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THE

GARDENER'S MAGAZINE.

[Forming Vol. I. of the Third Series.) CONDUCTED

By J. C. LOUDON, F.L.S. H.S. &c.

AUTHOR OF THE ENCYCLOPEDIAS OF GARDENING, OF AGRICULTURE, AND OF COTTAGE, FARM,

AND VILLA ARCHITECTURE, AND OF THE ARBORETUM BRITANNICUM AND

SUBURBAN GARDENER.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR THE CONDUCTOR; AND SOLD BY

LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS,

PATERNOSTER ROW ;

AND A. AND C. BLACK, EDINBURGH.

1841.

EXPLANATION

v^.(7

THE CHARACTERS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND INDICATIONS

USED IN BOTANICAL AND FI.ORICULTURAL NOTICES.

Habit.

^ Deciduous tree.

j Evergreen.

i Palm tree.

ats Deciduous shrub.

at Evergreen shrub.

jt Deciduous under.shrub.

M, Evergreen under-shrub.

_g Deciduous twiner, ligneous

or herbaceous. J_ Evergreen twiner, lig. or

herb. _| Deciduous climber, lig. or

herb. g_ Evergreen climber, lig. or

herb. jk Deciduous trailer, lig. or

herb. !U Evergreen trailer, lig. or

herb. ^ Deciduous creeper, lig. or

herb. ♦„ Evergreen creeper, lig. or

herb. ;^ Deciduous herbaceous plant. ^ Evergreen herbaceous plant. Ml Grass. tS Bulbous plant. ;(; Fusiform-rooted plant. i^ Tuberous-rooted plant. ^ Aquatic. j^ Epiphyte.

Duration and Habitation. /^^ Perennial. Q) Biennial.

0 Annual.

1 I Bark, or moist, stove. I Dry stove.

I I Greenhouse.

J Frame.

IZ3 Bark stove perennial. 7\\ Dry stove perennial. lAI Greenhouse perennial. Al Frame perennial. Ol Bark stove biennial. TSI Dry stove biennial. iO)| Greenhouse biennial. .0)1 Frame biennial, rm Bark stove annual. TTI Dry stove annual. iQI Greenhouse annual. Ql Frame annual.

Popular Character.

ag agricuUural. I clt cultivated cl clothing. I in its na-

tive coun- try.

cu curious.

cul culinary.

de delicate.

dy dyeing plant.

ec economical.

el elegant.

esc esculent.

fr fruit tree.

fra fragrant.

gr grotesque.

va medicinal.

or ornamental.

p poisonous.

pr pretty.

rk for rock- work.

ro robust.

spl splendid.

tm timber tree.

un uninterest- ing.

w weed, abun- dant in cultivated soils in its native country.

Height.

fit floating.

Colour of

Ap apetal- ous. .SIrug serugi- nous. B blue. Bd blood. Bh blush. Bk black. Bksh blackish. Br brown. Bri brick- coloured. Brsh brown.

ish. Bsh bluish. Bt bright. C crimson. Czes cjesious. Ch chestnut. Ci citron. Cin cinereous Cop copper- coloured. Crea cream- coloured. D dark. Din dingy. Dl dull. Dp deep. F flesh. Fer ferrugi- nous, fiery. Fla flame- coloured. Ful fulvid. Fus fuscous.

Fi

Flower.

G green.

Gl glaucous.

Go golden.

Gsh greenish.

Gy grey.

Hoa hoary.

L light.

La lake.

Ld livid. Lera lemon-co- loured.

Li lilac.

Lu lurid.

0 orange. Och ochrace-

ous.

01 olive. Oliva olivace- ous.

purple, pale, pink, or

rose, pellucid, red. rosy, reddish, rufous, russet. Rust rusty-co- loured. S scarlet. Saf saffron. Sil silvery. Smo smoky ash-co- lour.

P

Pa

Pk

PI

R

Ro

Rsh

Ru

Rus

Spot spotted.

St striped,

Str straw.

Su sulphur

Tan tan-co- loured

Taw tawny.

Test testace- ous.

Tran transpa- rent.

Ve

Umb umber- coloured.

V violet. Va varie- gated.

vermi- lion. Vy veiny. W white Wsh whitish.

Y yellow. Ysh yellowish

Native Country. C. G, H. Cape of Good Hope. E. Ind. East Indies. N. Amer. North America. N. Eur. North of Europe.

New Holland.

New South Wales. S. Amer. South America. S. Eur. South of Europe.

Van Diemen's Land.

West Indies.

N. Holl. N. S. W.

V. Di. L. Vf. Ind.

Propagation. by budding, cuttings.

division of the plant, grafting, inarching, layers, leaves, offsets.

division of the root, seeds, suckers.

Soil.

watery places.

common garden soil.

common peat or bog.

heavy rich clay.

heavy loam.

loam.

loam and peat, most loam.

light vegetable soil.

light loam.

moist soil.

peat.

peat and loam, most peat, r. rich garden soil,

r.ra. rich mould, ru. rubbish. s. sand,

s.l. sandy loam, s.p. sandy peat, s.p.l. sand, peat, and loam.

aq.

CO.

c.p.

h.

h.l.

I.

l.p.

It.

lt.l.

m.s.

P-

p.I.

The systematic names of plants are accented as in the Hortus Britannicus. The derivations of the genera are given, and the specific systematic names literally translated, any explanatory words accompanying such translation being printed in Italic. Those names, whether of genera or species, which are commemorative, as Banksia in honour of Sir Joseph Banks, are distinguished by having the subjoined letters in Italic where the rest of the word is in Roman, and in Roman where the rest of the word is in Italic, as Bdn/csia ; those which have been applied to plants by the classic writers of antiquity are distinguished by having the initial letter in Italic, as PJ rus, where the rest of the word is in Roman, and in Roman where the rest of the word is in Italic, as Fyrus. All words, generic or specific, of unknown derivation, or aboriginal names, are wholly in Italic or wholly in Roman, according to the letter in which the preceding or following matter may be printed, as PffidSria Llngun Boj., or Ptcderia Lfngun B(tj.

London: Printed by A. Spottiswoode, New-Street-Square.

PREFACE.

The various matters treated of in the Gardefier's Magazine for 1841, will be found enumerated and classed in the following

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

287

Page GENERAL SUBJECT.

Historical, Statistical, and Critical.

A Summary View of the Progress of Gar- dening, and of Rural Improvement gene- rally, in Britain, during the Year 18tl ; with some Notices relative to the State of both in Foreign Countries. By the Con- ductor • - - - " ^^^ A Gardening Visit to Paris, from June 28. to August 16. 1840 : —

Paris ; Spirit of the People ; Education of the People ; Expression of Opinion ; Asphalte Pavements; Butchers' Shops; Streets ; Street Houses ; Public Buildings ; Public Gardens ; Villas ; Horticulture ; Floiiculture ; Arboriculture - - 191

London to Brighton ; Dieppe ; Dieppe to Rouen ; Rouen the Botanic Garden, the Cemetery, the principal Improvements; Rouen to Paris; Paris, Gardens of the Palais Royal, of the Tuileries, and at Mon- ceaux ; Villa of Baron Rothschild ; Bel- levue, near Sevres ; Belleville, at Meudon ; the Chateau de Meudon - - -

Versailles ; Neuilly ; St. Cloud ; Sceaux ; Verrieres; Belleville; Elysee Bourbon, and Hotel of the English Ambassador; Nur- series and Florists' Gardens ; Jardin des Plantes ; Fontainebleau ; ^Thomery ; Pa- lace of Fontainebleau ; Villa of Madame de Pompadour ; Havre - - -

Notice of a Visit to Hampton Court, in Here- fordshire - - " ■ 1i!5 Noticeof a Visit to Whitfield - -344 Notice of Bohemia Park, Sussex - -593 Additional Notes on tlie Progress of Garden- ing in the United States - - -

Scientific.

The Principles of Gardening physiologically considered : — „ „, , » n

I. On the Propagation of Plants. A. Pro- pagation by seed, accompanied by the Phenomena of Germination - - 479

I On the Propagation of PlanU — core.

■ tinued. B. Propagation by Buds. 1. Buds and their Metamorphoses - - 5J7. oy^

An Experiment on Growing Plants in Earths without Organic Matter - - - 602

On the Philosopy of Manures - - 3o5

Further Observations on the Philosophy of Manures - - - .' „, ' '^°

Observations on Liebig's " Organic Clie- jnistry" : — Assimilation of Carbon ; On the Origin of Humus ; On the Assimilation of Hydrogen ; Origin and Assimilation of Ni- trogen ; Art of Culture ; Interchanging of Crops and Manure - ' ^ : r. '

Importance of Geology, as a StUfly for Gar-

Page

383

146

- 97

deners

Importance of Natural History as a study for

Gardeners

600

Importance to Gardeners of a Knowledge of the Method of analysing Soils - -489

Burning of Soils as a Means of improving them - - - - - - 345

Experimental.

Remarks on the Application of Charcoal to the Growth of Plants - - - 221

Theory of M. Edward Lucas's Experiments on the Eft'ect of Charcoal on Vegetation : — Absorption of Light, and Generation of Heat; Absorption of Atmospheric Air; Decomposition of Charcoal, and Formation of a nourishing Substance for Plants ; Com- parative Chemical Examination of Charcoal Dust; Antiseptic Power of Chareoal ; Li- terature _ . . - - 252

Continuation of the Experiments of the Ef- fects of Charcoal on Vegetation, made in the Royal Botanic Garden of Munich - 304

Further Results of the Experiments on the Application of Charcoal, as a Mixture with Earth, for the Cultivation of Plants in Pots 219

On increasing Plants by Cuttings, &c., by the Use of Charcoal - . - - 152

On sowing Seeds in Snow - - - 302

On preserving Plants through the Winter, by Means of the Temperature of Spring Water 1

T/ie Weather.

On the comparative Temperature of different Years, and its Influence on Vegetation - 147

Effects of the Winter, from December 1840 to March 1841, on perennial Plants in the open Air - 486

Modes of Heating Plant Structures.

On the Application of White's Patent Stove to the Heating of Pits and other Plant Structures - - - - - 3

Dr. Arnott's Stoves applied to the Heating of Plant-houses - - - - - 431

On Mr. Corbett's Mode of Heating by the Cir- culation of Hot Water in open Gutters - 151

Mr. Glendinning's Opinion of Mr. Corbett's Mode of Heating by Hot Water - - 57

A new System of Heating Plant Structures - 494

On Mr. Penii's Mode of Warming and Ventil- ating - - - - - 208

Destruction of Insects.

On the Utility of washing Garden Walls to

destroy Insects ... - 535

On the Destruction of the Red Spider in Plant

Structures - - - - - 255

On destroying the White and Brown Scale

by the Application of Hot Water - - 255

Snails and Slugs considered with reference to

Horticulture ----- 346 On the Protection of Flowers in the Open

Ground, &c. from Snails and Slugs - 223

The Earth-Worm, considered with reference

to Horticulture - - - - 212

On the Hornet - - - - - 217

Garden Architecture.

Dimensions and Details for erecting various Kinds of Plant Structures to be heated by Hot Water or Smoke Flues, or by both Modes combined ; Cherry-house ; Peach. house ; Vinery ; Propagating-pit for Tan- ner's Bark and a Flue; Propagating-pit, A 2

IV

CONTENTS.

without Tan, to be heated by a Smoke Flue and Hot Water; Pit for fruiting Pine-ap- ples; Succession -pit for Pine-apples; Winter Cucumber-pit .... 308

Some Remarks on the Economising of Sur- faces under Glass ; the Introduction of ar- tificial Heat to Fruit Borders; and the Attainment of Bottom as well as Surface Heat from the same Heating Apparatus : — The Chinese, or Dwarf, Plantain ; Gra. nadilla ; Chinese Guava ; Pine-apple ; Cu- cumber or Melon ; Vine ; Forcing Straw- berries ; Forcing Shrubs. Illustrated by Plans and Sections - - - - 49

A Substitute for Hand-glasses, and a more economical Mode of using Glass in Forcing- houses suggested - . - . 204

On different Modes of Glazing Plant Struc- tures ------ 606

Further Information respecting the flued Walls at Erskine House - - - 256

Some Account of a Pit for preserving Ice, in Use at Erskine House, Renfrewshire - 434

Description of a Mode of arranging Hempen Lines for supporting Scarlet Runners, Con- volvuluses, or other twining Plants - 211

hnplements. Notice of a Draw-hoe in Use in Leicester- shire 311

Notice of Three new Garden Tools - 257

Notice of a Ladder for thinning Grapes in Hothouses - - - - - 210

LANDSCAPE-GARDENING.

On Gardening as an Art of Design and Taste 157 The Landscape-Gardening of F.L. von Sckell of Munich : —

I. General Observations on the Modern Natural Style of Gardening, with some Remarks on the Ancient Symmetrical Style 353

II. Selection of Natural Scenes suitable for the Adaptation of the Landscape- Gardener 411

III. On the -Architectural Edifices which are suitable for a Garden. I V . The Situation Temples in Pleasure- Grounds. V. On the different Kinds of Trees, Shrubs, and Flowers, which were particularly dedicated to the different Gods and Goddesses, and which should surround their respective Temples, as Part of their Attributes - 497

V. On the different Kinds of Trees, Shrubs, and Flowers, which were particu- larly dedicated to the different Gods and ' Goddesses, and which should surround their respective Temples, as part of their Attri- butes.— continued. VI. Architectural De- corations. VII. Bridges in Gardens. VIII. The first Proceedings on the Spot which is to form the Natural Garden. IX. On Stak. ing out and Tracing on the Ground the Forms and Outlines of the Natural Garden, with reference to Character, Effect, and Beauty - . - - 536. 603

Design for laying out a Suburban Residence 350 A new Method of forming Living Arbours 312

ARBORICULTURE.

Report on the New Trees and Shrubs raised in the Horticultural Society's Garden in the

Year 1841 608

On the Culture of Timber Trees - -508

On Mr. Gavin Cree's System of Pruning Forest Trees, containing an Outline of his Method - - - - 435

On Pruning Forest Trees - . - 440

On Pruning Forest Trees ... 444 On Pruning Trees in General - - 555

Copy of a Letter addressed to Sir Charles Gordon, Secretary to the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, on Prun- ing Trees - . - . - 458 On the Thinning of Forest Trees - - 550 Remarks on several Species of Conffcra.', with

Reference to the Climate of North Britain 104 On Leycestfirjo formbsa, as an Undergrowth

for the Shelter and Food of Game, and as a Sea-Breeze Plant - - - - 9

Arboricultural Notices . - - 355

Measurement, Age, &c., of Trees at Blair

Drummond, Scotland - - - 505

On the Incombustibility of the Larch - 226

On the CJ?tisus AdS-m;', or Purple Laburnum 58 On the Propagation of the .Rhododendron dauricum, and other Species of the same natural Family, by Cuttings - - 462

Notice of a simple Mode of taking the Height of Trees - - - - - 350

FLORICULTURE. Botanical, Floricultural, and Arboricultural Notices of the Kinds of Plants newly intro- duced into British Gardens and Plantations, or which have been originated in them lO.fii. 167. 2-58. 324. 350. 556 The Flower Garden at Esholt Hall ; its De- sign, Culture, and Management - - 610 List of Plants adapted for a Conservatory

Wall, with Remarks on some of the Species 239 Observations and Reflections on the Cul-

cultivation of the facti ... 5]Q

On the Management of Cacti ... 169 On bringing the Cacti raised from Seed

quicker into Flower . - - . 357

Catalogue of the C&cti in the Collection of the Rev. Theodore Williams, at Hendon Vica. rage, Middlesex .... 313

On the Culture of the splendid Lake Rose,

Nelfanbium specibsum Willd. - - 513

On the Culture of Ixias and other Zridece in the Island of Jersey - - - - 15

On the Culture of the Gladiolus cardinklis - 461 On the Propagation of Dahlias - - 416

Observations of the Propagation of the Dahlia 510 Notice of a Petunia of extraordinary Dimen- sions - - - - - - 9

HORTICULTURE. Report on the New Fruits and Culinary Ve- getables raised in the Horticultural Society's Garden since the last Report in 1837 - 614

A Systematic Plan for a Gardener to " serve

the Kitchen " - - . - 7

On Root- Pruning of Fruit Trees - -615

On the Use of inclined Walls for growing the

finer Sorts of Fruits . - • - 360

On the Cultivation of the Pine-apple, as prac- tised in the Kitchen-garden of the Palace of Versailles in the Year 1840 - - 17

On the Use of the Species of Pisang (Mftso paradisiaca) and the Banana (Mtisa sapien- tum) ------ 490

On the Effects of Water on the Growth and

Ripening of Melons - . - . 465

On the Culture of the Cucumber in Pits

heated by Hot Water - . - 262

On the Destruction of Mice in Cucumber Frames - - - - -26

On the Cultivation of the Grape Vine - 21

On growing Three Crops of Grapes in One House - - - - - 73

On the Shriveling of Grapes - - . 170

On the Shriveling of Grapes - . - 171

On the Shanking and Shriveling of Grapes 173 On the Shanking of Grapes - - - 262

On the Cultivation of the Peach in Pots, in Pine-houses ----- 321

On the Culture of the Peach in the open .\ir 63 Mode of destroying the Green Fly on Peach Trees - - - - - - 73

An Account of some remarkable old Pear

Trees at Dunimarle, Culross, Perthshire - 464 On growing Strawberries for Forcing - 1:64

Description of a Mode in which Mushrooms may be grown under the Paths of a Hot- house - J. - - - - 207

Observations on the Culture of the Goose.

berry and Raspberry . - - 4(55

On the Hautbois Strawberry - - - 266

On the Culture of the Conical-fruited Scarlet

Alpine Strawberry - - - . 266

A Methotl of sowing Peas and Beans in Boxes for Transplanting - - - - 74

On the Culture and Forcing of Rhubarb . 174

CONTENTS.

