brown on annuli. Palp brown in ground color, pale yellowish-gray pollinose and brown haired. Labella nearly '% total proboscis length, wholly fleshy except for small lateral shiny areas.
VOLUME 83, NUMBER 1 71
Mesonotum reddish brown in ground color, covered with pale yellowish- brown pollinosity and brown hairs. Scutellum darker than mesonotum with coppery-yellow pollinosity and dense brown hairs. Pleura and coxae as mesonotum. Femora and apices of tibiae paler reddish brown and brown haired. Basal halves of tibiae yellowish white with a few whitish hairs inter- mixed with brown. Tarsi dusky. Wing as figured, broadly infuscated brown anteriorly, but paler in anal cell and through posterior cells, remainder hya- line. Basicosta bare, halter reddish brown. Abdomen above and below wholly reddish brown and brown haired.
Male.—Not known.
Type material.—Holotype, °, Brazil, Minas Gerais, Cipo, 20-XI-1938, A. Vianna Martins coll. Holotype to be deposited in Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo.
The holotype is damaged, lacking the left antennal flagellum, the left fore- femur, foretibia, and foretarsus, the right midtarsus, half of one hindtibia,
and both hindtarsi. In addition, the thorax is somewhat compressed dor-
solaterally, and the insect has been stabilized on the pin with glue.
Paratype, same data as holotype, in the Florida State Collection of Ar- thropods. This specimen is somewhat larger, 11.5 mm long, and darker than the holotype. It is also damaged, the body being mostly denuded, it lacks the mid- and hindlegs of the left side, and the wings are both dirty and torn. The mid- and hindtibiae of this specimen are mostly pale, their apical fourths darkened.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I express my appreciation to G. B. Fairchild, University of Florida, for the loan of specimens treated here and for his most helpful advice at all stages of preparation of the manuscript. I also thank D. H. Habeck and D. G. Young, University of Florida; H. V. Weems, Florida State Collection of Arthropods; R. H. Roberts, USDA, Gainesville, Florida; and F. C. Thomp- son, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, Washington, D.C. for their help in reviewing the final product, and Roxann Wilkerson for typing and editing.
LITERATURE CITED
Barretto, M. P. 1947. Estudos sobre Tabanidas Brasileiros. 1V. Sobre o genero Acanthocera Macq., 1834, com as descricoes de cinco novas espécies (Diptera, Tabanidae). An. Fac. Med. Univ. Sao Paulo 23: 89-115.
Fairchild, G. B. 1939. Notes on the genus Acanthocera Macquart (Diptera, Tabanidae). Rev.
Entomol. (Rio de J.) 10(1): 14-27.
. 1969. Notes on Neotropical Tabanidae. XII. Classification and distribution, with keys
to genera and subgenera. Arq. Zool. (Sao Paulo) 17(4): 199-255.
PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 83(1), 1981, pp. 72-92
MORPHOLOGY OF THE MALE INTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM IN ARMY ANTS: PHYLOGENETIC IMPLICATIONS (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)
WILLIAM H. GOTWALD, JR. AND ANN W. BURDETTE
Department of Biology, Utica College of Syracuse University, Utica, New York 13502.
Abstract.—The morphology of the male internal reproductive system is described for representative species of New and Old World army ants. Functional testes in these species are present only in the pupa. The testes atrophy to such extent prior to or at the time of eclosion that little evidence of their existence in the adult can be found. Spermatogenesis and the storage of newly formed sperm cells in the seminal vesicles thus occur during pupal development before emergence. The internal genital structures are most derived and uniquely developed in New World species and least so in Old World species. The extraordinary differences in male internal genitalic mor- phology between New and Old World forms constitute further evidence of the polyphyletic origin of army ants.
The internal reproductive system of male ants includes a pair of testes, their vasa deferentia, and a pair of accessory glands. The vasa deferentia, ducts that connect the testes to the accessory glands, are expanded in some species to form seminal vesicles. The accessory glands empty through a pair of ducts that converge to form a common ejaculatory duct (Matsuda, 1976). This duct proceeds caudally where it enters the sclerotized genital capsule. Relatively few studies of these soft internal structures have been under- taken. Descriptions of this system in ants were published by Adlerz (1886), | Janet (1902), Mukerjee (1926), Marcus (1953), Forbes (1954, 1958), Forbes | and Do-Van-Quy (1965), Beck (1972), and Hung and Vinson (1975). Of | these, only the studies of Mukerjee, Forbes (1958), Forbes and Do-Van- Quy, and Hung and Vinson deal specifically with or include army ants.
The “‘true’’ army ants were formerly placed in the single subfamily Dor- ylinae but are now regarded as two subfamilies. The New World genera (Cheliomyrmex, Eciton, Labidus, Neivamyrmex, and Nomamyrmex) are currently assembled in the subfamily Ecitoninae, while the Old World gen- era (Aenictus and Dorylus) comprise the Dorylinae (Snelling, in press). This reflects the generally held view that the doryline ants as previously consti- |
VOLUME 83, NUMBER | 73
tuted are polyphyletic. Although Wheeler (1928) supposed that the dorylines shared a common ancestor, both Brown (1954) and Borgmeier (in Seevers, 1965) later hypothesized that the group was diphyletic. In studies of mor- phological, behavioral, and geographic characteristics, Gotwald (1969, 1977, 1979) and Gotwald and Kupiec (1975) speculated that the dorylines are tri- phyletic. They proposed that the New World dorylines constituted one lin- eage, the Old World genus Dorylus with its six subgenera (Alaopone, An-
omma, Dichthadia, Dorylus, Rhogmus, and Typhlopone) a second, and the
Old World genus Aenictus a third.
Most of the morphological and behavioral evidence upon which the poly- phyletic hypothesis of doryline origins is based was gathered from the work- er caste. The queens and males seem obvious candidates for similar evi- dence-gathering investigations. This is especially true for the males which possess a well-developed, conspicuous but retractile genital capsule. The sclerotized components of this capsule are commonly figured in taxonomic
_ treatments of the army ants (see Borgmeier, 1955), but a comparative ex-
amination of the soft, internal reproductive structures of the males does not exist. Indeed, only one species of Eciton (Forbes, 1954), two of Neiva- myrmex (Forbes and Do-Van-Quy, 1965; Hung and Vinson, 1975), and one of Dorylus (Mukerjee, 1926) have ever been described in the literature. ! The purpose of this paper is to describe the gross morphology and certain
histological aspects of the male internal reproductive system in both Old
nen —
and New World army ant species and to interpret the phylogenetic impli- cations of this morphology. Special emphasis was placed on the subgenera of Dorylus, since one of us (WHG) is currently revising the Old World genera.
METHODS AND TERMINOLOGY
Most specimens dissected were preserved in alcohol or Bouin’s fluid al- though a few critical forms were available only as dried specimens. These were relaxed in 70% ethanol and then dissected. In a majority of the alcohol- or Bouin’s-preserved specimens, the internal structures retained their elas- ticity to a remarkable degree. After being removed from the gaster, the reproductive structures were described and drawn. Specimens of all five New World genera and of both Old World genera, including all six subgenera of Dorylus, were dissected. Additionally, the male of one ponerine species was examined. Male pupae of the genera Neivamyrmex and Dorylus were also dissected.