On Forcing Sea-kale - - - - 269

An accidental Discovery of an improved Mode of Blanching Sea-kale and Rhubarb with Peat Soil - - - - 75

Comparative Results from cultivating Nine Sorts of Celery - - - - 76

On the Culture of the Early Horn Carrot - 27

BEE CULTURE.

Remarks on placing the Entrance to Bee- hives - - - - . - 77

DOxMESTIC ECONOMY.

On the Manufacture of Rose-water and Attar, or Otto, of Roses, at Ghazeepore - 359

AGRICULTURE.

Notice on Festitca ovina L., Festuca rtibra L., and ^rbraus pratensis L., as Pasture and Lawn Plants - . . . 467

REVIEWS.

GENERAL SUBJECT.

The Field, the Garden, and the Woodland.

By a Lady , - . . 326

Pratt's Flowers and their Associations - 228

Transactions of the Pennsylvania Horticul- tural Society ... lyg

Scientific. A Selection from the Physiological and Hor- ticultural Papers published in the Transac- tions of the' Royal and Horticultural Societies by the late Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq. 327 Vegetable Physiology . . 327. 616

Rhind's History of the Vegetable Kingdom,

228. 624 The Phytologist, a Botanical Journal - 624

Catalogues, ^c.

Loudon's First Additional Supplement to the Encyclopaedia qf Flants - - - 369

Link, Klotzsch, and Otto's Icones Plantarum Rariorum - - - - 84. 369

Fowld's, Young's, and Gregory's Nursery Catalogues - - - - -33

Lucombe, Pince, and Co.'s Sale Catalogue of Plants belonging to the Natural Order Co- niferje - - - - - 86

Carter's Catalogue of Seeds for 1841 - 177

Graham's Catalogue of the Plants growing in Bombay and its Vicinity - - - 85

Riley's Catalogue of Ferns ... 176

A Catalogue of Plants collected in the Neigh- bourhood of Banbury. By George Gulliver, F.R.S., F.L.S. - - - - 625

A Manual of the British AlgEe ; containing Generic and Specitic Descriptions of all the known British Species of Sea-weeds, and of ConfervEB, both Marine and Freshwater. By the Honourable William Henry Harvey - 625

Botanical Notices-

DeCandoUe's Description d'une Nouvelle Es- pdce de Figuier - - - - 85

DeCandoUe's Huititme Notice sur les Plantes Rares cultiv(5es dans le Jardin de Geneve - 85

Germain's Observations sur quelques Plantes Critiques des Environs de Paris - - 177

Webb's Notice sur le Paulownm . - 177

A Series of Botanical Labels for the Herba- rium - - - . - - 229

LANDSCAPE-GARDENING.

A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape-Gardening, adapted to North America; with a View to the Improve- ment of Country Residences. With Re. marks on Rural Architecture. By A. J. Downing .... 421. 472

ARBORICULTURE.

Die Coniferen nach Lambert, Loudon, und anderin. Frey bearbeitet von Franz An- toine. The Coniferas after Lambert, Lou- don, and others. Newly composed by F. Antoine ' 28. 624

By H.

A History of British Forest Trees. By Fri- deau.x John Selby, F.R.S.E., F.L.S., &c. - 624

The Eastern Arboretum, or Rural Register of all the remarkable Trees, Seats, Gardens, &c., in the County of Norfolk. By James Grigor - - . - 29. 270. 624

FLORICULTURE. A Descriptive Catalogue of Roses. Lane and Son

HORTICULTURE.

The Kitchen-Garden ; extracted by permis- sion from the British Almanack of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Know- ledge for the Year 1837 - . - 625 Manning's Book of Fruits ... 176 Catalogue Raisonnt des Arbres Fruitiers, &c. 620 Rivers's Hints on Root-Pruning, &c. - =.. . 625 Mills's Treatise on an improved Mode of cul- tivating the Cucumber and Melon - 229 Ayres's Treatise on the Cultivation of the

Cucumber in Pots, &c. - - - 327

Cucumber Culture. By John Duncan - 274

AGRICULTURE.

The Journal of the Royal Agricultural So- ciety of England . . .79. 625

The British Farmer's Magazine for 1841 . 626

Three Lectures on Agriculture. By Dr. Daubeny, F.R.S., M.R.S.A., &c. - -270

The Farmer's Encyclopedia, and Dictionary of Rural Affairs. Illustrated by Wood En- gravings of the best and most improved Agricultural Implements, &c. Forming one of the Series of Encyclopiedias and Dictiona- ries now in course of Publication. By Cuthbert W. Johnson, Esq. - - 625

RURAL ARCHITECTURE.

Graphic Illustrations, with Historical and Descriptive Accounts, of Toddington, Glou. cestershire, the Seat of Lord Sudely. By John Britton, F.S.A. . - - 362. 418

Ricauti's Rustic Architecture - - 34

Illustrations and Descriptions of Kilpeck Church, Herefordshire; with an Essay on Eccelsiastical Designs. By G. R. Lewis . 627

Austin and Seeley's Specimen Book of their Artificial Stone Manufactory, New Road London 370

Model Mapping, as suggestive of a general and Economic System of Drainage and Ir. rigation, &c. By J. Bailey Denton - 626

Description and Use of an Improved Level- ling Stave. By T. Sopwith, F.G.S. . 627

Report of the Select Committee appointed to inquire into the present State of the " Na- tional Monuments and Works of Art, &c." 627

THE WEATHER.

Leigh's Hints for an Essay on Anemology and Ombrology - - - - 87

White's Theories of the Weather Prophets, and the comparative Success of their Pre- dictions ----- 370 A 3

VI

CONTENTS.

The British Almanack, and the Companion to the Almanack for 1841 - - - 3i

The Farmer's Almanacks and Calendar lor 1842 . - - . - 628

MISCELLANEOUS.

The Seventh Annual Report of the Royal Cornwall Polvtechnic Society - - 177

The Eighth Annual Report of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society - - 626

Brande's Dictionary of Science, Literature, and Art ... - Vu. 626

Transactions of the Society for the Encou- ragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Com- merce ..... 275

Lectures on Chemistry, including its Appli- cation in the Arts. By Henry M. Noad - 626

The Entomologist. Conducted by Edward

Newman, F.L.S., Z.S.,&c. . - -626

The Journey-Book of England - .628

A Developement of the Principles and Plan on which to establish Self-supporting Home Colonies ; as a most secure and profitable Investment for Capital, and an effectual Means permanently to remove the Causes of Ignorance, Poverty, and Crime ; and most materially to benefit all Classes of So- ciety, by giving a right Application to the now greatly misdirected Powers of the Hu. man Faculties and of Physical and Moral Science. By Robert Owen - - 628

LITERARY NOTICES.

The Guide to the Conservatory. By Richard Bainbridge . - . . . 286

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

GENERAL NOTICES.

Historical and Statistical. — The Gardeners' Book Society of Croydon, 35 ; What constitutes a Gar. dener, 629 ; Order Book, 629. Scientific. — The Theory of Excretions of Plants, 629; Effect of coloured Light, 629; Char, coal Dust, 630 ; Sawdust mixed with Stable Ma- nure, 630; Pounded Brickbats, 630; The Guernsey Weeding Prong, 630; Germination of Seeds, 519; Average Temperature at which Seeds will germinate, 375 ; Respiration of Plants; 181 ; Sending Home Seeds from warm Climates, 562 ; Sending Home Seeds from foreign Coun- tries, 630 ; The Oxygenation of Water, 631 ; Suspended Vegetation, (^31 ; Raising Plants from Seed, 632 ; Root-pruning, 632 ; Acclimatising Plants, 632 ; Neatness often the Cause of im- poverishing the Soil, 632 ; The Scion will affect the Quality, although not the Organization of the Stock, 632; Propagation by Leaves, 633; Budding, 633 ; Sending Cuttings by Letter, 88|; Objections to turning in Snow when digging or ploughing, 377 ; Garden Culture of Exotics, 87 ; Sawdust as iVIanure, 376 ; Striking from Leaves, 376 ; Root-Grafting, 377 ; Roadmaking, 282 ; Paving Roads with India-rubber, 638 ; Expe- riments for the Destruction of Moss on Gravel "Walks, 281 ; Growth of Fig Branches without Roots, 375. Insects. — Insects on Plants, 427 ; To destroy Ca- terpillars, 475 ; The Gooseberry Caterpillar, 521 ; Caterpillars on Vines, 3-'8 ; The Maggot in Onions, 88; American Blight, 229 ; Recipes for destroying Ants, 280 ; Wire- Worms, 475 ; Trap for Woodlice, 281 ; Woodlice among Orchi- dacea;, 378; Earthworms, 329 ; Tobacco Paper, 634 ; Tobacco Water, 634 ; Spirit of Tar, 634 ; ■ Sulphurated Hydrogen Gas, 634; Stifling In- sects, 634 ; Deterring Insects by Mud, 634.

Diseases Canker in Fruit Trees, 377.

Landscape. Gardening. — To destroy. Moss in

Lawns, 634. Garden Structures, hnplements, S(C. — Heat con- sidered relatively to Plant Structures, 634; Boiler Furnaces, 635 ; The Construction of Pipes for circulating hot Water, 634 ; Laying Hot- water Pipes in Troughs of Water, 635; Glazing I Hot-houses, 635 ; Old Putty softened, 635 ; A Pit for wintering Plants, 635 ; Fruit- Room, 635 ; Construction of a Fruit-Room, 636 ; Ventilation of Plant Structures, 637; Tanner's Bark Walks, 6S7 ; A Forcing-House which may be applied to various Purposes, 563 ; Green's Cucumber Pit, 281 ; Smoke Flues, closed Hot-water Pipes, and • Water in open Gutters, as Modes of Heating, 377 ; An Ice-house under Rockwork, 563 ; Tarred Canvass for Coverings, 280 ; Oil. Paper Frames, 562 ; Pocock's Asphalte Roofing, 280 ; Receipts for preparing artiHcial Asphalte, 564 ; Indian- Rubber Pavement, 87 ; Pince and Co's permanent Botanical and Horticultural Tally, 230; Garden Syringes, Sa ; The Wickerwork

Dahlia Protector, 377 ; The Potting.bench In. strument, 563; New Besom for Garden Pur. poses, 230 ; A Camera Lucida, well adapted for Gardeners, 278 ; Ropes from metallic Wire, 87.

Arboriculture. — Botanic Garden Reports of new Trees and Shrubs, 35; Economical Planting, 564 ; Vitality of the Genera P^rus, and Cra. tae'gus, 278 ; Propagating Coniferous Plants by Cuttings, 638 ; Stunted Ash Trees, 638 ; Rabbits and Gamekeepers, 639 ; Autumn Planting, 639 ; Certain Species of European Pines, 639 ; Shrub- beries, 641 ; Pruning and Lopping, 641 ;"Cedrus Deodara, 641 ; Arauc&ria imbricSlta, 641 ; Quer- cus fastigiSta and Q. Alba, 641 ; The Terms red and white Oak, 641 ; The sweet Bay, 641 ; The Savine, 641 ; Rbiis Cotinus, 641 ; Birches and other Coppices, 641 ; Tree Guards, 641 ; Au- tumnal Colouring of ^u^rcus" and /fhiis, 36 ; American Oaks, 36 ; Preservation and Staining of Wood, 178 ; Kyanised Timber, 279 ; Prepa. ration of Timber, 374 ; Boucherie's Mode of preserving Timber; 642; Boucherie's Mode of increasing the Elasticity of Wood, 643 ; Bur- nett's Mode of Preserving Timber, 643.

Floriculture. — Fasteningdown Plants, 643; Grow- ing Annuals in Pots, 643 ; Budding Roses, 643; Pruning Roses, 644 ; Propagation of Pinks, 644 ; Culture of the Amaryllis, 644 ; C'rinum capense,

645 ; Rosc6ea purpCirea, 645 ; The Marchioness of Exeter's Camellia, 645 ; .Salvia p~itens, 645; AbidiloH striatum, 645; Abutilon yitifiJlium, 645; Fuchs/'a discolor, 645; Physidnthus Albicans, 645; O'xalis Acetosella, 645.

Horticulftire. — Canker in Fruit Trees, 645 ; Vines, 645 ; Preservation of Grapes, 646 ; Mr. Hayward's ^Manure for Grapes, 646; Keeping Fruit, 646 ; Raspberries, 646 ; Thinning Pears, 646; The Scale on Peach Trees, 646; Pre. serving SPears on the Trees, 646; Wild Crab,

646 ; Pears, 646 ; Keeping Apples and Pears 647; Package of Fruit, 647; Roots of Fruit Trees, 647 ; The Spanish Filbert, 647 ; Goose- berries, 647 ;f,Gooseberry Cuttings, 647 ; The Club in the Cabbage Tribe, 647; Asparagus, 648; O'xalis Deppe^, 648; Comfrcy, 648; Vic- toria Rhubarb, 648 ; Myatt's Pine Strawberry, 648; Fuchsia fulgens, 648; Cucumberand Melon Culture, 35; Steaming Mushroom-houses, 328; Covering Strawberry-beds with Netting, 229 ; Preserving Currants on the Bushes till Christ, mas, 564 ; Artificial Maturation of Figs, 37 : The Quince, 564.

Do7nestic Economy On boiling Potatoes, 329;

Curdling of Milk, 521 ; Aspergillus glaUcus, or Cheese Mould, 329.

Agriculture. — Trifolium incarnatum,6J8 ; Agri- culture, 281 ; Lime in Agriculture, 476 ; Ra- vages of Worms at the Roots of Corn, 522 ; /rt'6mus pratensis and Fcstuca U'r/Y, 564.

The Weather. — On a Method of prognosticating the probable Mean Temperature of the several Winter Months from that of corresiwnding

CONTENTS.

Months in the preceding Summer, 180 ; Hoar- frost, 374.

Education. — Amount of Instruction worthy of the Title of Education, 88 ; Music, as a Branch of Popular Education, 88 ; Necessity of Amuse- ment, 89.

Miscellaneous. — The Use of Sulphate of Lime, 521 ; Disinfecting Night-Soil and Stable-Dung, 37* ; Nets dyed Blue, 378; The Landscape- Painter, 373; The Solar Ray, 562; Derange- ment of the Spinal Column, 330.

FOREIGN NOTICES. Fr.\nce. New Herbaceous Peonies, 378.

Germ.\ny. Culture of Hepatica triloba, 522; Notes of a Bo- tanical Tour, Edward Otto, 379; Extracts from the Einstolary Correspondence of Edward Otto, during his Voyage to Cuba, and his Aborte there, 523. 649 ; Storm at Louisaine, near Des- sau, 648.

Italy. Gardening in Lorabardy, Roses, Method of mul- tiplying Camellias, Giusepjie Manetti, 56.5 ; Sa- lisbClna «diantif61ia, and other Matters, G. Manetti, 182.

Russia.

Climate and Culture of Cucumbers in Courland, 90 ; Winter of 1840-41, 525.

Asia Minor. Chips of Firewood for giving Light, 378.

Africa. On the Malaria of the Western Coast of Africa, 567.

India. Education in Travancore, 379 ; The Roses of Ghazeepore, 379.

North America. Philadelphia Improvements, 428 ; American ex- ploring Squadron, J569 ; Jussieila grandifli.ra, 91; Sweet and Sour Apple, 476; Maple Sugar, 379 ; New Cherry Tree from the far West, 330 ; To secure good Fruit, 476 ; Mammoth Cabbage, 330 ; Supposed new Cherry, 569 ; Sourrailier Potato, 331 ; Live Oak, 476 ; Aildntus glandu- 16sa, 569 ; Macliira aurantiaca, 569 ; New Edition of Michaux's Sylva, John Torrey, 569.

SofTH America. Rio Janeiro, Dr. L. F. Lippold, 37.

DOMESTIC NOTICES.

England.