The internal genitalia of two adult males of Dorylus (Rhogmus) were sectioned and stained with Delafield’s hematoxylin-eosin. Also sectioned were the testes of a male pupa of Dorylus (Anomma). These sections were
1 See Ford and Forbes. 1980, J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 83: 133-142 for an additional ac- count of Dorylus male reproductive anatomy.
74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
TESTIS
VAS DEFERENS
ACCESSORY GLAND
EJACULATORY DUCT
GENITAL CAPSULE
A 1.0
Fig. 1. Male reproductive system of Plectroctena lygaria. A, Dorsal view. B, Ventral view. Scale in mm. stained with gallocyanin blue-phloxine. Serial sections of an entire adult male of Labidus were provided by Julian F. Watkins II.
Terms used for the male internal reproductive structures are essentially those of Snodgrass (1935) and Matsuda (1976). When functional, the testes | are composed of a variable number of follicles in which spermatogenesis occurs. The vasa deferentia are the narrow tubes that transport the sperm cells from the testes to the middle or base of the accessory glands and/or ejaculatory duct. If the vasa deferentia are swollen and bulbous and function | to store the spermatozoa, they are called the seminal vesicles. The acces- | sory glands are usually dorsal to the vasa deferentia and probably contribute to the formation of seminal fluid. The ducts into which the accessory glands empty are here assumed to be the anterior, bifurcated ends of the ejaculatory duct. However, when these ducts unite to form the ejaculatory duct, their lumina usually remain separate and distinct. For this reason Forbes (1958) referred to the ejaculatory duct as the ‘‘bound accessory gland ducts.’’ The term genital capsule is used to collectively denote the sclerotized external genitalia.
VOLUME 83, NUMBER 1 75
SEMINAL VESICLE
ACCESSORY GLAND
EJACULATORY DUCT
ACCESSORY GLAND Po
2.0 SEMINAL VESICLE
| Fig. 2. Male reproductive system of Cheliomyrmex morosus. A, Lateral view. B, Dorsal
) view. Scale in mm.
RESULTS
SUBFAMILY PONERINAE
| Plectroctena lygaria Bolton, Gotwald, and Leroux (1 specimen from the Laboratoire d’Ecologie Tropicale, Lamto, Ivory Coast) (Fig. 1).
Because the ponerines are among the most primitive or generalized of -ants, a male of one ponerine, P. /ygaria, was dissected to serve as a mor- | phological ‘‘reference point.’’ Each testis in this species is a conspicuous | globular structure composed of sperm-producing follicles. Leading from
76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
SEMINAL VESICLE
ACCESSORY GLAND
ae
2.0 SEMINAL VESICLE
Fig. 3. Male reproductive system of Labidus praedator. A, Lateral view. B, Dorsal view, structures displaced for purpose of display. Scale in mm.
each testis is a narrow, distally convoluted vas deferens. This duct does not expand to form a seminal vesicle but instead continues without changing in diameter, attaching to the middle region of the ventral surface of the acces- sory gland. The two accessory glands are elongated, apically pointed bodies that are directed anteriorly. Although the ducts from the accessory glands
VOLUME 83, NUMBER |
Figs. 4, 5. seen (marked AG) (200). 5, Ejaculatory duct, cross section (400).
Ha
Labidus coecus, male. 4, Accessory gland, cross section: two sections can be
78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
SEMINAL VESICLE
ACCESSORY GLAND
EJACULATORY DUCT
GENITAL CAPSULE
a |
2.0
Fig. 6. Male reproductive system of Neivamyrmex sp. A, In situ dorsal view. B, Structures displaced for purpose of display, dorsal view. Scale in mm.
join to form a common ejaculatory duct, predictably their lumina are indi- vidually retained, even as the ejaculatory duct enters the genital capsule.
SUBFAMILY ECITONINAE
Cheliomyrmex morosus (F. Smith) (1 specimen from Palenque, Mexico) (Fig.22).
Testes are not evident. The seminal vesicles are elongated, sperm-filled | sacs. Each is folded upon itself twice. The accessory glands are elongated structures, each of which is coiled once about the proximal end of its cor- responding seminal vesicle. The ejaculatory duct forms a ventrally directed loop before entering the genital capsule.
Labidus praedator (F. Smith) (1 specimen from Tamazunchale, Mexico) (Fig. 3).
Testes are not evident. The seminal vesicles are elongated, folded sacs similar to those of Cheliomyrmex. Each opens into the proximal end of its corresponding accessory gland. The accessory glands are proportionately |
VOLUME 83, NUMBER
79
TESTIS PRIMITIVE
GENITALIA
| VAS DEFERENS 2.0
EJACULATORY DUCT
SEMINAL VESICLE
B _ ATROPHIED | TESTICULAR | FOLLICLES |
ACCESSORY GLAND
Fig. 7. Male reproductive system. A, Neivamyrmex texanus pupa, dorsal view. B, No- mamyrmex esenbecki wilsoni, structures displaced for purpose of display, dorsal view. Scales in mm.
| longer than those of Cheliomyrmex. Although they are coiled, they do not wrap about the seminal vesicles. The ejaculatory duct loops ventrally before entering the genital capsule.
' Serial sections of Labidus coecus (Latreille) reveal the presence of
————
80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
‘‘clumps’’ of sperm cells in the seminal vesicles. Each clump appears as a discrete unit of closely packed spermatozoa. The seminal vesicles are thin- walled sacs. The accessory glands are lined with a columnar epithelium that is unevenly distributed about the lumen of each gland. The epithelium is placed at opposite sides of the lumen, giving a bilateral organization to each gland (Fig. 4). Sperm cells were not present in the lumina of the accessory glands. Two lumina are present in the thick-walled ejaculatory duct and each is lined with an epithelium that stains the same color as the accessory gland epithelium. This epithelium is thickest on the median septum that separates the lumina (Fig. 5).
Neivamyrmex sp. (2 specimens from Pima County, Arizona) (Fig. 6). Nei- vamyrmex nigrescens (Cresson) (1 pupal specimen from Bell County, Texas) (Fig. 7A). Neivamyrmex texanus Watkins (1 pupal specimen from Waco, Texas).
Testes in the adult are not present. The seminal vesicles are large bulbous structures, each of which is bent back upon itself and enclosed in a mem- brane. Attached to the apex of each vesicle is a series of thin, tubule-like structures that may be the testes in atrophied form. Microscopically, these ‘“‘tubules’’ reveal little except that they are not muscle fibers. A portion of the seminal vesicle, after being macerated, was examined under the com- pound microscope. This spongy tissue within each vesicle is composed of a compact mass of spermatozoa. The accessory glands are tightly coiled tubes lying on either side of the midsagittal plane next to the anterior end | of the genital capsule. The seminal vesicles join the proximal ends of the | accessory glands just before these glands unite to form the ejaculatory duct. This duct, containing two lumina, forms a ventrally directed loop that cau- dally enters the genital capsule.
Testes were prominent in both pupae dissected. The N. nigrescens pupa was still larviform with testes that extended the length of abdominal seg- ments 4—6. Each pupal testis is composed of many elongated or tubular follicles (Fig. 7A), and each is connected, albeit tenuously, to the primitive genitalia by a rudimentary vas deferens.
Nomamyrmex esenbecki wilsoni (Santschi) (1 specimen from Rio Corona, | Tamaulipas, Mexico (Fig. 7B).