Public Park in the East of London, 331 ; Ken- sington Gardens, 331 ; Parks and Pleasure- Grounds, 282; Presentation, by the Bath Royal Horticultural and Botanical Society, of a Cup to Mr. Baxter, 283 ; New or rare Plants lately raised in the Botanic Garden, Liverpool, Henry Shepherd, 38 ; The Exhibition at the Horticul- tural Society's Gardens, 331 ; Churchyards at Lancaster, D. Saul, 230 ; Margins of the great Lines of Railway, 332 ; The Bokhara Clover, R. Forest, 231 ; The Effect of Under-draining, 477 ; /"inus Lambert;<in«, 429 ; The Green- houses in the Wakefield Nursery, 570 ; The Great American Aloe, 525 ; Brugmans;Vz bicolor, W. H. B., 477 ; Cereus Northuraberland;'« and Cyperus longus, A. B. Lambert, 91 ; Cnicus tuberbsus, 92 ; Bad Effect of growing Peaches and Grapes in the same House, J. Nash, 571 ; Weight of Queen Pines cut at Presswold in 1840, W. Brown, 231 ; Immense Mushroom, 526 ; The Gigantic Flax, 184 ; Cotton Plant, 38 ; Jelly from, the Berries of R)bcs san- guineum, 231 ; Geese destroyed by eating Monk's-hood, 651 ; Instinct of Pigeons, 652; Habit of the Virginian Nightingale, 652; Effects of the Winter of 1837-8, W. Godsall, 571.

Scotland. Glasgow Botanic Garden, 231 ; General Cemetery near Edinburgh, 332 ; The " King's Knote" at Stirling, 652 ; The Douglas Monument, 477 ; Sir John Robison's Plant Case, 333; White's Patent Heating Apparatus, 332 ; Improvements in Cottage Buildings and Cottage Gardens, 572 ; Timber Bridges, 38 ; Names of African Plants, 231 ; iJhododiSndron anlhopbgon, 652 ; Agricultural Museum at Glasgow, 652.

Ireland.

Bequest of Books to the Botanic Garden, Glas- nevin, 284; Pinus pumilio, 184.

RETROSPECTIVE CRITICISM. The Derby Arboretum, 381 ; Chatsworth, Alton Towers, and Trentham, 40 ; The Conservative Wall at Chatsworth, 45 ; The Glazing of the Chatsworth Conservatory, 45 ; Chats%vorth Con- servatory, 92 ; The Pleasure Grounds at Theo- balds, 92 ; The Monument to the Memory of Mr. Douglas, 184; Burning of Soils, as a Means of Improving them, 478; Transmission of Cut- tings by Post, 237 ; Rooting Cuttings in Charcoal, and rooting Seeds in Snow, 653 ; Semicylindrical Draining-Tiles, 44 ; Architectural Objects in Gardens, 235 ; Mr. Niven's Stove for various Purposes, 234. 334. 429. 478 ; Mr. Forsyth's Plant Structures, 285 ; Mr. Penn's Mode of heating Hothouses, 42 ; Mr. Penn's Mode of Heating, as contrasted with other Modes, 43 ; Mr. Penn's Practice in Heating, ^-c, 231 ; Mr. Penn's Mode of heating and ventilating Hot- houses, 232; Mr. Penn's Mode of Heating and Ventilating, 285 ; Mr. Penn's Mode of Heating, 185 ; Mr. Penn's Mode of Heating at Chats- worth, 2.34. 333 ; Mr. Rogers's Conical Boiler, 43 ; On the Natural Succession of Forest Trees in the United States, .93 ; American Button Wood, or Plane Tree, 9'5 ; Quercus virens, Phellos, and pubescens, and 6''lmus effCisa, 93 ; Calling of the Queen Bee, 94 ; Plants adapted for a Conservative Wall, 334. 382 ; Propagation of the Dahlia, 573 ; J5aphne Cnebrum, and D. D^uphniii. 654 ; The Orange Groves of East Florida, 93 ; Rust on Vines, 46 ; Shriveling and Shrinking of Grapes, 45 ; Shriveling of Grapes, 235. £34 ; Mr. Mackenzie's Mode of cultivating the Gooseberry and Currant, 573 ; Recent Urine of Sheep, 572 ; Comparative Temperature of different Years, 235. 284.

QUERIES AND ANSWERS.

Mr. Parkyns, the Author of " Monastic Re- mains, &c., 654; To protect Forest Trees from the Ravages of Hares and Rabbits, 96 ; Pre- venting Hares and Rabbits from injuring the Bark of I'rees, 237. 286 ; To prevent the Ra- vages of Hares and Rabbits on Forest Trees, 237 ; Propagating the Mistletoe, 47 ; White Scale, Brown Scale, Woodlice, Singing-Birds, 185; The small Stag-Beetle, 186; The Onion Maggot, 185 ; Preventive against the Depreda- dations of Snails on Wall-Fruit, 574; Felling Resinous Trees, 237; The best Plan for manag- ing an old Orchard, 574; Milsa Cavendish?/, 334 ; Mdsa CavendishjY as a substitute for Pines, 430 ; Painting Vines with Clay, 237 ; The Curl in the Leaves of Vines, 96 ; Curling of Vine Leaves, 48; The Curl in Vine Leaves, 48 ; Shanking of Grapes, 47 ; Shanking and premature Shriveling of Grapes, 47 ; Oak Span- gles, 186.

The West London Gardeners' Association for mutiial Instruction : — Forcing and general Cultivation of the Strawberry - - 39

BIOGRAPHY.

Mr. William Beattie, F.H..S., 237; Daniel Ellis, Esq., F.R.S.E., &c., 188.; Francis Bauer, Esq., 186 ; John Cowham Parker, Esq., W.S., 190.

OBITUARY. M. Augustus Pyramus DeCandolle, 654 ; Prince Butera, 654; Lord Monson, 593. A 4

via

LIST OF ENGRAVINGS,

LIST OF ENGRAVINGS.

Ko. DIAGRAMS. Page

20, 21. Illustrative of a Method of training

the Peach Tree . . - 68, (59

23. Section of a Projecting Kerb Stone - 195

24. Elevation of the Obelisk of Luxor - 198 31, 32. View and Section illustrative of a

Method of supporting Climbing Plants 211 37. Illustrative of a Method of making a Gal- vanic Plant Protector - . - 226 SI. Part of aDisbarked Lime Tree - -401

GARDEN STRUCTURES.

1 — 3. Plan, Section, and Isometrical View of a Frame for Preserving Plants through the Winter - - 2, 3

4 — 12. Plans, Sections, and Elevations of Houses and Pits, showing White's Mode of Heating thera - - 3 — 7

13 — 17. Plan, Sections, and Elevation of a

Forcing-House - - - 50 — 54

18, 19. Plan and Section of a Pit to be heated

by Corbett's System - - - 57, 58

25 — 27. Perspective View, Plan, and Eleva. tion of a Hand-Box, as a substitute for Hand-Glasses - - - - 207

45, 46. Chairs adapted for Public Gardens

288. 298

52. Section of a Hotbed on Forsyth's System 494

INSTRUMENTS, IMPLEMENTS, UTEN. SILS, AND MACHINES.

No.

Page

28—30. Views and Section of a Ladder for

thinning Grapes in Hothouses - - 210

34. Cap for covering the Holes in the Bottoms

of Pots 217

35. A Galvanic Plant Protector - - 224

36. Galvanic Protector for Fruit Trees on

Walls 224

38, 39. Tallies for Trees and Shrubs - - 230

40. A Drill Rake - - - - 257

41. A Drill Hoe - - - - 258

42. A Sickle Hoe - - - - 258

43. Double Dutch Hoe - - - 258 58. The Guernsey Weeding Prong - - 630

44. Camera lucida for Gardeners - - 279 47, 48. Section and Views of a New Draw

Hoe 311

49. Measuring Staff - - - - 350

PLANS OF GARDENS AND COUNTRY RESIDENCES.

50. Design for a Suburban Residence - 351 53—57. Esholt Hall - - - 612, 613

INSECTS. 22. Z)6rcus parallelipi'pedus 33. Eggs of the Earth Worm -

- 186

- 215

LIST OF NEW AND RARE PLANTS FIGURED IN THE BOTANICAL PERIODICALS for the YEAR 1841.

'Ranunculacea.

ylNEMO^'NE

montkna £ Switzerland Delphi'nium

decbrum ^ New California

Berberfdeje. Beiberis

Coriaria ^ Nepal-

Vapavericea:. PapaVbr

commut^tum O Siberia

I.SO'MEHIS

arbbrea dfe

Cappariddceee.

I California

Vio/ariaceie.

SclIWEIGGE^R//!

pauciflftra e. □ Brazil

Pittosporilcetc. Maria'ntiius

ciErilleo-punctJitus _$ | S. Ri

M-alvacece. J/lBi'scus

TelfairjiE tt. \ ) Blauritiiis

Wrky^c at 1 I Swan River

J/a'lva

laterUia ^ A Buenos Ayres SCnK (Aou^tilon)

iieiifonUdna £ A Brazil

Gcran/ucca. GEnA'^NniM

rubifblium jg A Him.nlayas

Tropceoliicea:.

TROHa!''OLlIM

Moritzi((n«/w _A) Cumana

- 557

- 11

- 557

- 167

- 11

- 557

259 II

Halsamineie. Impa'tjens

Candida OJ Himalayas rdsea XII Himalayas

O'xalisj

lasiandra

Boro'n7,4

triphylla Jtk

ELJiODBi'NDRON

capi5nse J

Oxatidece. £ A Mexico 'RutaceeB,

I I New Holland

CelastrinecB.

_| Cape of Good Hope

LeguminbsiB .

BossLuVi

tenuicaulis Jk \ j Van Diemen's L.

disticha j± i | Swan River

Calli'stachys

linearis jm \ | Swan River

longifblia Sfc i | Swan River -

Choro'zema

spectabile %__ \ 1 Swan River -

Clia'nthus

Ci'irneus J_ \ | Philip's Island -

Dai'hento'n/.i

Tripet/djia 3t i 1 Buenos Ayres

iNDir.o'FERA

stipul-iris sSfc I 1 South Africa

Z/A'rUYRllS

tomentbous A Buenos Ayres Mirbe'i.j/i Horibiinda tt. i | Swan River

Zl'CHYyt

panndsa J_ | Swan River

259 324

558

558

558 558

558 259

558

559

259

11

167

559

559

LIST OF NEW AND RARE PLANTS FIGURED IN 1840. ix

liosdceiS. Potenti'lla

insfgnis £ A Nepal - Spirm'ii.

kamtch&tica var. himalensis ^ A

OTiagrdce^.

Yv'CRSIA

corymbiflbra ^ | Peru

MelastomcicecB. Marce'tz/J

decussata Jtk □ Brazil

CrassulUcecc. Echeve'r//!

lilrida lA) Mexico

Sti/lidete. Styli'dium

ciliatum £ lAJ Swan River Drummondj £ _Ai Swan River

^ubittcece. POSOQVE^RIA

versicolor jtk □ Cuba -

- 559 H. 62

Compisitis. O Swan River

Brachy'come

/beridifblia Cale'ndlila

Asterias O North of Europe - I/elichry^sum

niveum £ A Swan River

spect&bile O 1 Swan River

MONOLO^PIA

major O California Podo'lepis

aristSlta O I Swan River -

Ste'v//!

trachelioides £ Mexico

TlTHo'^N/^

ov^ta O Mexico

Goodenbv\!B. ,_ Eu^thales

macrophylla ^ lAl Port Augusta Lechenau'lt/.4

biloba II. 1 I New Holland

Gesner\kce^. Gloxi'n/,4

rubra tf El Rio Janeiro

'Ericacete. Perne'tty^

angustifblia * Valdivia

Apocyneie. Tabern^emonta'n,-!

dichutoma i_ □ Ceylon

AsclepiaAa.ce3d. Puysia'nthus

559 260

167

13

259 560

13

259 259 559

. 62 . 560

560

auricomus J_ □ Brazil Stephano^tis

floribunda _i □ Madagascar -

- 560

- 168

^(gnoni^ceae. Bigno'nm

specibsa J. □ ...

Co^LE/I

floribunda Sfc □ Madagascar"

- 560

- 260

Cobce^cesE.

CoBtp/^

stipularis fl_ ^

- 325

Pedallnea;. Marty'nz^

friigrans HU Mexico -

- 62

HoraginetE. -Jnchu^sa

petiolata _A] Nepal Cynoglo'ssum

glochidiatum Q) India

Solandcea. Grabow'sk/vI

duplicftta ^ □ Peru - Sola'num

^'asminoides fl_ \ | South America

macrantherum _^ jck i | Mexico

vestitum ^ □ Mexico

Scrophularinea:. Anoelo^nia

cornigera EH Brazil Paulow'n/^

imperialis ^ Japan

Labiata:. Gardoqui*^

ftetonicoides ^ A Mexico Orthosi^phon

incurvus |23 Silhet ■Sa'lvia

hlans Sk A Cashmere

rfigla ^ I Mexico

tubifera a. i \ Mexico

Scutella^ria

jap6nica ^ Japan

Chasco'num cuneifblium

\crbend,cece. ^ l_J C. G. H.

260 260

168

168

13

260

63

• 561 260 561

Convalvul&cece. Ipomce'a

hatatd\des %_ □ Blexico - - 560

/icif61ia A 7\J Buenos Ayres '- •• 260

tyrianthina tt \ I California - - 325 |

Kcanthhcex. Strobila'nthes

sc^bra !3fe □ India sessilis £ E) India

Vlumbaginacca:. Arhe'ri.v

faseiculcita if A South of Europe

Thy melee' <B.

Da'phne

japonica JS. | Japan -

Pimele'a

n^na jm \ 1 Swan River

spectabilis Sfe i | Swan River

Orchidd,ce(L.

AnGRJE-cvu

bilobum ^ E) Cape Coast glabrifdlium £ [23 Isle of Bourbon

Bra'ssz^

Lawrenciona £ El Brazil

BURLINGTO^NZ.-I

rigida £ El -

Catase^tum

triilla g El South America - Chy'sis

bractescens £ E) Mexico Ccelo'gyne

Cuming;V ^ El Cymbi'dium

pubescens ^ El Sincapore Dendro^bium

discolor ^ El Java

macrophyllura £ E] Manilla Epide'ndrum

Gr&hamz ^ El Mexico

calocheilum ;g E) Guatemala

E^RIA

armenlaca £ El Philippine Isles Galea'ndra

Devon/iiMo ^ El South America Gongo'r.-i

bufftnia £ El Brazil - Lb'li/1

acuminata £ El Mexico Odontoolo'ssum

grande £, E Guatemala

pulchellum £ El Guatemala

357 561

260

14 357

561 14

261

562

357

261

325

561

. 562 . 562

■ 561

■ 561

■ 561 . 562

■ 63 . 325

. 261

■ 561

LIST OF PLANTS MENTIONED

Onci'dium

macrantherura £ E] Mexico mon(iceras jg El R'o Janeiro Wray<c jf EJ Mexico

SOBR&^LIA

s^ssilis _£ E] Peru

^»2o;-y//jdJiceEe.

BOMA^REA

simplex _^ A Cusco . Callithau'ma

viridiH6rum A I 1 Peru

angustif6lium ,i^ \ \ Peru

COBU'HG/yl

coccinea JV i | Cordillera

trichrbma ;^ i | Andes

Elise'na

longipetala 5f E] Lima

63 562 168

261 261

261 261

- 168

. S26 - 261

Hjema'nthus

tenuiflbrus var. mozambicus tf El M. 326 1sme'n£

virescens tf _J Cusco - Spreke'l/^

cybister ? E) Bolivia -

gladca tf j\| Mexico -

Cyitandriceee. ^schyna'nthus

maculatus ^ tZJ India

1,111 dceeE.

SOWERB^M

laxiflbra £ lAJ Swan River

BromeriacesE. Pv^YA

heteropbylla £ E] Mexico

LIST OF PLANTS

MENTIONED OR TREATED OF IN THE PRESENT VOLUME.

The word " cult." occurring after any species or variety indicates that there is an article on its

culture.

A List of Ixias and other 7r{deEe cultivated by Bernard Saunders, Nurseryman, Jersey 16

A List of Plants struck from Cuttings in Charcoal - - - . - 155. 303

A List of Plants adapted for a Conservative 239

■Wall

y4^bies balsJlmea -

coramtinis

mucron&ta

Dougl^s«

excelsa • . -

gigantea

monocaiilon -

Picea ... Abutilon pictum -

striatum

jiitif61ium ./Acacia Cunningham! .

platyptera

subcaerQlea - Acanthus mollis - ^'cer coriiccum -

creticum

lobatum

monspessulanum - latifblium

obtusatum

O'palus - - .

/)latandides -

PseCldo-PI&tanus -

rotundifolium

tritidum ylchille« it/illef61ium - Wconitura japunicum -

variegatum - AGr6triche depressa . Wdi&ntum'CapSUus Veneri,s ji^schynaiithus maculJltus Agave americana Ailantus glanduIBsa /('Ilium J"6rrum - A'\r\\\s cordata

commilnis

glutin^sa ...

suljcordfita ... ^Isine sagittSlis .... Alstrcemfen'rt acutilblia var.

punctata .... 326 yll^ssuni sax&tile - . 401

/lmj?gd.ilus commilnis- - .0(15

incina - - . oi>'L .WC .^nchiisa petioiata - - SiiO

Catalogue of the C&cti in the Collection of the Rev. Theodore Williams - - - 313

A List of Plants in the Jardin des Plantes at Paris - . - . - - 394

A List of the Plants introduced into Lom-

bardy in 1840

- 565

.'182

- 385.507

. 386

- 166

- 29

- 182

- 182

- 507

- .558

- 11

- 645

- 302

- 62

- 302

- 537

- 386 386. 391

- 386 . 389

- 386

- 389

- 386

- 389

- 506

- 386

- 386

- 469

- 259

- 401 85

.OSS

- 526

- 569

- 538

- 385

- 385

- .503

- 385

- 480

yinembne cernua

.

- 167

Borbn/n /edifblia .

- 558

Hep^tica

.

- 522

triphylla BossiEe a cinerea -

- 558

mont&na

.

- 557.

. 558

Pulsatilla -

.

- 557

disticha

- 558

Angetbiiia cornSgera

.

- 62

tenuicaulis -

- 558

ciliata -

-

- 62

Brach^come zberidifblia

- 167

AngrcE^cum bilobum

.

- 561

Brass/a Lawrenc?(Jn« -

- 261

glabrifbliura -

.

. 14

.Brbmus pratensis 199.

297. 299.

Anthoxanthum odorSitum - 931

467.564

^nth^Uis VulnerJiria

.

- 469

BnigmansOT bicolor -

- 477

.Antirrhinum majus

.

. 401

.Bunium llexubsum

. 26

A'porum sinuitum

-

- 63

Burlingt6n;a rigida -

- 562

Aquildgia glandulbsa

var.

.Buxus sempervirens -

- 536

discolor -

-

- 324

t'actus alkta

- 358

Arauckria excelsa

.

. 30

flagelliformis

- 359

imbricata

.

. 385

grandiflura -

- 359

.J'rbutus ^ndrachne

.

- 352

Opilntia

- 122

^rctostaphylos nitida

.

- 609

speciosa

- 358

Areca montana -

.

. 357

truncata

- 359

Ariocarpus retClsus

.

- 510

Calatliu7n bicolor

- 220

Armeria fasciculala

-

- 260

discolor

- 220

^"rum maculatum

-

- 490

hismatostigmum -

- 220

Arundlna bmnbuscefhWa

- 63

pictum . - -

- 220

Jrundo Phragmitcs

-

- 516

poj'cile . - -

- 220

y/sclepia,s carnbsa

.

. 223

splendens

- 220

Aspergillus glaiicus

.

. 3-J9

versicolor

- 220

liabt'dna plicita -

.

- 488

Calcct&.sia cyilnea

- 10

Bejilr/« glauca

.

- 3S0

Calendula .-\stdrias

10. 13

tolifolia

.

- 380

Callistachys linearis -

- 558

Bog6n/'a Drfeg;'/ .

-

- 325

longifblia

- 259

Berberis aristita -

.

. .557

Callistbina sinense

- 401

asiatica -

.

- 557

Callithaiima angustifblium 261

Coriaiia.

.

- 5.57

viridifldrum -

- 261

dulcis -

.

- 352

Camellifi japdnica' var

AI-

fmpetrif6!ia .

.

. 334

bert/i

259

floribunda

.

. 5.57

Campanula Mfedium -

- 401

Besscr« t^legans ,

.

- 38

Campylanthcra etegans

- 557

lietuU ftlba .

.

504. 507

C'anna indica

- 86

]iendula

-

. .504

Carex MairiY

- 177

Bignbn/n caiJrcolMa

.

334. 382

Ciirpinus viniinca

- 608

radicans

.

. 380

Cfertliamus tinctbrius -

- 537

spccibsa

.

. 560

( fts.sia marilandica

- 488

15olbo)]li^lluni fliividum

. 14

Castflnca visca -

.505. ,507

si'jrdidum

.

. 14

CatasUum barbatum

var.

Boniiirca acnUfiSlia

.

- 326

pr<ibc)>cideuin -

- 6ii

simplex .

-

- 261

callbsum

- 63

OR TREATED OF IN THE PRESENT VOLUME.

XI

Ca. cornutum - - 63-

lanciferum - - 63

laminatum var. ebiir.

neura . . - 63

trulla . - - - 357

Ceanbthus aztireus - - 352

velutlnus ... 609

Cddrus Deodara - - 165. 273

Libani - - - . 504

Cerasuo Ma/idleb - - 402. 569

Padus - - . .402

vulgaris ... 505

Ceratophyllum dem^rsura - 515

Cereus Ackermannj - - 512

articulJitus - . - 512

chilensis - - . 512

cinerascens - . - 512

coccineus ... 512

flagritormis . - 512

hexagftnus ... 169

Mallisftne' ... 512

Marti^nMs ... 512

North umberlandto . 91

ovMus .... 512

pentalophus ... 51-2

Schrank/V - . .512

SmithiV . - - 512

speciosfssimus . - 512

Chasc6num runeif&lium - 14

Chel6ne barbata - . 260

Chimonaiithus fr^grans - 352

Chorozema spectabile - 558

Chysis bractescens - - 261

Cfstus ladaniferus . - 572

Clarkjn pulchella . - 288

Clematis grkta - . - 86

Clianthus carneus - 62. 559

Cnlcus tuberbsus - - 92

Coboe^a scandens . .10

stipuliris ... 325

CobiirgM coccinea . - 261

trichrbma ... 261

CoeWgyne cristata - . 562

CumingiV ... 325

trinervis - . . 325

C<>Iea floribunda - - 260

Comocl^dia ilicifc)lia - - 3S0

Convblvulus flbridus - . 13

pentanthus^- - - 13

scoparius ... 560

C6rnus capitSta . - . 572

mascula ... 503

Coronf lla varia ... 469

Cotoneaster bacilliris - 60.S

microphylla - . S3i. 382

rotundifblia - - 334. 3S2

Cratfe^gus apiifblia . - 391

cordata ... 391

mexic-ana . . 33. 352

Crataj'va RoxbijrgH' . .86

Crinuni capense - . 6+5

Crbcus aunulitus Adkmicus 325

minimus var. - . S'25

lagenaefibrus var, lacteus

lutescens ... 325

Crotal^ria purpurea . - 303

Cunninghams lanceolata - 184.

3S6

Cupressus dfsticha - . 380

glaCica - . . 86

sempervirens - - 503

Cuscuta epilinum . - 84

Cydbnia vulgaris - - 505

sinensis ... 352

Cycnbches Loddigfe» var.

leucochilus - - .261 Cymbidium pubescens . .561 Cynogl6ssum glochidiktum - 260 Cypferus fuscus - . - 480 16ngus . . - -91 Cyrtochllum maculMum

var. ecorniitum . .14 Cytisus AdJlmi . - 59

Alschingerj . . 183

1-aburnum - . 59. 183 purpiireus - . .59 W^ldenj - - - 331

Daphne Dauphinii . - 572

^ japunica - - 560

D dmmara axxitrkWs ~- - 182

Datura alba - . - 86

f'erox . - . .86

Ddubent6nj« Tripeti'fJna - 259

Delphinium decurum - 11

Dendrbbium aciculare - 14

calcaratum . - - 14

discolor . - .562

gemellura - - - 14

Tnacrophyllum . - 562

mosch^tum - - - 14

DeCltzia stamlnea - .38

Dianthus barbatus . . 401

DodartiVz orientJdis . - 632

Doryanthes excelsa - - 221

Draba prsYox - - - 481

Echeveria Idrida . - 62

Echinocactus turbinif6rmis 510

Elisena longipetala - - 326

Eleeodendron capense - 11

£'phedra monostkchya . 385

Epidendrum altfssimum - 561

calocheilum ... 561

Cand611ei - . .85

cilikre - - - .14

Graham2' . . .561

vlscidum . - - 14

£pimedium macr&nthum - 488

Masschi«HM/« . - 488

violiceum ... 488

Epiphyllum truncJitum var.

violaceum - . . 325

E^ria armeniaca ... 561

clavieaulis . . - 15

nCltans - . . .1.5

velutlna . . .15

£rica austrSilis . . 334. 382

lihy ana ... 560

Jacksbn/j ... 560

mediterranea - . 572

retbrta - . - . 560

Tetralix var. MackaiiJna 260

£u6nymus crenatus - - 608

£uph'drb;« fastubsa . - 221

fiilgens - - .221

hehoscbpia ... 469

Euterpe montana . . 357

Ebthales macrophylla - 62

Fagus sylvatica . . 502. 506

^tro-riibens . . 506

Ferula communis . . 537

tingit^na ... 48S

Festtica ovlna. - - 401.467

riJbra .... 467

tenuifblia ... 469

U"rH . . - .564

iMCUS Carica - . - 505

coriScea . - .85

elastica . - .168

Fragaria elatior ... 229

moschata - - , 229

Fr&xinus excelsior . .504. 506

f iicus natans ... 523

Fiichsin discolor- . . 645

fulgens - -, -12

Galeandra Devonj^na - 562

Gardoquirt ietonicbldes - 260

Hooker« ... 260

Gaulther/'a odorS.ta . . 380

Ger&nium >-ubifblium - 11

Gtsnera atrosanguinea . 220

bulbbsa ... 223

Gladiolus cardin^lis . . 461

Glossarrheii pauciflbrus . 5.')7

Gloxinia riibra . - - 62

Gnaphaiium Stoc^chas - 537

Gonat^nthus sarmentbsus - 369

Gongbra bulbnia - - G3

lulva var. vittllina - 63

Grabow'sk/a duplicita - 13

Grbbyrt galeSita - . - 15

Gymnogramma macrophylla 221

Hsemanthus tcnuiflbrus var.

mozambicus ... 326 Hechtm stenopetala . . 221

Hfedera Helix . . -555 Hed^sarum alplnum . - 259 sibiricum ... 259 Heleniuni DouglassH . 10. 13 //elichrysum nlveura . 259

sj)ectabile ... 560 Hepatica triloba ... 522 Hi^speris matronMis . - 401 i/emerocillis fl^va - - 401

Herberti'a pulchella var.

caeriilea .... 261

ifiblscus iJbsa sinensis . 86

syriacus .... 401

TeHahice - - .259

Wray^ . - 10. 11

Hoteia ja'pbnica ... 488

Huntlfeyn violftcea . - 168

//yacinthus orientMis - 537

Hyoscyamus niger - - 538

Hydrangea hortensis - 222

/beris umbeliata alba - 401

violacea - - . 40I

/Uex ^quifblium . . 507

specibsa ... 331

Illlcium florid^num - 334. 382

Impitiens Candida . 10, 11. 259

rbsea - - 61. 324

Indigofera stipuliris .10,11

Ipomoe'a baia/oides - 62. 560

/icifblia - . .13. 260

tyrianthina . - 325

/siltis tinctbria ... 469

Ismfene virtscens . . 168

Isbmeris arbbrea - .11

Jaquembntia pentantha . 13

Jasrainum revolvitura - . 572

Jatropha Mdnihot - - 491

JCiglans nigra ... 385

regia - - 2/1. 385. 505

^uniperus commilnis . 538

Sabina . - -536

Jussieiia grandiPbra - .91

Justice Adbatoda - - 269

Kirria japonica - . 334. 382

Lirix commiinis - . 506

peiidula Godson/ - 182

europa^^a - - 164.J503

Lse'lia acuminata - - 325

Lasiopetalum /edifblium - 558

iathyrus tomentbsus . . 167

iaurus nobilis . 352. 503

Lechenault/a bfloba . . 560

formbsa - . 400. 560

Leycesterj'a formbsa . . 9

Z.igiistrum vestUum . - 609

/.ilium candidum . . 536

specibfum var. Alburn . 562

Limbnia Laurebla - . 608

i-lnum altissimum . - 184

usitatissimum • . 537

Liparis spathulata - -14

Lobelia discolor . .84

iblium pratense - - 470

Lonicera flexubsa . - 572

Lopez/a mini^ta - - 38

Lophospermum erubescens

var. spectabile - - 325

/-ychnis lulgens - - 298

Lycium obovatum - - 38

Lycopbdium denticulatum - 393

Maclekya cordata - - 488

Madura aurantiaca - - 569

Magnbli'a acuminata - - 352

auriculata - - . 352

conspfcua - . . 352

granditlbra . - 352. 416

macrophylla - - 352

purpurea - - . 352

Soulanged«<z . - 352

tripetala - - 352. 572

Mahbnra /iquifblium - - 334

iValva frigrans - . . 324

laterftia - . - 61

odorata ... 324

Mammill^ria Humb61dt« - 510

Parkinsbn« - - 510

proUtera ... 511

xu

LIST OF PLANTS MENTIONED Oil TREATED OF.

M. SchlechtendalH

simplex

uncinata Marcet/a deciissata

. 510

- 511

- 302

- 357

Marianthus casriileo-punc-

tatus .... 557

Martynm fragrans - 10. 13. 62

M3trica.ria Maudiana - 298

Maxilliria Deppe2 - - 85

macroph^lla - - 14

Medickgo falc^ta - - 469

Melocactus commtinis - 512

MenzitfSi'a enipetrifolia - 13

Jl/espilus germanica - - 356

Michauxin campanuloides - 488

Isvig^ta . - - 488

Micr6stylis histionantha - 84

MiibfeUa floribiinda - - 559

specibsa - - . 559

Monachaiithus discolor var.

Bushnan; ... 4

Monolbpia major - 10. 13

jV6rus alba . - . - 505

Masa Cavendishjj 50. 201. 334.

"430

paradisiaca . . - 490

sapiiJntum - . - 490

superba- ... 168

Wusciri combsum - - 469

il/yos6tis palustris - - 537

Jl/yrtus commiinis . - 503

A'arcJssus poeticus - - 537

Kclumbium specibsum 513. 537

Nigella arvensis ... 534

damascena ... 534

hispanica ... 534

satlva .... 534

Notylea sagiti'fera - - 369

Nuttalh'a digitata . - 488

»«aIv<Tf61ia - . - 488

A'ymphee^a &lba - . - 514

liltea . . - - 514

Obeliscaria Drumm6ndJi - 168

Odontoglossum bictonense - 14

Ehreiiberg/j ... 369

grande - - - - 261

pulchellum - - . 561

ffinothera Iruticfisa var. In-

dica O'lea europje'a - Olinfrt capensis Oncidium carthaginense

macrantherum

macrocbilum

monoceras -

pelicanum .

reflexum

Wentworth/^«!(??j

Wriiyie Onop6idum y^canthiura Opfintia cylindracea -

dccipiens

excuvikta

hdrrida

imbricita

Stapel/a

tClnica

vulgaris Origanum Majorana - Orthoslphon inciirvus O'xcilis Acetosella

decaphylla -

t'rutic6sa

HernandSsj'i

lasiandra

ononis Piebwia MoHtan

officinalis

specibsa striata

- 167 505

84 84 63

- 14

- 562

- 14

- 14

- 14 . 168

- 469

- 513

- 513

- 513

- 380

- 513 . 513

- 513

- 359

- 536

- 63

- 645

- 558

- 558

- 558

- 5^S

- 84 488. 572 401. 534

378

anemoneflbra stri.

^ta - - . 378

clegans - - . 378

liltea variegata - 378

pulcherrima . . 378

Victorio Modeste . 378

7'ancrJltiiim rlngcns . . 326

i'apkvcr commutilum . 167

P. somnfferum -

-

. 537

Posoqueria versicolor

.

- 325

Parolinia orn&ta

-

- 177

Potentilla inslgnis

-

- 559

Passifldra coerillea

.

- 572

reptans -

.

- 538

racerabsa

-

- 572

Primula prie'nitens

-

- 222

quadrangul'iris

-

. 51

Pronkya elegans -

.

- 11

Paulow'ni'a imperi^li

-

- 62

Prdnus lusitanica

_

- 507

Pentstdmon barb^tus

.

- 260

rotundifblia -

.

- 330

Peristylus Goodyero/rfM

- 14

Psidium Cattleyo'wMm

- 51

Pernettya angustifblia

- 13

Ptgris serrul^ta -

.

- 221

phillyreifOlia

-

- 13

Piinica Granatum

.

. 505

Pi^rsica vulgaris cult.

63.505

Piiya Alteiisteinji'

.

- 84

Pelttnia /lyctageniflbra

10.401

heterophylla

-

- 15

pboen/cea

10. 401

Pyrus aucup^ria -

.

- 503

Philippodendron rdgium - 389

commiinis

.

- 504

Phoe^nix dactylifera

.

- 503

salicifblia

•

- 278

Pholidbta conchdidea

- 15

3/alus -

-

. 504

imbrickta

.

- 15

56rbus .

.

. 332

Ph^lica ericoldes

.

. 400

Qu^rcus alba - 36. 203.

391. 641

Physianthus aun'comus

- 560

apennina

-

- 391

albens -

.