A small group of atrophied testicular follicles attached to the distal end of one seminal vesicle. No other evidence of testes could be found. The seminal vesicles are flattened structures that fold back upon themselves once. They are similar to those of Neivamyrmex but not as bulbous. The accessory glands are tightly coiled, elongated tubes and are joined at their bases by the seminal vesicles. The ejaculatory duct is uniquely developed into a long tube that wraps around the ventriculus of the alimentary canal before looping ventrally and posteriorly. It then enters the genital capsule.
VOLUME 83, NUMBER |
EJACULATORY DUCT
GENITAL CAPSULE
EW
SEMINAL VESICLE
ACCESSORY GLAND
=> SS
oiled. Scale in mm.
ie 8. Maze ale reproductive system of Eci view, left accessory glan
82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Eciton hamatum (Fabricius) (3 specimens from Barro Colorado Island, Pan- ama Canal Zone) (Fig. 8).
Testes are absent. The seminal vesicles are flattened dorsoventrally and each is enclosed in a membranous capsule. Each joins its corresponding accessory gland near the proximal end of the gland. The accessory glands are long, coiled tubes. These glands lie on either side of the midsagittal plane juxtaposed to the anterior end of the genital capsule. The ducts from the accessory glands join to form a long ejaculatory duct that coils around the ventriculus of the alimentary canal. The lumina of the two ducts remain distinct throughout the length of this tube. The ejaculatory duct encircles the ventriculus in an anterior direction. At one point, it folds back upon itself, continuing around the ventriculus in the opposite direction but still proceeding anteriorly. Following the last coil, the duct loops back ventrally, i.e., beneath the ventriculus toward the posterior end of the gaster where it enters the genital capsule.
SUBFAMILY DORYLINAE Aenictus sp. (2 specimens from Lamto, Ivory Coast) (Fig. 9A, B).
Although the seminal vesicles are encapsulated by a single membrane | (Fig. 9A), testes are not evident within the membrane capsule. The seminal | vesicles are elongated, convoluted structures (Fig. 9B). The accessory | glands are short and closely applied to the anterior end of the genital cap- sule. These glands empty into a short ejaculatory duct that directly enters | the genital capsule.
Dorylus (Alaopone) sp. (3 specimens from Kade, Ghana) (Fig. 9C). Dorylus | (Anomma) sp. (3 specimens from Lamto, Ivory Coast) (Figs. 10A, 13, 14). Dorylus (Anomma) nigricans complex (3 pupal specimens from | Rwantonde and Musasu, Rwanda) (Figs. 11, 12). Dorylus (Dichthadia) | laevigatus (F. Smith) (2 specimens, | from Sandakan, Borneo, | with © undecipherable locality label). Dorylus (Dorylus) sp. (2 specimens from | Kibos near Lake Victoria, Kenya) (Fig. 15 A, B). Dorylus (Dorylus) sp. (2 pupal specimens from Rwantonde and Rubona, Rwanda) (Fig. 15C-E). Dorylus (Typhlopone) spp. (2 specimens from Kibos, Kenya; 1 from | Kade, Ghana) (Fig. 16). |
The morphology of the male internal reproductive system of Dorylus is relatively uniform throughout the subgenera. Only Dichthadia remains to | be thoroughly examined. The two dried pinned specimens available for dis- section did not, when treated, soften sufficiently, and the internal genitalic | structures remained withered and rather amorphous.
Testes are not present in the adult male. In the pupae of Dorylus (sensu stricto) and Anomma they are massive structures, equal to or larger than |
VOLUME 83, NUMBER 1 83
CAPSULE
SEMINAL VESICLE
oe 1.0 } ACCESSORY GLAND C EJACULATORY | DUCT | 7 a | SEMINAL VESICLE 2.0
Fig. 9. Male reproductive system. A, Aenictus sp., in situ, dorsal view. B, Aenictus sp.., ‘capsule removed, dorsal view. C, Subgenus Alaopone sp., lateral view. Scales in mm.
|the genital capsule of each individual specimen from which they were dis- »sected. Each testis consists of many follicles, all of which converge upon and empty into the narrow distal end of the seminal vesicle (Fig. 15). His- tologically, each follicle is predictably composed of spermatocysts consist- ing of small clusters of spermatogenic cells. Each spermatocyst is surround- ed by a capsule of somatic cells (Figs. 11, 12). Pupae of the other four
84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
ACCESSORY GLAND A SEMINAL VESICLE
ACCESSORY GLAND
EJACULATORY DUCT ———"1
B 25
SEMINAL VESICLE
Fig. 10. Male reproductive system. A, Subgenus Anomma sp., outer covering of left ac- | cessory gland removed, lateral view. B, Subgenus Rhogmus sp., lateral view. Scales in mm.
subgenera were not available for dissection, but there is no reason at the | moment to assume that they differ significantly from Dorylus and Anomma. |
The vasa deferentia are enlarged to form saclike seminal vesicles. These | are elbowed, with their apices directed dorsally or posteriorly (Figs. 9, 10, | 15, 16). They lay ventral to the accessory glands, which they superficially | resemble, and they join the accessory glands ventrally at the proximal end | of the glands. The wall of the seminal vesicle, at least in Anomma and} Rhogmus, consists of a thin outer layer of muscle (?) and connective tissue i) and an inner layer, lining the lumen, of columnar epithelium (Figs. 13, 14). §
VOLUME 83, NUMBER 1 85
Figs. 11, 12. Testis of pupa of Dorylus (Anomma) nigricans, cross section. 11, Several follicles (200x). 12, Single follicle with clearly defined spermatocysts (400)
in Rhogmus, the lining is of uneven thickness in some places and in other ‘Mocations is produced into a series of ridges. The lumen of the vesicle is
‘filled with tightly packed spermatozoa.
|
\|
86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Figs. 13, 14. Seminal vesicle of subgenus Anomma sp. male, cross section. 13, Portion of vesicle showing spermatozoa (S) in lumen (100). 14, Detail of vesicle wall (400).
The accessory glands appear saclike and usually curve or bend back upon themselves so that the distal half of each gland is directed dorsally or pos- teriorly (Figs. 10, 15, 16). Alaopone is the only exception to this general |
VOLUME 83, NUMBER 1 87
ACCESSORY GLAND
SEMINAL OE a Gas
ACCESSORY GLAND A B | 2.5 G
EJACULATORY DUCT
SEMINAL VESICLE TESTIS ACCESSORY GLAND
PAS
A a ae GENITAL
CAPSULE SEMINAL VESICLE D
TESTIS
tiga 33 IN << <a SS 0} mat ae
Se Ss aa = a
[eS
SS ee Se any a= ACCESSORY GLAND
Fig. 15. Male reproductive system of subgenus Dorylus spp. A, Adult structures, lateral view. B, Adult structures, dorsal view. C, Pupal structures, lateral view. D, Internal pupal Structures with testes removed, lateral view. E, Pupal structures, ventral view. Scales in mm.
88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
morphology (see Fig. 9C). Removal of the outer wall reveals an internal, linear, hardened structure of unclear definition. Microscopically, in An- omma and Rhogmus, the wall of the gland is composed of two layers, an outer, probably muscular, layer and an inner layer of columnar epithelium. The outer layer is further subdivided into an outer coat of longitudinally arranged fibers and an inner coat of circularly arranged fibers. A lumen is present but its cross sectional shape is irregular because the lining is thrown into a series of ridges. These may represent the linear structures detected in gross dissection. The lumina of the glands sectioned were empty, except for the presence of some spermatozoa in limited areas in the Rhogmus specimen.