- 560

australis

.

- 386

albicans

.

. 645

Banfsterj

.

- 37

Picea excelsa

-

- 503

coccinea

.

- 203

pectinSita

- 166

£'sculus

-

- 391

Pimelea nkna

.

- 14

falckta -

.

- 37

spectabilis

. 63. 357

fastigiata

.

- 641

Plnus nlopecurbfdea

.

- 184

heterophylla -

- 36. 380

apulcensis -

-

- 182

Plex . . 2

71

274.386

austriaca

.

- 29

lyrata -

.

- 37

austrklis

-

184. 386

macrocarpa -

-

- 36

BanksiiJna -

.

- 28

nigra .

.

. 36

brutia -

.

- 28

obtusiloba

.

- 37

calabrica

.

- 386

palustris

.

37.203

carpatica

.

. 29

pedunculata

31.

291. 301

Cembra

.

386. 402

Phellos -

- 36.93

Hexomdna •

.

- 182

Prinus discolor

.

- 36

excelsa

.

153. 165

monticola

.

- 36

halepensis

-

- 28

PseCldo-Suber

-

- 385

Hartwegii -

.

- 182

pubescens

.

93.386

inops

.

- 29

rilbra -

.

36. 205

jap6nica

.

- 182

iJbbur -

.

- 502

Lamhexti&na

.

- 429

sessiliflbra- 31.203.301.400.

liaricio .

28. 402

403

leiophylla

.

- 182

incana

.

- 386

macrophylla~-

- 182

pubescens

.

. 386

maritima

-

- 380

Skinneri

.

- 609

Montezilm<s -

.

- 182

Ta&xin

.

- 391

mitis

.

- 28

tinctbria

37.204

nigrescens

.

. 639

vlrens

93. 476

oocarpa -

.

- 182

Raflaesw Arn61d«

.

- 187

oocarpoides -

.

- 609

ifaphanus caudatus

-

. 86

Pallas/^na

-

- 29

TJhamnus catharticus

- 538

palustris

-

- 386

Tfheum palmfitum

-

- 488

excelsa -

.

- 182

Rhexia decussiita

.

- 357

Pinaster

.

29. 271

iJhododendron arbbreum . 184

Pinea .

.

- 29

daClricum

.

- 462

pityClsa -

.

. 182

atrovirens

.

- 462

ponderbsa

.

- 165

ferrugineum

-

- 462

Psetido-Strbbus

-

- 182

hirsijtum

.

- 462

pumilio

28.

183. 402

Rhodorhiza scoparia

-

- 560

pimgens

.

- 2y

Rhus Cotinus

.

- 572

pyrenaica

-

- 28

Ribes sangulneum

-

- 231

resinbsa

•

. 28

specibsum -

.

- 572

romana -

.

- 386

Robinirt glutinbsa

.

- 391

RusseliVma -

.

- 182

PseCld./icacia

.

- 391

serutina

.

. 184

viscbsa

.

- 572

sinensis -

.

- 28

RoderigueziVi maculata

- 15

Strt.bus -

29.

402.507

Tfbsa devoniensis

.

- 559

sylvestris - 28. 386.

400. 402.

indica .

•

- 86

503. 507

3\inbnia

-

- 536

uncinMa

.

- 28

Roscbea purpurea

.

- 645

variabilis

.

- 29

/?Clbus trilobus .

-

- 609

AVebb/«?!rtr

.

- 166

Rudbeckin Drumm6ndH . 168

V\%bnia 01fcrsi("i;i«

.

- 369

TiDmex maritimus

.

- 480

Platanus orientklis

.

. 504

Salisbdr/d ridiantifblia .

182. 352

occidentilis

93.

274. 403

5?ilix &lba -

-

- 507

Pleurothallis lutdola

- 63

babylonica

-

- 503

recti rva

.

- 63

Salsbla Kdli

.

. 115

Plumbiigo capensis

.

- £23

S&lvia amoc^na -

-

- 561

Podulepis aristftta

.

- 260

confertiflbra -

-

- 561

Polj'gonum volci'micum

- 009

hlans -

.

561

Polystachya cerea

.

- 15

/amiiftlia

.

- 561

Populus alba

-

- 291

patens -

.

- 301

fastigiita

.

- 385

prunelto'iAes

- 10. 14

heterophylla -

-

- 385

rC'gla

-

13. 2(iO

monilifera '-

.

- 400

tubifcra

-

- 561

tremula

-

. 507

Sargdssum vulgare

-

- 524

PortuU\ca olcriicea

-

- 538

bacclferum -

-

- 524

LISTS OF FRUJTS AND CULINARY VEGETABLES.

Scabibsa arvensis Schizanthus Evansidnus -

pinnatus - . - Schweiggeria pauciflbra Sc61ymus hispanicus - Scutellaria japonica -

splendens ... Sida Bedford/awa

picta - . - - Sobr&lj'a sessilis - - - Solknum carolinianum

dulcamaroides jasminoides

macranthdrum -

vestitum ... Sophora jap6nica p^ndula - Sowerb^'a laxifl&ra -

juncea ...

Spartium muUifl6rum Spirse'a bella ...

Filipendula rClbra

kamtchatica

tiacciniifT>lia Sprekel/n cinnabarina

cybister ...

formosissima

glalica - . - 261.

469

Stafice pectinata

- 14

Tripielion spinbsum

-

- 259

561

Stephanbtis floribunda

- 168

rriticum repens

.

- 504

561

Stev/rt trachelioides -

- 259

TropjB^olum MorilzW

num. - 61.

557

Streblorhiza specidsa -

62. 559

369

391

Stieptocarpus Rexii -

- 223

Tiilipa patens

-

- 562

260

Strobilanthes scSlbra -

- 357

tricolor

-

- 562

369

sessilis

- 561

TussilJigo odorita

-

- 1

658

Stylidium Drummondj

- 260

I/''lmus campi'stris

-

356. 506

11

ciliktum

- 559

latifblia

.

- 391

261

Symphbria gloraer^ta

- 230

effClsa -

.

m. 389

632

Syringa Etnodi -

- 608

montana >

-

391. 506

168

Tabernsemontana dichotoma

glabra

.

- 32

168

560

raccfnium Myrtillus

-

- 183

168

Tkgetes erecta

- 537

Valeriana rtibra

-

- 401

13

Tamarix i?ric6ldes

- 86

Feihbna'^Mclindris

-

- 14

389

gallica

- 536

Verdnica Aederaefblia

-

- 480

168

7"axus baccS-ta -

- 504

virginiana

-

- 401

168

Thomasm canescens -

- 11

ricia i^ba

-

- 537

572

rhOja articulita

. 227

J'l'nca minor

-

- 536

488

occidentalis -

- 507

Viola odorata

-

- 53(^

298

Thymus Serpyllum

. 469

tricolor

-

- 537

62

rilia europa?"a - 271.

274.504

ntex ji'gnus castus

-

- 536

488

riibra ...

- 506

ntis vinlfera

-

- 505

326

Tillands«7 tisneoides -

- 477

Zlchya pannbsa -

.

- 559

326

Tithbnin ovita -

- 559

tricolor

-

- 559

326

Trachelium caertileum

- 223

Zygopetalum africanum

- 14

326

LIST OF FRUITS.

Apples : —

Sweet and Sour - - 476 Bananas - - - 492

Birben's dulcis . - - 586

Cherries : —

Napoleon . - - 391 New one described - 330. 569

Currants - - 564. cult. 573

Figs - - - 37. cult. Sla

Fuchsm fiilgens - . - 648

Guava -

Gooseberries

Granadilla

- 51.234 391.465.521. cult. 573 - 51

Grapes - 45. 47, 48. 73. 96. 262.

334. 571 cult. 21. B3. 170, 171. 173.'235. Black Clutesr - . 5 Black Hamburg - 5. 26. 48.

402. 614 Black July - - - 404 Black Muscat - - 5 Chassselas - - 387. 402 Musque - - 26 Corinth - - - 404

Damascus - - 24. 26

Dutch Black Hamburg - 26 Dutch Sweetwater - 26 Esperione - - - 26

Grapes continued Frankenthal Grizzly Frontignan Madeleine - Muscat

of Alexandria

- 5

- 48

- 404

- 402

- 5. 24. 48. 387

- 5. 26 . 23, 24

Royal Muscadine Sweetwater Syrian - Tripoli - . - 26

West's St. Peter's - 26

■\Vhite Frontignan . 5 White Muscadine - 48 Wilmot's New Hamburg 614

Melons - - 53. cult. 465

Nectarines : —

Select List of - 66. cult. 361. 574

Orange - - - 93. 400. 427

Peaches - - cult. 63. 321. 571 Select List of - . 67 Late Admirable - - 614 Walburton Admirable- 614

Pears ----- 464 Dunmore - . . 614 Flemish - . - 615 Groom's Princess Royal 614 Marie Louise - - 614

Pines, - cult. 17. 51.'201. 234. 387 Black Jamaica - - 53 EnviUe - - -21.387 Providence - - - 21 Queen - - - 53. 231 Plantain - 50. 201. 334. 387. 430 Plums : —

Green Gage - - 416

Ickworth Imperatrice 614

Old Imperatrice - - 614

Quince . - _ - 564

Raspberry - - - - 465

Strawberries, - cult. 39. 56. 229

Alpine - 39. cult. 266. 387

Bishopwick - . - 614

Carolina Pine - - 40

Downton - - - 40

Hautbois, - cult. 266

Keen's Seedling - 39.

cult. 264

Myatt's British Queen - 614

Eliza - - .614

Pine - - - 648

Newsam's Princess Royal614

Roseberry - - - 39

Swanston Seedling - 614

Wellington - - 39

Wilmot's Superb - 40

Wilmot's Victoria - 614

LIST OF CULINARY VEGETABLES.

- 614

- 74

- 614

330

Asparagus - - - - 648 Marshall's dwarf Pro- lific :-

Beans - - - Mazagan

Cabbage : —

Mammoth -

Carrot : —

Altringham- - - 80 Altringham long Orange 28 Early Horn cult. 27. 80 New White Altringham^ 28 Surrey long - - - 28 White or Belgian - 80

Celery : —

Bailey's Gigantic - 76

Kentucky - - - 76 Law"s Giant - - 76 Manchester Giant - 76 Perkins's Large - - 76 Russian Pink - - 76 Seymour's Red Solid - 76 Superb White - 76 Siberian - - - 76

Comfrey - - - - 648

Cucumber - 35. 53. 90. cult. £62. 563

Mushrooms - 227. cult. 328. 526

Onion . - .

- 8S. 185

O'xalis Deppe/' -

-

614. 648

Parsnep

-

- 79

Peas -

_

74. 375

Milford Marrow -

- 614

Potatoes

.

- 329

SourmilUcr -

.

- 331

Radish : —

Java

.

- 86

Rhubarb -

75.

cult. 174

Victoria

.

- 648

Scarlet Runners -

.

- 211

Sea-kale

75.

cult. 269

LIST OF GARDENS AND COUNTRY SEATS.

LIST OF AGRICULTURAL PLANTS.

Barley - - - 410 : Festhca U'rii - - 564

Bokhara Clover - - 231 I Lblium pratfense - - 470

Brhraui pratensls - 467. 564 Lucern, an early variety - 587

Festhca ovina - - 467 j Mangold Wurzel - 342. 519

ribra • - 467

Oats - - - - 410

Trifblium Incarnktum - 648 Turnips - - 410. 476

Wheat - - 275. 410. 475

LIST

OF HORTICULTURAL, BOTANICAL, AND FLORICULTURAL

SOCIETIES.

Agricultural and Horticul- tural Society of India - 593

Bath Royal Horticultural and Botanical Society - 283

Doberan Agricultural and Silvicultural Society . 592

Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland - - 458

London Horticultural So- ciety and Gardens - - 331

North Bristol Gardener's Society - - - - 21

I Prussian Horticultural So- ciety - - - - 357

Swansea and Neath Horti- cultural Society . - 577

Yorkshire Horticultural and Floral Society . - - 577

LIST OF GARDENS AND COUNTRY SEATS.

Abbotsford -

.

- 369

Chatsworth - 40. 45

92. 234.

Gillingham Hall

.

- 273

Alton Towers

41.

207. 368.

239. 33i.

382. 420

Gunnersbury Park

.

- 77

393. 496

Childwall Hall -

- 365

Gunthorpe Hall -

.

- 272

Annatt Cottage -

.

- 477

Claremont - . -

239. 250

Gunton Park

.

- 31

Arboretum : —

Clifton Park

- 356

Haile's Abbey .

.

- 419

Derby -

.

- 381

Colney House

■r 237

Hampton Court -

.

- 415

Flitwick

.

- 36

Corsham House -

- 366

Ham Green

.

- 525

Arlington Court

.

- 571

Cossey Hall 26. 79. 96

218. 467

Haverland Park .

.

- 32

Ashridge - - 27

76.

356. 365

Cromer Hall

- 31

Hendon Vicarage

.

-313

Barningham Park

.

- 30

Dalkeith Gardens

. 280

Henham

.

- 355

Baring Park

.

- 238

Dalvey ...

- 166

Heydon Park

.

- 33

Bayfield Hall -

,

- 27'2

Ditchingham House -

. 273

Honing Hall

.

- 272

Beeston Park

.

- 272

Donnington Park

. 365

Horsford Hall -

.

- 31

Belvoir Castle -

.

- 365

Downton Castle -

366. 376

Houghton Park -

.

- 271

Bicton

.

- 68

Dropmore - - -

- 259

Hoveton Park -

33. 271

Biggar Park

.

- 439

Duniraarle Gardens -

- 465

Hungerton Hall

.

- 73

Bittiswell Hall -

.

- 312

Earsliam Park '

- 273

Hunstanton Park

.

- 271

Blair- Adam Gardens -

462. 465

Eastnor Castle -

- 367

Hyde Park

.

- 422

Blair- Urummond

_

- 505

Eatington Park -

- 324

Jardin des Plantes

.

239. 393

Blenheim Palace

.

- 34

Eaton Hall -

- 366

Kenwood -

-

- 383

Blickling Park -

.

- 29

Elvaston Castle -

- 217

Kew -

.

- 363

Blithewood

.

- 422

Erskine House -

257. 434

Kinfauns Castle

.

-477

Bohemia Park -

.

- 593

Esholt Hall

- 610

Kinlet

.

- 573

Booton Hall

.

- 31

Felbrigg Park -

- 31

Kirby Cane Hall

.

- 273

Botanic Gardens ; -

_

Felthorpe Park -

- 31

Knowsley Hall -

.

- 563

Bartram's -

.

- 380

Foxley - , .

- 367

Knypersley

-

- 261

Bath -

.

. 283

Gadebridge-

- 76

Lemon Hill

.

- 422

Berlin -

379. 479

Gardens : —

Letton Park

- 272

Birmingham

.

11. 13

Baron Rothschild

-298

Losset Hall

-

- 238

Chelsea

.

- 266

Bryan, Captain George 75

Lowther Castle -

.

- 367

Glasgow

.

61.231

Caledonian Horticu

Itural 7

Margam

.

- 368

Glasnevin -

.

- 284

Count C.istiglioni

. 182

Mawlev Hall - 173.

264. 274. 478

Hull -

.

- 190

Cunningham, Alexander,

Melbury Park -

.

- 210

Liverpool

.

- 38

Esq. -

- 6

Merivale Hall -

-

. 231

Munich - 152.

151.

219. 305

Dartford

- 334

Monte Video

.

- 424

Newburgh -

- 147

Davidson, Henry,

Esq. 7

Neuilly

.

- 388

Oxford -

.

- 432

Henslow, Professor

- 281

New Hall -

-

- 561

Rouen -

.

- 290

Kensington -

- 331

Nurseries : —

Royal Dublin

.

- 184

London Horticultural 62.

Bagshot

-

- 12

Boyton

.

. 92

.331

Bayswater -

-

260. 5eo

Branfingham Hall

.

- 76

Luxembourg

- 198

Berkhampstead

-

- 77

Bro(ike Hall

.

- 273

Madame de Pompadour 406

Bertin's

-

- 59

Brooke House -

.

- 273

Palais Royal

- 198

Cambden

.

- 325

Bury Hill .

M

259. 564

Tuillerics -

- 198

Cunningham's

.

- 357

Cally -

.

- 8

White. , Esq.

- 3

Dartford

.

- 563

Carlton Hall

.

77. 356

Garnstone - . .

- 345

Durdham Down

- 14. 26

Castle Hill Gardens

-

- 262

Gifford's Hall - -

- 286

Epsom -

- 62. 168

LIST OF BOOKS REVIEWED OR NOTICED.

XV

Nurseries — continued.'..

Penrhyn Castle

- 367

Stourhead -

.

- 413

Exeter -

58. 62. 86. 559

Plurastead Hall -

- 272

Syon - - 76. 260.

357. 560

Exotic, King's

Koad - 346

Preston fleld

- - 439

Tlieobald's

.