The ejaculatory duct is organized bilaterally with two lumina present. The epithelial lining is enlarged on the median wall in each lumen.
DISCUSSION
It is not uncommon among male holometabolous insects for the testes to reach their greatest development in the pupa. In the honey bee, for example, spermatogenesis is already completed by the fifth or sixth day of the pupal period (Snodgrass, 1956). After emergence, the testes of the drone shrink and eventually, in about 12 days, they are reduced by more than two-thirds their maximum pupal length. Shrinking or atrophy of the testes following pupal eclosion is not quantitatively uniform throughout the ants, although information in the literature on this phenomenon is largely nonexistent. For instance, in Myrmica rubra Linnaeus, the testes are well developed and conspicuous (Janet, 1902) and quite evident as well in the ponerines Rhy- tidoponera metallica F. Smith (Hagopian, 1963) and Plectroctena lygaria. However, Hung and Vinson (1975) noted, in dissections of male pupae and adults of different ages from several ant subfamilies, that as the males ma- ture, the spermatozoa descend into the vasa deferentia and the testes be- come progressively smaller. Marcus (1953) avoided altogether figuring the testes in several ant species without explanation. From our observations, we must conclude that the disappearance of the testes in the adult male army ant is a universal phenomenon in both the Ecitoninae and Dorylinae. Only in the dissected specimens of Neivamyrmex and Nomamyrmex was there any evidence of atrophied testicular follicles. While the crudeness of gross dissection technique might obscure the observation of such follicles, we submit that this is unlikely since we specifically searched for the struc- tures. Certainly we found nothing like the prominent testes described pre-
—-
Fig. 16. Male reproductive system of Dorylus (Typhlopone) sp. A, Dorsal view. B, Lateral
view. C, Internal structures displaced for purpose of display, outer covering of left accessory gland removed, dorsal view. Scale in mm.
VOLUME 83, NUMBER | 89
GENITAL CAPSULE
: = , =X TY 7s = ACCESSORY GLAND A SEMINAL VESICLE
SEMINAL VESICLE
4 2.5
er mes ACCESSORY GLAND Xi
SEMINAL VESICLE
90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
viously for E. hamatum (Forbes, 1958) and N. harrisi (Forbes and Do-Van- Quy, 1965). Even so, the testes described and figured for those two species appear much smaller than we would estimate their size to be in the pupa. The N. harrisi specimens were collected on their “‘nuptial’’ flight and might have been rather newly emerged.
While the vasa deferentia of many ant species—and other Hymenoptera, for that matter (see Matsuda, 1976)—are slender tubes (Fig. 1), those of army ants are characteristically expanded to form seminal vesicles. Some confusion regarding these expansive tubes exists in the literature. For ex- ample, the term ‘‘seminal vesicle’? has been incorrectly applied to the ac- cessory glands in several instances (Forbes, 1954; Hagopian, 1963; Hung and Vinson, 1975). Usually the seminal vesicle of army ants is of rather uniform diameter throughout its length. This was not true of one specimen of Typhlopone that we dissected, nor was it so for the specimens of D. (Typhlopone) labiatus examined by Mukerjee (1926). In these specimens each seminal vesicle included two prominent swellings separated by a con- striction. These dilatations proved not to be discrete structures but rather areas containing compact masses of spermatozoa. There can be not doubt that the expanded vasa deferentia serve in the storage of gametes, since closely packed spermatozoa have been found there in D. (T.) labiatus (Mukerjee, 1926) and Neivamyrmex (Forbes and Do-Van-Quy, 1965) in pre- vious research and in all genera and subgenera in the present study.
The army ant males are noteworthy in two respects when compared to other ants: (1) their testes rapidly degenerate once they become imagos; and (2) their vasa deferentia are expanded to form seminal vesicles. The genera Eciton, Nomamyrmex, and Neivamyrmex possess uniquely formed acces- sory glands, and Eciton and Nomamyrmex have a distinctly produced ejac- ulatory duct. In fact, thus far, similarly developed genitalia have not been found elsewhere amongst the ants. The internal male genitalia of the New World army ants are conspicuously different from those of the Old World species.
Within the New World species, Eciton and Nomamyrmex are most de- rived, with their long coiled accessory glands and ejaculatory duct. Nei- | vamyrmex lacks the coiled ejaculatory duct and has instead one that forms | a ventrally directed loop. Certainly Cheliomyrmex and Labidus are least derived. Their accessory glands, while partially coiled, are short and more closely approximate in size those of other ants. This condition in the males is consistent with the primitive nature of these two genera, especially Che- liomyrmex in which the workers possess a uninodal waist (the waist is binodal in the workers of all other New World ecitonines). In the Old World species, most especially in Dorylus, the internal male genitalia are uniformly developed. Even Aenictus, a genus hypothesized to have arisen indepen- | dently in tropical Laurasia in the early Tertiary (Gotwald, 1977, 1979), con- |
VOLUME 83, NUMBER I 91
forms closely to the general pattern, except in the containment of its seminal vesicles in a single membranous capsule.
PHYLOGENETIC CONCLUSIONS
1. The male internal reproductive system of army ants is most derived in New World genera, especially in Eciton, Nomamyrmex, and Neivamyrmex, and least so in the Old World genera.
2. Morphology of the system within the New World species confirms the primitive nature of Cheliomyrmex and the generally derived state of Eciton and Neivamyrmex.
3. The system is uniform in the six subgenera of Dorylus, emphasizing the probable shared ancestry for these species. 4. Although the morphologies of the male system clearly reveal a di- ‘chotomy in development, supporting a diphyletic hypothesis of doryline origins (New vs. Old World species), they do not demonstrate a conspicuous difference between Dorylus and Aenictus.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
| We are especially grateful to Julian F. Watkins II, Baylor University, for providing most of the New World specimens used in this study and to J. K. A. van Boven, for supplying the essential male pupae of Dorylus. Without ‘their kind cooperation, our study would have certainly floundered. Other specimens, for which we express our thanks, were furnished by David H. ‘Kistner, California State University, Chico; G. R. Cunningham-van Somer- 'en, Nairobi, Kenya; and the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. The serial sections of Labidus sup- plied by J. F. Watkins were prepared at Baylor University by Richard Bog- gan, while the sections of Dorylus were produced at Utica College by Bar- bara Campione. We acknowledge, with gratitude, their contribution. We thank Anthony C. Checchi, Utica College, for critically reading an early ‘draft of the manuscript and Virginia Marsicane for typing the manuscript. |The research was supported by National Science Foundation Grants DEB- i and DEB-7905835 (W. H. Gotwald, Jr., Principal Investigator).
LITERATURE CITED
Adlerz, G. 1886. Myrmecologiska Studier. II. Svenska myror och deras lefnadsf6rhallanden.
t Bihang Till K. Scenska Vetenskaps—Akad. Handl. 11(18): 1-329.
Beck, H. 1972. Vergleichende histologische Untersuchungen an Polyergus rufescens Latr. und Raptiformica sanguinea Latr. Insectes Soc. 19: 301-342.
Borgmeier, T. 1955. Die Wanderameisen der Neotropischen Region (Hym. Formicidae). Stud. Entomol. 3: 1-717.
Brown, W. L., Jr. 1954. Remarks on the internal phylogeny and subfamily classification of the family Formicidae. Insectes Soc. 1: 21-31.
92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Forbes, J. 1954. The anatomy and histology of the male reproductive system of Camponotus pennsylvanicus DeGeer (Formicidae, Hymenoptera). J. Morphol. 95: 523-556.
1958 (1956). The male reproductive system of the army ant, Eciton hamatum Fabri-
cius. Proc. Tenth Int. Cong. Entomol. 1: 593-596.
Forbes, J. and D. Do-Van-Quy. 1965. The anatomy and histology of the male reproductive system of the legionary ant, Neivamyrmex harrisi (Haldeman) (Hymenoptera: Formi- cidae). J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 73: 95-111.
Gotwald, W. H., Jr. 1969. Comparative morphological studies of the ants, with particular reference to the mouthparts (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Stn. Mem. 408, 150 pp.
—_——. 1977. The origins and dispersal of army ants of the subfamily Dorylinae, pp. 126-127. In Proc. 8th Int. Cong. Int. Union for Study of Social Insects, Center for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
—_—. 1979. Phylogenetic implications of army ant zoogeography (Hymenoptera: Formici- dae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 72: 462-467.
Gotwald, W. H., Jr. and B. M. Kupiec. 1975. Taxonomic implications of doryline worker ant morphology: Cheliomyrmex morosus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 68: 961-971.
Hagopian, M. 1963. An anatomical and histological study of the male ponerine ant, Rhyti- doponera metallica F. Smith (Formicidae, Hymenoptera). Dissertation, Fordham Univ., Univ. Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 110 pp.
Hung, A. C. F. and S. B. Vinson. 1975. Notes on the male reproductive system in ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 83: 192-197.
Janet, C. 1902. Anatomie du gaster de la Myrmica rubra. Georges Carré et C. Naud. Editeurs, Paris. 68 pp.
Marcus, H. 1953. Estudios mirmecologicos. Folia Univ. Cochabamba 6: 17-68.
Matsuda, R. 1976. Morphology and evolution of the insect abdomen with special reference to developmental patterns and their bearings upon systematics. Pergamon Press, New York. 534 pp.
Mukerjee, D. 1926. Digestive and reproductive systems of the male ant Dorylus labiatus Shuck. J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal 22: 87-91.
Seevers, C. H. 1965. The systematics, evolution and zoogeography of staphylinid beetles associated with army ants (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). Fieldiana Zool. 47: 137-351.
Snelling, R. In press. Systematics of the social Hymenoptera. /n Hermann, H. R., ed., Social Insects. Vol. II. Academic Press Inc., New York.
Snodgrass, R. E. 1935. Principles of insect morphology. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York. 667 pp.
——. 1956. Anatomy of the honey bee. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, New York. 334 pp.
Wheeler, W. M. 1928. The social insects: Their origin and evolution. Harcourt, Brace and Company, New York. 378 pp.
PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 83(1), 1981, pp. 93-98
AN UNUSUAL EXAMPLE OF TERATOGENESIS IN THE FLEA THRASSIS FOTUS FROM COLORADO (SIPHONAPTERA: CERATOPHYLLIDAE)
Tom G. SCHWAN AND DavipD S. DOBKIN
(TGS) Division of Entomology and Parasitology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720; (DSD) Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory,
_ Department of Zoology and Entomology, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, Colorado 80523; present address: Department of Zoology, Univer- sity of California, Berkeley, California 94720.
Abstract.—A female Thrassis fotus (Jordan), collected from a deer
/mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus (Wagner), in Weld Co., Colorado, dis-
played teratogenic defects of the mesothorax and middle legs. Fusion and loss of segments of the two middle legs resulted in only one reduced middle
_leg, being neither right nor left, which arises midventrally. A photograph of
this flea is presented, and the abnormalities are described and figured. Other abnormalities reported for Siphonaptera are reviewed.
The first review of teratogenic deformities in fleas (Smit, 1949a) reported the doubling of the receptaculum seminis (spermatheca), asymmetry of ge- nal ctenidia, and shortening of spines and bristles. In subsequent papers Smit (1949b, 1952, 1953) reported another case of spermathecal duplication and abnormalities of the genitalia causing castration in male fleas. Brinck- Lindroth and Smit (1973) reviewed abnormalities associated with parasitic nematode infestations and presented more examples of male castration as well as female castration and intersexuality. Poinar and Nelson (1973) also reviewed examples of castration in New and Old World fleas. In fact, most reported cases of abnormalities in fleas deal with genitalia and structures that display secondary sexual dimorphism (e.g. the head): very few reports are concerned with deformities of the legs. Claassens (1967) described minor abnormalities in the legs of a male Ceratophyllus gallinae (Schrank) from Ireland which showed slight alterations in the marginal outlines of all coxae, one femur, tibia, and tarsomere. Sanjean and Travis (1955) reported an eight-legged Orchopeas howardi howardi (Baker) from New York which had a small distorted fourth pair of legs attached posteriorly to the meta- thoracic segment.
94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Fig 1 WA
bd WA a i a Fig. |. Thrassis fotus, female, showing the single reduced middle leg. Body length, 2.0
mm.
As part of a study of small mammal populations on the shortgrass prairie, a female Thrassis fotus (Jordan) was collected which displayed teratogenic defects of the mesothorax and middle legs. This report describes this un- usual flea.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The flea was collected in the western division of the Pawnee National Grasslands, Weld Co., northeastern Colorado (40°45'N, 104°30’W). The site is shortgrass prairie at an elevation of 1500 m with an average annual pre- | cipitation of 300 mm. The prairie deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus (Wagner), and the thirteen-lined ground squirrel, Spermophilus tridecemlin- eatus (Mitchill), comprise approximately 90% of the individuals of the ro- dent community. The abnormal 7. fotus was collected on 15 October 1974 from a P. maniculatus which had died while confined overnight inside a
VOLUME 83, NUMBER 1 95
Fig. 2. Left lateral view of mesothorax and middle leg of Thrassis fotus. A, Normal, tarsus not illustrated. B, Teratogenic, tarsus absent (see text).
Sherman live trap. The flea was stored in 70% ethanol and later rehydrated, bleached in 10% KOH, and mounted for identification. The abnormalities were not noticed until after the flea had been bleached and mounted. Other
fleas collected from P. maniculatus during the same period (14—16 October) were Monopsyllus wagneri (Baker) (25 ¢, 20 2), Epitedia wenmanni wen- /manni (Rothschild) (1 2), and Orchopeas sp. (1 2). A normal female T.
96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
fotus was also collected from the northern grasshopper mouse, Onychomys leucogaster (Wied-Neuwied), and this specimen is used for comparative purposes in the following description.
RESULTS
Fig. 1 is a photograph of the entire flea, and Fig. 2B shows the abnormal mesothorax and middle leg. For comparison, the normal morphology of a typical 7. fotus collected from the same locality is illustrated (Fig. 2A).
Abnormalities in the mesothorax are: (1) The lack, on the left side, of a pleural rod except for dorsal and ventral thickenings (the rod is normally developed on the right side); and (2) presence of an internally sclerotized | ring delineating a membranous area on the wall of the right anterior region | of the mesonotum (apparently part of a distorted anterior phragma) and some of the large setae on this side bunched together and out of alignment.