- 92

Forres

- 164

Raby Castle

- 374

Tidworth House

-

- 232

Henderson's

- 551

Rackheath Park

- 271

Toddington

.

- 363

Hereford

. 572

Ragley

- 323

Tong Castle

.

- 365

Jersey -

- 15

Raveningham Hall

- - 274

Trent ham -

.

- 42

Kensington -

- 231. 278

Ravensworth Castle

- 368

Versailles -

-

- 383

Milford

- 11. 13. 239

Redborne Hall -

- - 77

Versailles, Palace of

.

- 17

M. Fion's

- - 392

Rose Hill

- 76. 255

Walthara House

.

. 424

M. Tripet Leblanc - 392

Salt Park

- - 33

Welbeck -

.

- 279

Pope's

- 2fi0

Scone - . -

- 237. 477

Wentworth House

-

- 387

Prince's

- 380

Scottow Park

- 33

Westwick Park

.

- 32

RoUison's

- 88. 328

Seething Hall -

- - 273

Whitfield -

.

- 344

Stanhope

- 357

Shirley Park

- 37

Windsor Castle -

.

- 367

Stanwell

- 75

Shotesham Park

- - 273

Witton Park

_

- 272

Victoria

- '13

Shrubland Park -

- 377

Wolterton Park

.

- 30

Wakefield -

- 570

Spixworth Park -

- 271

Worstead House

- 272

Western

- 260

SpofForth

- 261. 326

Wrest Park

.

- 362

Oak field Lodge

- 11

Sprowston Lodge

- 33

Wroxhara Hall -

.

- 271

Oatlands

- 365

Sprowston Park -

- - 271

Wrox ham House Park

- 271

Oulton Park

171. 255. 270

St. Cloud -

- 389

Yester Gardens -

.

- 332

Pain's HiU

- 383. 413

LIST OF BOOKS REVIEWED OR NOTICED.

Alison's Principles of Population, 294.

Anon. A Selection from the Physiological and Horticultural Papers of the late Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq., 327.

Anon. Annual Report of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, 177. 626.

Anon. Annual Report of the Committee of National Monuments and Works of Art, 627.

Anon. Berlin Horticultural Transactions, 38.

Anon. Botanical Labels for the Herbarium, 229.

Anon. Companion to the British Almanack for 1841, 34.

Anon. Garten Zeitung, 152. 219. 252. 302. 479. 486. 490. 510. 513. 527.

Anon. Jameson's Journal, 278.

Anon. .Journal of the Royal Agricultural So- ciety, 79. 625.

Anon. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 359.

Anon. The Journey-Book of England, 628.

Anon. The Kitchen Garden, from the British Almanack, 625.

Anon. Mechanic's Magazine, 278.

Anon. Penny Cyclopedia, 460.

Anon. Quarterly Journal of Agriculture, 119. 138. 295. 438.

Anon. The British Almanack for 1841, 34.

Anon. The British Farmers' Magazine, 626.

Anon. The Field, the Garden, and the Wood- land, 326.

Anon. Transactions of the Pennsylvania Hor- ticultural Society, 176.

Anon. Transactions of the Prussian Horticul- tural Society, 3.>7.

Anon. Transactions of the Society of Arts, 274.

Anon. Vegetable Physiology, 327. 61G.

Antoine's Conifers, 28. 624.

Austin and Seeley's Specimen Book of Sculptural Works in Artificial Stone, 370.

Ayre's Treatise on the Cucumber, 327.

Bailey Denton's Model Mapping, 626.

Bainbridge's Flower Garden, 628.

Brande's Dictionary of Science, 177. 626.

Britton's Graphic Illustrations, &c., of Todding- ton,Gloucestershire, 362. 418.

Carter's Catalogue of Seeds for 1841, 177.

Curtis's Botanical Magazine, 10. 61. 167. 258. 324. 357. 557.

Daubeny's Lectures on Agriculture, 270.

Davy's Agricultural Chemistry, 98.

De CandoUe's Description d'une Nouvelle Espdce de Figuier, 85.

De CandoUe's Huitieme Notice sur les Plantes

Rares, kc, 85. Downing on the] Theory and Practice of Land-

scape-Gardening, 421. 472. Duncan's Treatise on the Cucumber, 274. Edwards's Botanical Register, 10. 61. 167. 25S.

324. 357. 557. Fowld's and Lymburn's Catalogue of Plants, 33. Gardener's Chronicle, 2Z5. Germain's Observations sur quelques Plantes

Critiques des Environs de Paris, 177. Graham's Catalogue of Plants growing in Bom- bay, 85. Gregory's Catalogue of Plants, &c., 33. Grigor's Eastern Arboretum, 29. 270. 624. Gulliver's Plants of Banbury, 625. Harrison's Floricultural Cabinet, 16. Harvey's British Alg;e, 625. Hoffland's Description of White Knights, l.')7. Jamin's Catalogue des Arbres Fruitiers, 620. Johnson's Farmers' Encyclopjedia, 625. Johnson's Farmers' Almanack, 628. Lane and Son's Catalogue of Roses, 624. Leigh's Hints for an Essay on Anemology and

Ombrology, 87. Lewis's Kilpeck Church, 627. Liebig's Organic Chemistry, 97. Lindley's Introduction to Botany, 459. Link, 'Klotzsch, and Otto's Icones Plantarum

Rariorum, 84. 369. Loudon's Arboretum Britannicum, 93. 182. 1S6. Loudon's Architectural Magazine, 427. Loudon's Encyclopaedia of Plants, 182. Loudon's Hortus Britannicus, 182. Loudon's Supplement to the Encyclopaedia of

Plants, 369. Loudon's, Mrs., Ladies' Magazine of Gardening.

61. 167. 259. 557. Luconibe, Pince, and Co's. Catalogue of Co-

niferae, 86. Main's Forest Planter's and Pruner'sAssistant, 94. Manning's Book of Fruits, 176. Maund's Botanist, 10. 167. 25a .324. 357. 557. Maund's Botanic Garden, 10. 167. 258. 324. 557. Miles's Treatise on the Cucumber, 229. Newman's Phytologist, 626. Newman's Entomologist, 626. Noad's Lectures on Chemistry, 626. Owen's Home Colonies, 628. Paxton's_ Magazine of Botany, 10. 61. 167. 259.

324. 557. Pratt's Flowers, and their Associations, 228.

XVI

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

Rhiiid's History of the Vegetable Kingdom, 228.

621. Ricauti's Rustic Architecture, 3+. Riley's Catalogue of Ferns, 1/6. Risso and Poiteau's Histoire Natural des Oranges,

61. Rivers's Hints on Root-Pruning, 625. Sckell on Landscape-Gardening, 353. 411. 497.

536.

Selby's History of British Forest Trees, 624.

Sopwith's Improved Levelling Stave, 627.

Walllch's Flora Asiatica, 38.

Webb's Notice sur le Parolinia, 177.

White on the Theories of the Weather Prophets,

370. Young's Catalogue of Plants &c., 33.

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

A.B., 9. 231. A.D., 329. A Gardener out of

Place, 173. 264. An Amateur Gardener, 574.

An Amateur Gardener, and Constant Reader,

47. Anderson, William, 266. An old Sub- scriber, 185. Babbage, James, 356. Bailey, Thomas, 334.

Bathurst, Charles, 378. Baxter, W. H., 431.

Beaton, D., 377. Blake, Thomas, 37. Brown,

N., 231. C, 525. Catius, 235. 430. Catton, J., 328. C. F.,

378. C. O., 516. Coltswold, 47. 73. Conductor,

35, 36, 37. 42. 45. 47. 58. 88, 89. 92, 93. 96. 181.

185, 186. 191. 208. 226. 229. 234. 237. 278. 284.

287. 330, 331, 332. 334. 350. 356. 378. 383. 430.

43.'5. 574, 575. 654. Cree, Gavin, 435. 440. 444.

458. 550. Crum|)sale, S. H., 377. Downing, A. J., 146. Drummond, James, 515.

Drummond,W., and Sons, 602. Duncan, James,

21, 238. Eaton, James, 210. Errington, Robert, 170. 255.

269, 615. Ewing, Charles, 563. Fish, John, 237. 345. Fish, Robert, 96. Forrest,

R., 231. Forsyth, A., 204. 494. G. C, 233. G. G., 180. G. J., 212. Glendinning,

R., 57. 63. G. L. L., 508. Godsall, W., 572.

Gordon, George, 35. 008. Gordon, W., 266.

Gorrie, A., 1. 185. Gower, N. Leveson, 237.

Grey, W. Scurfield, 88. Grigor, John, 164. H., 257. Harper, F., 186. H. B., 48. H. C. O.,

593. H. L. L, 226. 564. H. O., 74. Hodgson,

Edward, 574. Hope, Thomas, 157. Hutchison,

William, 321. J. B. C, 90. J. B. W., 48. 344. 350. 415. J. D.,

333. J. G., 346. J. H., 429. J. L., 152. J. M.,

91. 93. 329, 330. 379. 3S2. 476. 569. Jones, W.,

227. J. R., 151. 333. J. S., 334. Kendall, Peter, 286. Kent, J. C, 45. Kingston,

James, 96.

L., 230. Lambert, A. B., 92. Lander, S., 376.

Lawrence, George, 313. Lippold, D. J. F., 37.

LjTfnburn, R., 97. 335. 376. 408. 416. Lucas,

Edward, 219. Mackenzie, A., 461. 465. Mackenzie, Peter, 433.

489. 555. 600. Main, James, 208. Manetti,

Giuseppe, 183. 56^. Massev, M., 17. Mills,

John, 36. M. L., 252. 302. 564. M'Nab, James,

jun., 3. Moberley, C, 211. Moore, D., 184.

284. M. F., 36. N., 92. 235. Nash, J., 571. Neubert, M. N., 221.

Niven, N., 49. 478. N.M.T., 9. 43. 147. 169.

255. 285, 360 376. 564. Ogle, Henry C, 255. Otto, Edward, 381. Parks, J. D., 334. .563. Paxton, Joseph, 45. 234.

430. Pearson, John, 573. Pearson, William,

7. Penn, John, 232. Poiteau, M., 58. Pringle,

R., 355, 356. 610. R., 563. R. L, 230. 522. Robertson, David, 75.

Robertson, John, 92. Rogers, John, 34. Rutger,

T, 93. S., 48. Saul, A., 45. 262. Saul, D., 230. 237.

Saunders, Bernard, 15. Scott, John, 239. 382.

Seymour, J., 27. 76. 356. 606. S. H., 329. Sliep-

herd, Henry, 38. Shiells, G., 256. 434. Smart,

M., 311. S. O., 462. T. B., 334. 355. Thompson, Robert, 377. 614.

Torbron, Thomas, 308. Torrey, John, 570.

T. S., 562. T. S. W., 73. T. U. W., 429.

T. W., 571. 654. Vilmorin, M., 437. W., 569. Walker, W., 223. W^allace, Jasper,

464. W. B., 184. W. D., 332. Westwood,

J. O., 186. W. H., 171. 262. 478. W. H. B.,

477. Wighton, J.. 26. 77. 96. 217. 465. 574. 652.

Wilson, Robert, 45. 174. 237. Wilson, W., 237.

Wooster, T., 378. W. P., 312. 535. W. S.,

190.

THE

GARDENER'S MAGAZINE,

JANUARY, 1841.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

Art. I. On preserving Plants through the Winter, by Means of the Temperature of Spring Water. By A. Gorrie, F.H.S., C.S., &c.

In the Gardener^ s Magazine for 1830, p. 402., is a short ai'ticle by me, " On preserving plants in winter by means of the temperature of spring water." Having since made some im- provements and fully tested its usefulness, I now send you plans of the frame, well, and adjoining small fishponds. Perhaps they may be admissible into your Suhurbaji Horticulturist.

By reference to my article in the Gardencr^s Magazifie, it will be observed that I then considered it might be usefully applied by cottagers and others who could not conveniently spare the expence of glass frames : finding, however, that many plants useful or interesting to a more wealthy class could be easily pre- served under any temperature however severe in this climate, and to prevent some tender plants from being injured by too much damp arising between the spars formerly used, I had a box or frame formed of zinc, quite water-tight, fitted into a wooden frame at near the top of the zinc, and with glazed sashes to fit.

Fig. 1. shows the size of this frame, within which are placed pots containing such flowers as are wished to flower early, such as snowdrops, Tussilago odorata, &c., or tender green-house plants, as represented by the section (7%. 2. a). A two-light hot- bed frame is placed over this zinc frame, large enough to allow of 6 in. clear of water all round the zinc box. When the pots and plants are put in, the box sinks in the water till the top of the pots are something below the surface of the water without, and thus the box is to that height surrounded by a uniform and regular supply of water at the temperature of 47°, which causes a like temperature in the air within the zinc, around the pots. When the temperature falls 6° or 8° below freezing in the open air, the inner sashes must be put on the zinc frame, which at a higher temperature is not necessary : and, however severe the frost or hoarfrost may be without, the inner frame, being sur- rounded by water at 47° or its evaporation, never has any thing

1841.— I. .3d Ser. b

Preservatioti of Plants during Winter.

Fig. 1.

Ground Plan.

a, Inner, or zinc-bottomed, frame, betwixt which and the outer frame there is a space of 6 inches, d. c, Gold-fishpond. d, Footpath. e. Gold or silver fish . /, Pond for trouts, &c.

like hoarfrost on its glass, and the plants within maintain a healthy appearance.

Geraniums, cinerarias, heliotropiums, &c., continue in a healthy and slowly growing state, quite as fresh as in a con- servatory. The small ponds c and e in ^^. 1. are fed directly from the well in winter, to communicate warmth to the water in

Fig. 2. a. Inner zinc frame

b. Outer frame.

Section, c, Small pond for gold or silver fish, d, Footpath.

which are gold and silver fish. In summer the water directly from the well would continue at about 47° (too cold for the fish); and that it may acquire a higher temperature before it reaches these small ponds vvherein are also some rare aquatic plants in pots, the whole water is directed first into the large trout pond with a fall of some inches to prevent the water being too much aiFected by the low temperature of that in the well; from this it falls into the silver- fish pond c, and thence into the gold-fish pond c ; by this means the trout pond maintains a higher

WJiite's Patent Stave applied to PitSy 4'c.

temperature than the well, and the other two smaller ponds rise higher in temperature in proportion to their distance from the well, and in these the gold and silver fish seem to thrive. All this may appear trifling to the dahlia fancier, but it may be asked whether my water conserva- tory, with all its ap- pendages, does not afford as much varied enjoyment to a contemplative mind as can arise from gazing on the finest cupped dahlia that ever bloomed ; nor do I know of a better situation for keeping autumn struck dahlia cuttings during the winter. Annat Cottage ^ April 18. 1840.

Fig. 3.

Isometrical View. The inner frame is shown by dotted lines.

Art. II. On the Application of White s Patent Stove to the Heating of Pits ajid other Plant Structures, By James M'Nab, jun.

In compliance with your request to obtain further information regarding the application of White's Patent Stoves to horti- cultural structures, I beg to say that I proceeded to Had- dington on the 7th of April last (1840), in order to witness the various methods which Mr. White has had recourse to for heating houses, pits, &c., with his patent stoves ; and, from what I have seen of them during my short visit, I feel pretty confident that they will ere long become generally adopted and useful, provided they be fitted up with care and by qualified individuals. I first examined Mr. White's vinery, figured in the following diagrams to a scale of gV '"• to 1 foot.

Fig. 4.

Elevation and End View.

a, End view of iron cover over stoke-hole. b. Ventilators which open inwards from below.

c, Front view of iron cover. d. Chimney can.

B 2

Application of White's Patent Stove

Fig. 5. Ground Plan and Section.

e. Path. /, Stove. g, Hot-air flue, with flue covers on. h. Grating on cold-air drain.

J, Section of hot-air flue, with smoke tube inside. A, Iron rod for raising ventilating sash,

the sash shown shut.

End Section, showing Furnace Feeders.

Fig. 6. Dissected Plan and Section.

I, Cold air drawn below path for inside feeding. m. Cold air drawn for outside feeding.

n. Horizontal section of stove, with cover and sand-bath removed. o, Hot-air flue, with the

covers taken off', showing the smoke tube. p, Iron rod. for raising ventilating sash, the sash

shown open. q, Stove with its coverings, as seen inside of the house.

During the winter the stove fire has scarcely ever been out ; I requested Mr. White to take particular notice of the temperature during the months of De- cember and January, at stated pei'iods, both in and out of doors, and I obtained from him the following observations and particulars regarding its management.

About 4 p. M. the embers in the stove were stirred after being shut up all day ; a little coke was then put in and air freely admitted ; after being fairly kindled and burning briskly, a little more coke was applied and then regulated for the evening ; about 9 p. M. the burning coke was again stirred, the stoves then filled and ventilated according to the appearance of the night. At seven the following morning the temperature was observed both in and out of doors, and the following table will show the result of the observations kept during that period.

With the exception of the 26th of Dec. three of the flue covers were always kept up, but on that night all were down, and the thermometer in consequence fell below 60°. After marking the temperature, a little more coke was given and the stove shut up close for the day. The thermometer in tiie evenings, when the fire was made up, generally ranged from 65° to 68°.

r r. Furnace feeders.

to the Heating of Pits, S^c, Observations taken at 7 a.m. during Dec. 1839 and Jan. 1840.

Temperature

Temperature

Temperature

Temperature

in Vinery.

in open Air.

in Vinery.

in open Air.

1839. Dec. 1.

60°

36°

1840. Jan. 1.

65°

38°

— 2.

49

28

— 2.

65

42

— 3.

55

32

— 3.

64

40

— 4.

56

34

— 4.

65

33

— 5.

61

34

— 5.

64

30

— 6.

61

30

— 6.

64

29

— 7.

63

31

— 7.

60

24

— 8.

61

28

— 8.

66

32

— 9.

62

32

— 9.

66

34

— 10.

64

34

— 10.

64

29

— 11.

61

32

— 11.

61

39

— 12.

64

40

— 12.

66

42

— 13.

m

41

— 13.

65

44

— 14.

65

40

— 14.

63

38

— 15.

60

38

— 15.

65

44

— 16.

62

36

— 16.

65

40

— 17.

65

34

— 17.

64

34

— 18.

63

34

— 18.

65

33

— 19.

65

37

— 19.

65

40

— 20.

65

45

— 20.

60

34

— 21.

68

47

— 21.

64

41

— 22.

61

46

22.

60

35

— 23.

69

45

— 23.

61

46

— 24.

65

42

— 24.

68

30

— 25.

60

38

— 25.

64

34

— 26.

55

28

— 26.

62

38

— 27.

63

30

— 27.

61

31

— 28.

63

27

— 28.

62

32

— 29.

62

28

— 29.

60

32

— 30.

64

26

— 30.

60

31

— 31.

65

45

— 31.

60

34

On the 16th of Feb. (1840), the following vines vieve planted in the house, viz. Black Hamburg, White Frontignan, Frank- enthal, Royal Muscadine, Muscat of Alexandria, Black Muscat, and Black Cluster. Early in April gentle heat was applied, and the result already proved is very satisfactory.

The small pit (fig. 8.) which Mr. White first erect- ed in his garden, and to which a trial of his stove was first applied, had at the period of my visit a plentiful crop of grapes setting well.

The nit is I Oft lono" 5i ft. Fig- S. section mid End Elevation of Mr. IVIute's I O' - Vine Pit.

Wide, and is heated with one

of the small patent stoves, placed at the back part of the pit inside, the feeder being on the outside ; the smoke pipe is conveyed under the surface of the soil from the stove to the front of the pit, as

B 3

Whitens Patent Stove applied to Pits, SfC.

shown in the section, Jig. 8. at a. The treatment used for the small stove was the same as described for the large one, the thermometer in the evenings ranging from 70° to 75°.

Fig. 9. is a vertical profile of this pit with the sashes on.

I next visited the garden of Alexan4er Cunningham, Esq. This gentleman is a great enthusiast in horti- culture ; and, being pleased with this novel method of heating, he agreed to have a range of pits put up, and to be heated with one of the patent stoves on Mr. White's plan. Mr. Cunningham's range is 24 ft. long, 7 ft. 6 in. wide, 3 ft. high at back, and 18 in. in front. It is divided into three spaces, as shown aX a b c. Jig. 10. The

Fig. 9. Vertical Profile of Mr. White's Vine Pit.

."Id

d,'"

0

e

' A" ■

e

e

il ■^1

loj-b

Fig. 10. Ground Plan of Mr. Cunningham's Pits for Grapes, Melons, and Peaches. '

smoke pipe is of cast iron, which is found to answer much better than the malleable iron ones first used by Mr. White. The pipe is laid in a built flue with movable covers, instead of fire-clay cylinders, as used in Mr. White's vinery. Fire-clay cylinders are more expensive but much neater-looking than the built ones. The stove in Mr. Cunningham's pit is placed at the front or south-west corner, and the heat carried along the front below the level of the soil, as shown in the sections in

Fig. 1).

Pit for Grapes. Pit for Melons. Pit for Peaches.

The first division of Mr. Cunningham's pit, occupying three sashes, is planted with vines ; th^ next, of two sashes, with melons ; and the third, also of two sashes, with peaches. At the period of my visit it was Mr. Cunningham's wish to have most heat in the vine pit ; and accordingly two or three of the flue covers were tilted up in it, and one in the melon department; after a while, when less heat will be required for the vines, the covers will be shut down and those in the melon and peach

Systematic Plan for Kitchen Service. 7

departments raised a little. The stove employed in this pit is No. 4. ; and Mr. Cunningham assures me that two bushels of coke {Qd. worth) a week is as much as his stove has been able to consume during the severest weather which he has had it going.

Fig. 12.

Vertical Profile of Mr. Cunningham's Pits, with the Sashes on.

The next structure visited was a green-house belonging to Henry Davidson, Esq., sheriff substitute, Haddington. The stove and hot-air flue are placed and fed within. Mr. Davidson seems highly delighted with it, both on account of the fuel saved, and the little trouble required for its management, the only objection being the escape of a little dust while cleaning out the stove. As Mr. Davidson's green-house is situated on the top of some out-houses and entered from the lobby of the second floor of his dwelling-house, few other methods of heating could have been contrived to answer the purpose so well.

From what Mr. White has already done in heating horticul- tural structures with his patent stoves, I feel pretty confident in their success. He is at present engaged fitting up several green- houses and pits in this country, and amongst others a vinery for the Earl of Lauderdale. One of Mr. White's stoves was recently fitted in a green-house erected for Lord Jeffrey, at Craig Crook : the mildness of the weather since its erection has caused it to be little used. Previously, however, to the plants being put in, I saw it thoroughly tested, and the results of a week's trial agree very closely with the observations on Mr. White's vinery.

Cal. Hort. Soc. Garden, Edinb., Aj^'il, 1840.

Art. III. A Systematic Plan for a Gardener to '■^ serve the Kitchen" By William Pearson.

I BEG leave to submit for your approval or disapproval the accompanying simple plan which I put into practice some years ago, for the purpose of serving the kitchen and the dessert with more facility and regularity than is generally done.

Many of my brethren are well aware of the disagreeable things which almost daily occur between the gardener and the cook in regard to the vegetables, fruit, &c., which often arise

B 4

8

Systematic Plan for Kitchen Service.

, through the ignorance of the latter, in not knowing the state of the crops, &c., and sometimes through the inattention of the person who is appointed to serve. The plan is so simple, that it needs no explanation. Every garden production is to be marked in the bill, which is to be sent to the kitchen every morning, and the cook is to be requested to put his mark to every article which he wants for that day. This done, the bearer proceeds to the garden, and puts the bill into the hands of the gardener or his foreman, who gives orders accordingly.

The bills are renewed from time to time, and all crops that are exhausted are to be expunged, and the newly come in crops to be added. The old bills are carefully kept, and at leisure are entered into a book, which proves a capital reference in more respects than one : in that book are to be found day and date, kind and quantity ; and one year may be compai'ed with another, both in regard to earliness and weight of crop.

Calli^ Gardens, Aug. 17. 1840.

The Kitchen Bill.

Names of Articles.

Peas, young

Peas, old

Beans

Kidneybeans

Cauliflowers

Cabbages

Turnips

Carrots

Potatoes

Onions

Leeks

Artichokes

Spinage

Vegetable Marrows

Cucumbers

Lettuces

Gooseberries

Currants

Cherries

Plums

Grapes

Peaches

Nectarines

Pine-apples

Raspberries

Strawberries

Sweet Herbs of

sorts, &c. Ice

Days of the Month — (August.)

12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 |lo'lll2 13 I4|15 16!l7|l8 19

Leycestena.foi'mbsa, as Shelter for Game. The Dessert Bill.

Names of Articles.

Quantities.

Days of the Month — (August. )

Pine-apples -

No.

1 1

2

3

4 1

5

6

1

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

1617

Grapes

lbs.

3

2

4

6

Peaches

No.

24 15

10

12

Nectarines

No.

lo; 9

8

7

Melons

No.

I

1

1

Cherries

lbs.

1

2

U

1

1

1

Plums

lbs.

2

2

3

u

1

1

Gooseberries -

Pts.

1

2

I

I

2

Strawberries -

Pts.

1

1

1

1

1

1

Currants, &c.

Pts.

1

1

1

1

I

1

Ice

^

•2

z

2

2

z

Art. IV. On Leycester'm formosa, as an Undergroivth for the Shelter and Food of Game, and as a Sea-Breeze Plant Bv N. M. T. " y

Leyceste^rJ.^ formosa is by no means a splendid plant, but it is, under every circumstance, a striking and very interesting- one. Its admirable pendent racemes of flowers and fruit shel- tered by numerous branches and leaves, are so different from any thing we before possessed, that I find them attract universal attention. Its decidedly hardy character, the amplitude of its foliage, the extreme rapidity of its growth, and the ease with which it may be produced from cuttings, layers, or seed all point it out as an object well calculated to form underwood or shelter for game. Its worth for such purposes would be doubled could game be brought to feed upon its berries, which are pro- duced in great profusion. Could its (to me) insipid fruit be converted into any useful domestic purpose, it would, I think under culture, require the same treatment as the raspberry as it seems disposed to produce its shoots from the bottom annually.

It seems also to possess in a great degree the valuable pro- perty of standing unshrinkingly the saline breeze, whence it may possibly be useful where so many things are really usele.ss. The only seeming objection to its covering what appear to be un- coverable wastes is, that it carries too much sail.

Folkstone, Sept. 10. 1840.

Art. V. Notice of a Petunia oj" extraordinary Dimensions. By A. B.

Having read in some of the Numbers of the Gardener's Ma- gazine notices of the size to which different plants have at-

10 Botanical, Floricultural, and Arhoricultural Notices,

tained, I send you the dimensions of a Petunia placed in the latter end of May 1839, as a cutting (only a few inches high), against a wall facing the south-east. It measured at the end of that year 9 ft. in height, and 1 3 ft. in breadth ; a matting pro- tected it through the winter, and it is now (Dec. 1. 184;0) 13 ft. high, and 16 ft. broad. It is trained in the fan shape, and has never ceased presenting throughout the spring, summer, and autumn, a gorgeous mass of the most splendid bloom, until checked by the frosts which set in here (in the hills of Caer- marthenshire) early. A cutting, taken from the above Petunia in the autumn of 1839, now measures 10 ft. high, by 12 ft. wide. This Petunia is a hybrid between P. nyctaginiflora and P. phoe- nicea; the blossom is large, and of a rosy purple colour, with a dark eye. A Cobce^a scandens of this year has also reached the height of 20 ft. — Dolau Cothi, near Llandovery, Dec. 1. 1840.

Art. VI. Botanical, Floricultural, and Arhoricultural Notices of the Kinds of Plants newly ititroduced into British Gardens and Plantations, or "which have been originated in them ; together ivith additional Injbrmation respecting Plants {whether old or 7ievo) already in Pultivation : the whole intended to serve as a perpetual Supplement to the '■'■ Encyclopcedia oj' Plants," the " Hortus Britannicus," the " Hortus Lignosus," and the " Arboretum et Fruticetum Brita7i- nicum."

Curtis' s Botanical Magazine ; in monthly numbers, each containing seven plates; 3^. 6d. coloured, 3s. plain. Edited by Sir William Jackson Hooker, LL.D., &c., Professor of Botany in the University of Glasgow.

Edwards's Botanical Register ; in monthly numbers, new series, each containing six plates ; 3*. 6d. coloured, Ss. plain. Edited by Dr. Lindley, Professor of Botany in the University College, London.

Maund's Botanic Garden, or Magazine of Hardy Flotver Plants cul- tivated in Great Britain s in monthly numbers, each containing four coloured figures in one page; large paper, Is. 6d.; small, 1*. Edited by B. Maund, Esq., F.L.S.

Paxtons Magazine oj" Botany, and Register of Flowering Plants; in monthly numbers; large 8vo ; 2s. 6d. each.

The Botanist ; in monthly numbers, each containing four plates, with two pages of letterpress; 8vo; large paper, 2s. 6d.; small paper, Is. 6d. Conducted by B. Maund, Esq., F.L.S., assisted by the Rev. J. S. Henslow, M.A., F.L.S., &c., Professor of Botany in the University of Cambridge.

In these notices we may direct attention to the following new plants, which promise to be valuable additions to our gardens. The most important of these is Fuchsia, corymbijldra, the most splendid fuchsia ever introduced ; and next to this is Hibiscus Wrdi/dd, a beautiful Swan River shrub. Impdticns a'tndida, Indigofera stipuldris, Monolopia mdjor (the He-Zt-wium Dough'issu. of the seed shops), Calendula Astcrias, Martyniafrdgrans and Salvia pviineWoides, are also well deserving of attention. To these may be added Calectdsia cydiiea, a most

supplementary to E7ic. of Plants^ Hort. Brit., and Arh. Brit. 11

beautiful Australian plant, figured in the Bot. Mag. t. 3834., but not yet introduced. The flowers are of a most beautiful brilhant blue, and of the kind called everlasting.^ It grows in sandy soil among shrubs.

lHayiimculdcecB.

1599. DELPHI'NIUM [1840, 64., and Bot. Card. 761.

dec6rura Fisch. et Mey. decorous ^ or IJ my P New California 1838. S co Bot. reg.

This pretty larkspur was first raised in the Botanic Garden, Birmingham, from seeds received from St. Petersburg, it being a native of the Russian settlement of New California in North America. " It is a plant of neat growth," and it appears perfectly hardy ; but " at present it does not admit of division of the root." {Bot. Gard. and Bot. Reg., Nov.)

Capparidacece.

ISO'MERIS (Isos, equal, meris, part ; regular petals, and equal length of stamens and pistils.) arbhrea _Nutt. tree | Sfc pr 10 my Y California 1839. C co Bot. mag. 3842.

An erect deciduous shrub, with yellow flowers, which have rather a dis- agreeable smell, and which bear some resemblance to those of the small- flowered Edwardsi«. It is a native of California, where it was discovered by Nuttall. (Bot. Mag., Dec.)

Pittosporees.

Prondi/a elega^is Hugel, This elegant Swan River shrub has flowered in the Milford Nursery. {B. M. R., No. 200., Nov.) ^alvdcecB.

2014. jfflBI'SCUS

Wray^Lindl. ilf;-s. Wray's 3^ or 10 o P Swan River 1839. C co. Bot. reg. 1840, 69.

A very beautiful green-house shrub, of very easy culture, raised from

Swan River seeds sent home by Druminond. It should be planted in the free

ground in a conservatory, where it will flower abundantly, '' and will continue

to produce a succession of bloom throughout the winter and spring." It is

named in honour of Mrs. Wray of Oakfield, near Cheltenham, in whose garden

it flowered for the first time last summer. {^Bot. Reg., Dec.)

3489. ABU' TILON sU\h.t\xm

Synonyme : 5ida pfcta Bot. Mag. 3840.

B^ttnei-'iacese.

Thomds'xa canescens Lindl. A little Swan River shrub, with bright purple flowers, and leaves covered on the under side with whitish hairs. (-B. M. R., No. 203., Nov.)

Geraniacece.

1932. GERA'NIUM [1840,67.

rubifblium Lindl. Bramble-leaved £ A pr 1 jl P Himalayas 1839. D s.p Bot. reg.

A hardy perennial, of erect habit of growth, but not exceeding 1 ft. high. " It should be planted in light soil, or on rockwork, as it is soon destroyed by the wet in winter." {Bot. Reg., Dec.)

^alsaiuindcecE.

Impdtiens cdtidida Lindl, " A noble-looking tender annual from India, growing 6 ft. high, with " large terminal clusters of snow-white flowers, slightly spotted with crimson. (B. M. R., No. 204., Nov.)

CelastrinecB.

672. ELiEODE'NDRON [3835.

caserns Eck.et Zey. Cape } | cu 18 jn G Cape of Good Hope 1828. C co. Bot. mag.

A handsome evergreen tree which requires protection in Scotland, but which would probably endure the climate of London with the protection of a wall. The flowers are small and greenish, and the fruit yellow. It is very different from the plant in common cultivation as Elaeodendron capense, which " is nothing else than a narrow-leaved variety of the common bay." (Bot. Mag., Nov.)

Leguminosa:.

INDIGO'FERA

stipul^ris Link large-sX\\)\x\eA Si i \ or 1 my Pk S. Africa 1816. S co. Bot. 191.

12 Bofa?iical, Floricultural, and Arboricidtural Notices,

A very handsome species, which, though introduced so long since as 1816, is not common in collections. The flowers are pink, and they are produced in a dense raceme. The specific name alludes to the large leaf-like stipules. It " is found in elevated rocky situations on the borders of CafFerland, at the eastern limits of the colony ; " and it does not require " so great a degree of summer heat as the plants from the neighbourhood of Cape Town." (^Botanist, Nov.}

Onagrdcece. FU'CHS/^ Creg. 1840, 70.

corymhi&htsi Ruiz et Pavon cluster-flowered it | sp 6 su S. Peru 1840. C. r.m Bot.