Fusion and loss of segments of the two middle legs have resulted in only one reduced middle leg. This leg is neither right nor left but arises midven- trally and is composed of a coxa, trochanter, femur, and tibia. The tarsus | is absent.
The coxa is apparently the result of fusion between the right and left mesocoxae. Evidence to support this includes: (1) The coxa with one an- terior and ventral margin but two dorsal and posterior margins; (2) two folds of less sclerotized cuticle, probably representing remnants of the medial | walls, located between and joined to the two posterior margins; (3) presence } of two pleural-coxal articulations but no sternal-coxal articulations since | most of the medial walls have been lost in the fusion; (4) both lateral walls | with a single unbranched outer internal ridge, the forked vertical thickening characteristic of the inner internal rod of the medial walls being absent; (5) | absence of patches of small setae normally located anteriorly on the medial walls and no setae present along the anterior margin; and (6) absence of the | partial oblique sutures of the lateral walls. In lateral view the coxa is shorter and rounder than normal. |
The position of the trochanteral-coxal articulation has shifted slightly ' above and anterior to the normal position, and asymmetry in this articulation | has caused the trochanter to project out to the left. This orientation and the | position of the mounted specimen make observation of this segment very | difficult.
The femur is near normal size, misshapen, and lies to the left of the coxa. The absence of lateral setae, the presence of both dorsal and ventral marginal setae, the presence of two pairs of preapical spiniform setae, and the presence of the short wavy cuticular striations characteristic of the me- dial walls, all suggest that this femur consists of two dorsal-medial halves. | This could have resulted either through fusion of the left and right femora or through duplication of the dorsal-medial portion of one femur.
_ VOLUME 83, NUMBER | 97 |
The leg’s terminal segment is a very reduced tibia, and, like the femur, it has an identical setal pattern along both margins, suggesting that fusion or duplication has also occurred in this segment. In all other respects this particular specimen is quite normal.
DISCUSSION
| Thrassis fotus occurs primarily on the thirteen-lined ground squirrel, S. \tridecemlineatus, but has been found on other rodents, particularly S$. spi- \losoma Bennett and O. leucogaster while records from Peromyscus spp. are rare (Stark, 1970). The abnormal 7. fotus was the only individual of this -collection found on the ‘“‘wrong”’ host (P. maniculatus) although both S. tridecemlineatus and O. leucogaster were present at the site. This flea was _most likely a straggler from one of these two species, but its physical de- /formity may have resulted in a lack of selectivity in its host choice. Alter- _Natively, since this flea was probably raised in the nest of its preferred host, ‘the impairment likely reduced its ability to maintain an association with its primary host. The fact that this five-legged flea was collected alive from an atypical host suggests that its survival was not precluded by the absence of ‘functional middle legs. While the mesothorax and mesocoxae of fleas are involved with the jump, the major force is provided through the back legs (Rothschild et al., 1973, 1975). The role of the middle legs during the jump remains unclear, but these legs may be used to help the flea stabilize itself |just prior to jumping, and they may assist, along with the back legs, in | grasping on to a host at the end of a jump (Rothschild et al., 1975). However | the question remains as to whether the scarcity of reported leg abnormalities in fleas is due to their low frequency of occurrence, their possible cause of high mortality in newly emerged adult fleas, or failure of observers to report such defects.
The specimen is deposited in the Siphonaptera Collection, British Mu- seum (Natural History), London.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Field work was supported by a National Science Foundation Grant to the Grassland Biome, U.S. International Biological Program, for *‘Analysis of Structure, Function, and Utilization of Grassland Ecosystems.’ We thank
Frans G. A. M. Smit, British Museum (Natural History), London, for his | encouragement and for studying the specimen to critically review the manu- ) Script. His assistance is most appreciated.
| LITERATURE CITED
Brinck-Lindroth, G. and F. G. A. M. Smit. 1973. Parasitic nematodes in fleas in northern Scandinavia and notes on intersexuality and castration in Amphipsylla sibirica Wagn. Entomol. Scand. 4: 302-322.
98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Claassens, A. J. M. 1967. Morphological anomalies in fleas (Siphonaptera). J. Entomol. Soc. South Afr. 29: 124-134.
Poinar, G. O., Jr. and B. C. Nelson. 1973. Psyllotylenchus viviparus, n. gen., n. sp. (Nema- todea: Tylenchida: Allantonematidae) parasitizing fleas (Siphonaptera) in California. J. Med. Entomol. 10: 349-354.
Rothschild, M., J. Schlein, K. Parker, C. Neville, and S. Sternberg. 1973. The flying leap of the flea. Sc. Am. 229: 92-98, 100.
———. 1975. The jumping mechanism of Xenopsylla cheopis. Ill. Execution of the jump and activity. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B, Biol. Sci. 271: 499-S15.
Sanjean, J. and B. V. Travis. 1955. An eight-legged flea, Orchopeas howardi howardi (Baker). J. Parasitol. 41: 636-637.
Smit, F. G. A. M. 1949a. Monstrosities in Siphonaptera. Tijdschr. Entomol. 90: 35—42.
. 1949b. Monstrosities in Siphonaptera. II. Entomol. Ber. (Amst.) 12: 436—437.
. 1952. Monstrosities in Siphonaptera. III. Castration in a male Ceratophyllus gallinae
(Schrank). Entomol. Ber. (Amst.) 14: 182-187.
—. 1953. Monstrosities in Siphonaptera. IV. More cases of castration. Entomol. Ber. (Amst.) 14: 393-400.
Stark, H. E. 1970. A revision of the flea genus Thrassis Jordan 1933 (Siphonaptera: Cerato- phyllidae) with observations on ecology and relationship to plague. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 53: 1-184.
PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 83(1), 1981, pp. 99-104
A NEW SPECIES OF PHERBELLIA ROBINEAU-DESVOIDY SEPARATED FROM A PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES (DIPTERA: SCIOMYZIDAE)
R. E. ORTH AND G. C. STEYSKAL
(REO) Staff Research Associate, Department of Entomology, Division of Biological Control, University of California, Riverside, California 92521: (GCS) Research Entomologist, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, Agric. Res., Sci. and Educ. Admin., USDA, % U.S. National Museum of
| Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560.
Abstract.—A new species, Pherbellia suspecta, is separated from the re- cently described Nearctic P. subtilis Orth and Steyskal. Both are members of the P. ventralis group. A collection locality map indicates the North American distribution of this group, which includes P. obscura Ringdahl, _an Holarctic species. Terminalia illustrations are included for the above as well as for P. ventralis (Fallen), a Palaearctic species.
The new species, Pherbellia suspecta, described here was recognized too late to be included in a recent paper by Orth et al. (1980) on the P. ventralis group. Examination of material from the Biosystematics Research Institute, _ Agriculture Canada, now confirms an additional North American species in the subgenus Chetocera belonging to the P. ventralis group. Members of
this group are typified by the European species P. ventralis (Fallen). In
North America the group now consists of the Holarctic species, P. obscura _ Ringdahl, and two Nearctic species, P. subtilis and P. suspecta. Distribu-
tion of P. suspecta is mid-Canadian to northeastern United States. This mew species was at first thought to be a variant of P. subtilis. However, now that additional material has been seen, we recognize it as a distinct
species. At Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada, P. suspecta is sympatric with P. subtilis and P. obscura. Throughout the geographic distribution of the above three species, we have seen no intergrades that might suggest that this new species is a variant of the two previously recognized species.
100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
To , Se Me! ee os cd Sp. 4 ats } pais RE OS OL
Fig. |. Pherbellia suspecta, holotype male. Abdominal segments excised and retained in genitalia capsule on pin beneath specimen.
Pherbellia suspecta Orth and Steyskal, NEw SPECIES Figs. 1-5
Holotype male.—Height of head *%4 width. Medifacies yellowish pruinose, parafacies and cheeks pruinose yellowish to whitish, respectively. Frons dull yellowish, slightly narrowed anteriorly. Midfrontal stripe extending less than 2 distance from anterior ocellus to anterior margin of frons. Ocellar triangle and orbital plates with greyish pruinosity. Orbital plates strongly tapered anteriorly, extending slightly beyond midfrontal stripe. Orbitoan- tennal spot lacking, narrow strip of grey pruinosity along upper orbital mar- gin. Two pairs of fronto-orbital bristles, anterior pair slightly shorter: ocel- lars, postocellars and inner and outer verticals well developed. Occiput greyish pruinose. Short black setae on lower 74 of cheeks and parafacies, on anterior 2 of frons, between ocellar and postocellar bristles, along outer parts of orbital plates, and in midcervical patch. Lateral occipital margins with stronger setae and bristles. Antennae testaceous, segment 3 elongate oval, dorsal margin straight. Arista brownish black, without hairs. Palpi yellowish, labium and labella brownish.
| VOLUME 83, NUMBER | 101
| 0.4 mm
Figs. 2-4. Pherbellia suspecta. Hull, Quebec, Canada. Inverted views. 2, Postabdomen, sinistral view. 3, Anterior surstylus, viewed in broadest aspect. 4, Posterior view of postab- domen. Figs. 5-8. Posterior surstyli, inverted; a, lateral view; b, posterior view. 5, P. suspecta. Hull, Quebec, Canada. 6, P. subtilis. Willits, Mendocino Co., California, USA. 7, P. obscura. Kvikkjokk, Norrbotten, Sweden. 8, P. ventralis. Tzavrou, Corfu, Greece.
'‘ag=
102 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
4 P. suspecta
@ P. obscura @ P. subtilis
SCALE
200 400 600 Se
LHS t = © 200° 400 6008001000 1200 400 KILOMETE!
LAMBERT AZIMUTHAL EQUAL-AREA PROJECTION
|
110
Fig. 9. Collecting sites for Pherbellia suspecta, P. obscura, and P. subtilis.
~ VOLUME 83, NUMBER 1 103
|
Thorax grey pruinose dorsally with brownish longitudinal stripes. Meso- pleuron with broad, diagonal brown stripe extending below middle but not to lower posterior corner. Remainder of thoracic surfaces light greyish prui- nose. Mesopleuron bare. Pteropleuron with a cluster of 6 sinistral and 8 dextral bristles of nearly equal size; no vallar bristles. Sternopleuron with fine short hairs over most of the surface and well-developed bristles ven- trally. Prosternum bare.
Coxae testaceous with silvery pruinosity. Forefemur and foretibia brown- ish black. Tarsal segments brownish. Mid- and hindlegs entirely brownish yellow, slightly infumated.
Wing length 3.7 mm. Membrane greyish yellow hyaline; costal margin and wing veins testaceous; crossveins very slightly infuscated. No stump veins; anterior crossvein oblique, Ist vein ending well beyond level of an- terior crossvein; anal vein reaching margin. Haltere, squama, and squamal
_ ciliae yellowish white.
Abdominal segments brownish, slightly infumated dorsally, andrium tes-
_ taceous; postabdomen as in Figs. 2-5.
Allotype female.—Similar to holotype except in abdominal morphology. Wing length 3.6 mm.
Holotype.—d, Canada, Quebec, Hull, 12 May 1947, G. E. Shewell.
Allotype.—?, same data as holotype.
Paratypes.—Same data as holotype (13 6,2 9).
Other specimens.—In addition to the above, we have seen material from the following localities: Alberta: Banff National Park. Northwest Territo- ries: Yellowknife. Ontario: Ottawa. Quebec: Old Chelsea; Beach Grove.
The following material previously determined (Orth et al., 1980) as P. subtilis must now also be ascribed to P. suspecta. Alberta: 40 mi W of Edmonton (Wabamun Lake). Manitoba: Churchill. New York: Tompkins Co., Ringwood, Dryden.
Deposition of material.—Holotype, allotype, and paratypes are all the property of the Biosystematics Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ot- tawa, Ontario.
Variation.—This species shows moderate variation in color. Grey areas may be in part replaced by tan or brown. Bristles in the cluster on the pteropleuron vary in number from 5 to 10. Wing length varies from 3.0 to 3.8 mm in males, 3.0 to 4.0 mm in females.
Discussion.—Species within the P. ventralis group closely resemble each other in external morphology. Size and color are too variable for positive identification. Examination of dissected male postabdomens in the labora- tory remains the best means for separating the various species. The poste- rior surstylus has excellent characters for separation (Figs. 5—8). Distribu- tion of the three North American species (Fig. 9) shows partial geographic isolation as well as areas of overlap for each species. Pherbellia suspecta
104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
is known from Yellowknife, N.W.T.; south to Banff, Alberta; east to Ot- tawa, Ontario; and south to Dryden, New York. Pherbellia obscura is | known from Anchorage, Alaska; northeast to Aklavik, N.W.T.; south to Yellowknife, N.W.T. and Banff, Alberta. A single male specimen was re- corded at Low Bush, Ontario, a disjunct locality 1600 miles (2550 km) east of any site where P. obscura had been previously collected. Pherbellia subtilis is known from Lisadale Lake, British Columbia; southeast to Banff, Alberta; southwest to Lake Hemet, California; and east to Cimarron Can- yon, New Mexico.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank the following individuals and institutions for their assistance or loan of material: B. E. Cooper, J. E. H. Martin, and R. V. Peterson, Bio- systematics Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario; C. O. Berg, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Lloyd Knutson, Insect Iden- tification and Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland; and S. C. Swanson and M. E. Badgley, University of California at Riverside. A special thanks to Lloyd Knutson, IIBIII, USDA, and T. W. Fisher, University of California at Riverside, for their critique of this study.
LITERATURE CITED
Orth, R. E., G. C. Steyskal, and T. W. Fisher. 1980. A new species of Pherbellia Robineau- | Desvoidy subgenus Chetocera Robineau-Desvoidy from North America (Diptera: Scio- myzidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 82(2): 284-292.
PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 83(1), 1981, pp. 105-128
REVISION OF THE GENUS FRENCHIA WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES (HOMOPTERA: COCCOIDEA: ASTEROLECANIIDAE)
Paris L. LAMBDIN AND MICHAEL KOSZTARAB
(PLL) Associate Professor, Department of Entomology and Plant Pa- thology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 73901; (MK) Professor, Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061.
Abstract.—The genus Frenchia is redescribed, and its taxonomic status is discussed. The immature and adult female stages of a new species, F. -banksiae, are described and illustrated. Also, redescriptions and illustrations are provided for F. casuarinae Maskell and F. semiocculta Maskell. Nu- ‘merical data on the external morphological structures of each stage are given, and keys are provided for determination of the three species in each ‘stage. Plant galls and other malformations produced by each species are illustrated and described, and the economic importance of each species is discussed. Species of Frenchia occur only in the Australian Region, and are
‘considered to form a distinct branch of the family Asterolecaniidae.
| The genus Frenchia was erected by Maskell (1892) to include the species F. casuarinae, a gall-forming coccoid from Australia. Later, Maskell (1895) included a second species, F. semiocculta, in the genus. Froggatt (1898, 1921, 1933) provided additional data on gall formation, hosts, and distribu- ‘tion for both species. Morrison and Morrison (1922, 1927) redescribed both species but stated that they were unable to see several morphological char- acters of the various instars because of the poor quality of the slide-mounted material. It is for this reason and for the interesting new species recently recognized in a shipment from Australia, that we are revising this genus. Morphological descriptions and illustrations have been prepared for all ‘available stages of the three Frenchia species to show relationships. Keys ‘to the adult females and first- and second-instar females are presented to assist with species determination. Measurements are given in microns; av- erages are followed by ranges in paranthesis. Abbreviations for the names of institutions from which material was obtained or is deposited are: Aus- tralian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australia (ANIC); British Mu-
106 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
seum (Natural History), London, England (BM); Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Auckland, New Zealand (DSIR); U. S. National Museum of Natural History, Beltsville, Maryland (USNM); University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee (UT); Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia (VPI); and Waite Agricultural Re- search Institute, Adelaide, S. Australia (WARI). For type-material desig- nations and material studied lists, the first digit indicates the number of specimens, the second digit in parenthesis is the number of slides.
Frenchia Maskell, 1892
Type-species.—Frenchia casuarinae Maskell, 1892, by original designa- tion and monotypy.
Type-locality.—Australia.
Diagnosis.—Probably all 3 species bisexual; however, male descriptions lacking because of rarity of specimens. Males of different stages seen in F. banksiae, n. sp. and in F. semiocculta. Galls produced by males known in F. semiocculta. Adult females occur within galls, or in pitlike malforma- tions.
Adult female body variable in form; pyriform, or ovoid with acutely ta- pered abdomen. Dorsum with numerous quinquelocular pores, except in F. semiocculta; often with few 8-shaped or simple disc pores on abdomen, large 8-shaped pores few or absent, many scattered tubular ducts, these without terminal filament (usually absent on posterior abdominal segments), anal region rounded or acute at apex, distinct anal lobes and apical setae absent. Venter with unsegmented antennae, legs absent, bilocular pores on cephalothorax, usually with quinquelocular pore band in submarginal area or at least in spiracular furrows, anal ring indistinct without setae, or distinct with setae, tacklike setae scattered on both body surfaces.
Second-instar female body pyriform or elliptical, tapering toward caudal end. Quinquelocular pores numerous on dorsal and ventral submarginal area, or restricted to a marginal row on venter, or absent, except in spirac- ular furrows. Dorsum without tubular ducts, setae rare, large 8-shaped pores and simple disc pores absent or present. Venter with short unsegmented antennae, scattered bilocular pores and often with few trilocular pores in spiracular furrows, quinquelocular pores in marginal row or band and in spiracular furrows, anal ring poorly developed.
First-instar body elliptical. Dorsum with large 8-shaped pores and simple disc pores in segmental or longitudinal rows, setae rare, most tacklike. Ven- ter with 6-segmented antennae, elliptical eyes, 5-segmented legs, a campan- iform sensillum at base of each tarsus, apparently none on trochanter, slen- der pairs of tarsal and claw digitules, at least | trilocular pore associated with each spiracle, few bilocular pores on derm, anal ring without or with setae, anal lobes with prominent apical setae.
VOLUME 83, NUMBER | 107
Notes.—Frenchia originally was included by Maskell (1892) in the family Brachyscelidae because of formation of plant galls. This family name was changed to Apiomorphidae because Brachyscelis Schrader was preoccupied in the Coleoptera in 1834, and was replaced by Apiomorpha Riibsaamen, 1894. Other workers realized that besides the gall-forming habits, the type- species of the genus morphologically had very little in common with Apio- morpha, but much more with Asterolecaniidae.
Morrison and Morrison (1922) placed Frenchia in a group of genera con- taining Asterolecanium. Russell (1941) assigned Frenchia to the subfamily Asterolecaniinae and noted that it belonged to a group of genera most closely related to Amorphococcus, Asterolecanium, and Polea.
Borchsenius (1960) placed Frenchia in the tribe Polliniini in association with the genera Callococcus Ferris, Mycococcus Ferris, and Pollinia Tar- gioni-Tozzetti. Koteja (1974a), based on characters of the mouthparts, dis- agreed with the latter assignment. It appears from Koteja’s and our studies that Frenchia occupies a distinct status among the asterolecaniids and is probably not closely related to any of the recently studied genera in this family; therefore, it probably needs to be transferred into a new subfamily. Studies on the poorly known genera of Asterolecaniidae to be undertaken by the first author in the near future should assist with the proper phylo- genetic placement of the genus Frenchia. Taxonomic information on the adult males in these genera also would be helpful.
KEY TO ADULT FEMALES OF FRENCHIA
1. Anal region not sclerotized; large 8-shaped pores absent on dorsum Ol cephaalothorax: andl ring without setae’ ..-©......-..-s+-2-5e eee 2 — Anal region heavily sclerotized; large 8-shaped pores present on dorsum of cephalothorax; anal ring with setae .. banksiae, new species 2. Abdominal region more than twice as long as cephalothorax; quin-
quelocularspores: present on dorsum ...:........- casuarinae Maskell — Abdominal region less than twice as long as cephalothorax; quin- quelocular pores absent on dorsum ............ semiocculta Maskell
KEY TO SECOND-INSTAR FEMALES OF FRENCHIA
1. Anal ring absent or incomplete; dorsal 8-shaped pores absent; an-
femitae Wilh’ 2"OL-SaSelae osc. . hi Re no's sm cns Cee ee © wren eee kets 2 — Anal ring well developed; dorsal 8-shaped pores present; antennae
WIT OSC LAG Fe 1. Bees S as be eee ate Hee ee ae banksiae, new species 2. Quinquelocular pores present on dorsum and in submarginal band
Oi veliei- nal Tine ADSEME oe. sas. as cs oe ac oe casuarinae Maskell
— Quinquelocular pores absent on dorsum and restricted to spiracular furrows on venter; anal ring present, but incomplete ............. seceniciiopato eR gheoR IPR IRR Mek aoaai Ripa aes a See OR at regs semiocculta Maskell
108
Fig. 1. F. banksiae, adult female. a, Dorsoventral view. b, Large 8-shaped pore. c, Small 8-shaped pore. d, Quinquelocular pore. e, Simple disc pore. f, Tubular duct. g, Tacklike seta. h, Antenna. i. Spiracle. j, Trilocular pore. k, Bilocular pore. 1, Tacklike seta. m, Needlelike
seta.
VOLUME 83, NUMBER 1 109
KEY TO FIRST-INSTAR FEMALES OF FRENCHIA
1. Large 8-shaped pores in 6 long (extending almost entire body length)
and 2 short (extending less than halfway on body) longitudinal rows:
1 trilocular pore associated with each spiracle; labium with 4 or less PalleseOtuSetacete tos. Siicreees Se