This splendid plant was raised by Mr. Standish of the Bagshot Nursery, from seed which he procured, through a friend at Montreal in Canada, from Cusco in Peru; and it is evidently the Fuchsia corymbiflora of the Flora Peruviana. It was found by Ruiz and Pavon in the woods of Chinchao and Muna, to the north-east of Lima, in shady situations. This country abounds with many beautiful kinds of fuchsia, several of which are not yet introduced, " and remain among the greatest desiderata of florticulture." {Bot. Reg., Dec.)

In a communication which we have received from Mr. Standish, he informs us that " this fuchsia is considerably more hardy than Fuchsia fulgens, and indeed quite as hardy as any fuchsia in cultivation." The best way of growing and flowering it, he tells us, is, to prepare a bed in the open garden with light rich soil, in the month of May ; and as soon as all appearance of frost is over, which will generally be about the end of that month, to turn the plant out into a bed so prepared, when it will soon begin to grow, and form a massive ball of roots and a handsome head. It may be left to flower in the open ground, or, if desirable, it can afterwards be taken up and planted in a pot, or in the conservatory, without doing it the slightest injury ; such is the abundance of fibrous roots that it produces close to the main root. Mr. Standish adds that this plant is a very strong feeder, and can hardly have too much room to grow in, or too great a depth of soil, or too rich a soil. Small flowering plants, he says, may be obtained by taking ofl" cuttings when in a flowering state, and planting them in thumb pots, placing each pot under a bell-glass. They will strike root immediately, and by shifting them into larger-sized pots by degrees, as in growing balsams, they will soon become large plants. The house my plants are now in, he continues, " is kept from 45° to 53° of heat, and the plants are as luxuriant in growth, as if it were now the height of summer. I have a plant of F. fulgens in the same house, which is now ripening its wood and becoming deciduous. F. corymbiflora is the strongest-feeding plant that ever came under my notice. I think it almost impossible to give it too rich a soil. In the month of January last, I placed a plant of it in a little heat ; and, before F. fulgens had broken out at all, F. corymbiflora had made shoots 18 in. long, which proved to me that this species was more hardy than F. fulgens ; and I was thereby induced to turn a small plant out into the open ground in the second week of June, the immediate and rapid growth of which I was quite astonished to see. I was also induced to turn out my largest plant of F. corymbiflora, which was growing freely, but was showing no symptoms of flowering. This was a tall plant with only one stem ; but as soon as it was turned out it began to branch and formed quite a head, and showed flowers in about six weeks after being turned out ; while the flowers of the former plant first made their appearance about the middle of September. This plant is now a noble specimen, having broken out with ten strong shoots. The diameter of the plant is 3 ft., and its height 4^ ft. ; each shoot having a raceme of flowers. My large plant is now 6 ft. high, but having only a single stem for 4 ft. in height ; this makes it anything but a handsome plant. The cause of this plant not branching out is the want of room above, and nourishment at the roots. On reading the description in the Bot. Reg. of this plant, taken from the Flora Peruviana, it is spoken of as acquiring the height of a man, with a stem little inclined to branch. Now under the culture I recommend, I have no hesitation in stating that it will branch out so as to form quite a bush ; and, if planted out

suppkmmtary to Enc. of Plants^ Hort. BrU., aiid Arb. Brit. 13

in a rich conservatory border, it will in the course of a few years become a plant at least twice the height above spoken of; and, as to flowering, it appears novsr to flower at every branch it makes. — John Standish. Bagsliot, Dec. 7. 1840."

Comp6sit(S,

MONOLC'PI A (Monolopos, having a single covering ; in allusion to the structure of the involucre.) m^jor Dec. greater O or 3 su Y California 1828. S co Bot. mag. 3839.

A showy free-growing annual, with large bright yellow flowers, commonly

known in all the seed-shops as Helenium Douglassii. It continues flowering

nearly all the summer. " It was introduced from California by Mr. Douglas,

and has been extensively distributed by the Horticultural Society." (Bot.

Mag., December.)

2448. CALE'NDULA

Astdrias Fis. et Met/, star O or IJ o Y North of Europe 1838. S co Bot. gard. 766.

A very beautiful and hardy annual, with a golden yellow flower, and dark green leaves ; the stalk is rather slender. It was raised in the Birmingham Botanic Garden, from seeds received from St. Petersburg. It will " flower and ripen seeds in any common garden soil." It continues in beauty from August to October. (Bot. Gard., December.)

^ricdcecB.

3614. PERNE'TTY^ [and Bot. gard. 768.

angust\{b\ia Lin dl. narrow-leaved * pr 2 jn W Valdivia 1834. C s.p Bot. reg. 1840, 63.,

A pretty little shrub, with white bell-shaped flowers, and small narrow dark green leaves. It is commonly called Pernettya phillyreifolia in the nurseries. It is a native of the Falkland Isles, and is very hardy ; but, like all other plants of the same genus, it is easily killed by extremes of drought and mois- ture. It succeeds best with American plants in a peat border ; and it is propagated by cuttings, which must be treated like those of heaths. " They should be potted in brown peaty soil, with very little sand in it." (Bot. Beg., November ; and Bot. Gard., December.)

1174. MENZIE'S/^ 9946 empetrifblia Bot. Card. 762.

Pedalinece.

Martynxsi frdgrans Lindl. A. Mexican half-hardy annual, with very fragrant

purple flowers, enlivened by a streak of yellow down the lower lip. (B. B. M.,

No. 206., November.)

QonvolvuldcecE .

492. CONVO'LVULUS 4205 pentanthus

Synonyme : Jaquem5ntia pentantha Benth. in Botanist, t. 197.

□ C.floridus L. This plant has flowered in the Milford Nursery. (B. M. B., No. 199., November.)

Ipomce^a ticifoiia Lindl. A beautiful stove climber, with rich purple flowers, raised in the Victoria Nursery, Bath. (B. M. B., No. 221., December.)

Solandce<s.

3565. GRABOW'SK/^

duplicita Am. doubled _$ □ cu 12 jl W Peru 1838. C. co. Bot. mag. 3841.

A rambling shrub, 12 ft. high, a native of Peru, which requires the heat of a stove to make it produce even a moderate quantity of flowers, which are white, tinged with green or brown ; and which are more curious than beauti- ful. (Bot. Mag., December.)

591. SOLA^NUM

vestitum Benth. clothed 3fc □ or 6 o W Mexico ... C co. Botanist, 192.

A tall shrub, with broad coarse-growing leaves, and large white flowers. It would be worth cultivating, did it not require a stove, for which, on account of " the large size of its foliage, it can be scarcely recommended, except for an extensive collection." (Botanist, November )

LabidtcB.

-\- iidlvia Regla Cav. A Mexican half-hardy plant, with bright scarlet flowers. (B. R. M., No. 205., Nov.)

1 4; Bofanicali FloricuUural, and Arboricultural Notices.

+ S. ^YxxneWotdes Humb. This plant has been raised in the Durdham Down Nursery, near Bristol, from tubers received from Mexico. It is a dwarf plant, not above 8 in. high, with blue flowers ; and it is about as hardy as Ferbena Melindres. (B. M. R., No. 207., Nov.)

'Verbendcece.

CHASCO^NUM Mey. Chasconum. (Ckasko, to gape ; from the gaping calyx.) [nist, 196.

cuneiftlium C. Mey. wedge-shpd-lvd Sfc i_J pr 4 ap W C. G. H. 1821. ... s.l.p Bota-

A half-shrubby plant, with white flowers (which are yellow, tipped with orange in the bud) and very peculiar leaves. It is a native of the Cape. " It requires green-house protection during winter, and should be in sandy loam mixed with a little peat. It requires to be very well drained." (^Botanist, Dec.)

Vliimbaginece. 929. STA'TICE 7511 pectinkta Bof. Reg. 1840, 65.

87. PIMELE'A

nana Graham dwarf j* t | or f ap jn W Swan River 1839. C s.p Bot. mag. 3833.

A pretty Australian, about 8 in. high, with a woody stem, which is covered with white hairs. Its leaves are thin and rather long. (^Bot. Mag., Nov.)

OrcJiiddcece. 3597. MONACHA'NTHUS 30301 discolor var. Bfishnane Bot. Mag. 3832.

The lip is fringed. (^Bot. Mag., Nov.) 3538. CYRTOCHI'LUM 29798 raaculJitum var. ecomtitum Bot. Mag. 3836.

A pretty variety, introduced from Mexico in 1840. (^Bot. Mag,, Nov.)

2547. DENDRO'BIUM 28807 moschJitum Bot. Mag. 3837.

D. aciculdre Lindl. A curious little East Indian species, with " a single yellow- ish flower, slightly tinged with pink. {B. R. M., No. 188., Nov.)

Z). gemelhim Lindl. An East Indian species, with " small pale yellowish green flowers, growing in pairs.'" {B, M. R., No. 192., Nov.)

D. calcardtum Lindl. A slender inconspicuous species, with green flowers, growing in pairs. {B. M. R., No. 219., Dec.)

2532. ZYGOPE'TALUM africJinum Hook.

Synonyme : Odontoglossum bictonense Lindl., Bot. reg. 1840, 66.

This was supposed by Sir W. J. Hooker to be a native of Sierra Leone, but it proves to be a native of Guatemala. (^Bot. Reg., Nov.)

2569. ANGR^CVM [1840, 68.

gladiifblium Ti^oM. sword-leaved ^ (Z3 cu 1 f W Isle of Bourbon ... D r.w Bot. reg.

An orchideous plant, with white flowers, of no beauty ; found in the Isle of Bourbon, the Mauritius, and Madagascar. (^Bot. Reg., Dec.)

Pemtylus Goodyer'oiAe?, Lindl. A Ceylon species, with a long spike of pure white flowers. (J?. M. R., No. 187., Nov.)

Liparis spathuldta Lindl. An Indian plant of no beauty, with a long raceme of very small green flowers. {B. M. R., No. 189., Nov.)

Epidaidron viscidum Lindl. A IMexican plant, nearly allied to E. ciliare. (B. M. R., No. 190., Nov.)

Maxillaria macrophylla Poepp. Messrs. Loddiges have just flowered a fine variety of this species. i^B. M. R., No. 191., Nov.)

Oncidium mia-oc/nlum Bate. A very curious and distinct species from Gua- temala. (B. M. R., No. 193., Nov.)

O. Wentworthmnuiw Bate. A very beautiful species with yellow flowers, richly stained with crimson. (B. M. R., No. 194., Nov.)

O. pelicdnum Hort. Monac. Nearly allied to O. reflexum. " The name has doubtless been given in allusion to the column, which is not unlike a pelican pecking her breast." (B. M. R., No. 216., Dec.)

Bolbophylhim J/dvidian Lindl. " A pale yellow-flowered orchideous plant, imported from Sierra Leone by Messrs. Loddiges." {B. M. R., No. 195., Nov.)

B. aordidum Lindl. A native of Guatemala. " The flowers are very fleshy, of a dull olive brown externally, but highly mottled with purple on the inside." {B. M. R., No. 217., Dec.)

Culture oflridece in the Island of Jersey. 15

Hodengne'xSst. maculdta Lindl. " A native of Guatemala." It has small flowers, of no beauty, {B. M. R., No. 218., Dec.)

E^ria niitmis Lindl. An East Indian epiphyte, " with a single large nodding terminal white flower." {B. M. R., No. 196., Nov.)

E. veluthia G. Lodd. " A singular plant, of no beauty, from Sincapore. {B. M. R., No. 209., Nov.)

E. clavicauUs Wall. An Indian epiphyte, with pretty white and pink flowers. {B. M. R., No. 220., Dec.)

Grobya. galedta Lindl. " A Brazilian orchideous plant," with dull green flowers stained with purple. {B. M. R., No. 197., Nov.)

Pholiddta conchoidea Lindl. A Manilla epiphyte, nearly allied to P. imbri- cata, but with much larger flowers, " the keels of the lateral sepals " of which " are so deep and concave, as to give the lower side of the flower the appear- ance of the inside of a bivalved shell." {B. M. R., No. 198., Nov.)

Polystachya cerea Lindl. A small Mexican species, the flowers of which are in a drooping raceme, and have the colour and texture of old wax. {B. M. R., No. 208., Nov.)

^;'o?«e/iaceae.

PITYA [18^,71.

heterophylla Lindl. various-leaved )f 123 cu 1 my Pk Mexico 1838. D p.l Bot. reg.

A very curious plant, with pink flowers arranged in a close oblong spike, and two kinds of leaves. " Those at the base of the plant arise from tough, concave, broad, horny petioles, which overlie each other, forming a kind of bulb, and are extended into narrow, hard, serrated, spiny, brown processes, about 2 in. long. The leaves, on the other hand, which are first formed, are thin, lanceolate, bright green, and more than 18 in. long when full grown, and bear no resemblance to the first." It should be kept in a stove of moderate heat, close to the light, and be allowed abundance of water while it is in a growing state. (Bot. Reg., Dec.)

Art. VII. On the Culture of Ixias and other Iridece in the Island oj Jersey. By Bernard Saunders, Nurseryman there.

Agreeably to promise I send you a few hints on the culture of the Babiana, Ixia, Sparaxis, Tritonia, &c., which in this island are very successfully grown in the open borders.

In September, or at the latest in October, we begin to pre- pare our beds by well digging them about a spade and a half deep, burying a stratum of rotten horse-dung at the bottom ; about two good barrowfuls will suffice for a bed or border 30 ft. long by 4 ft. wide. The soil, in general, must be a good friable sandy loam, and ought to be well broken in digging ; and the beds should be rounded so as to allow the escape of the heavy rains which are here very prevalent in the autumn and winter months. As soon as the ground is thus prepared and regularly raked, begin to plant the roots in rows across the beds, about 2^ in. deep and 4 in. from each other, and about 8 in. between the rows, covering the bulbs with sand about 1 in. deep previously to covering with mould. After the beds are thus planted, rake and dress them well, and thus the work is com- pleted until towards the spring ; observing to keep the ground

16

Culture qflridece in the Island of Jersey,

free from weeds, and moving or stirring it occasionally with a small fork, which greatly accelerates the growth. The different varieties flower in succession, from the middle of May to the end of June, and large beds of them produce a beautiful effect. I would observe that the distance given above is only meant for the dwarf-growing varieties, such as Sparaxis tricolor, and S. grandiflora purpurea, and other seedling varieties ; as also Tri- tonia crocata, T. squalida, 7'xia longiflora, and /, longiflora rosea, which do not exceed from 6 in. to 8 in. in height : the tall and more robust-growing sorts, such as /'xia viridiflora, /. lilacma, I. crateroides, /. flexuosa, and others, require at least 6 in. between each root, and from 9 in. to 10 in. from row to row. By thus early planting, they get well established, and will resist a very hard frost; as a proof of which, dui'ing the severe frost of 1837 and 1838, when the thermometer was as low as 18° Fahrenheit (see the details in my paper in the Garde?ia-'s Magazine for 1838, p. 328.), my ixias, &c., were preserved by a covering of about 2 in. of dry sand spread over the beds ; scarcely a root was injured.

It is now about twenty years since I commenced their cul- ture on a small scale : finding those succeed, I anxiously sought for more, and have since received several supplies from the Cape of Good Hope, and many fine varieties have been obtained from seed in Guernsey and here, which ripens very freely in the open air. H. Dobree, Esq., jun., of Guernsey, has been very successful in i-aising several splendid varieties, some of which have been figured in Harrison's Floricultural Cabinet. I am also indebted to him for many of those which I have under cultivation, which are as follows : —

^'xia aulica

Zx.

maculata

Tr. lineata

flexuosa

Spa

iraxis tricolor

squalida

capitata

grandiflora

fenestrata

crateroides

purpurea

crocata

viridiflora

sanguinea purpurea

cristata

lUdcina

rosea alba

concolor

racemosa

decora

Babidna coccinea

rubra grandiflora

formosa

kermesina

sulphurea

Liliago

longiflora

capitata

sanguinea

plicata

lutea

tricolor lutea

purpiirea

rosea

alba

rubescens

arborea

Tritonia rosea

rubra cyanea

conica

longiflora

striata

aurantia niger

rosea

sulphurea

viridis tardiflora

pallida

tubulata

Thus may this beautiful tribe of bulbs be cultivated to any extent in these islands. I am still anxious to procure new varieties worth cultivation ; and should this meet the eye of any of your numerous readers, who possess sorts different from those

Culture of the Pine-apple at Versailles. 17

I have named, I shall feel much pleasure in either exchanging or purchasing. I have also under cultivation from thirty to forty varieties of Gladiolus, some of which are truly beautiful, and on which I will give you an article at some future period. I will also send you a few hints on the cultivation of ixias, &c., in the open borders in England, which I have seen successfully practised.

Jersey, Dec. 12. 1840.

Art. VIII. On the Cultivation of the Pine-apple^ as practised in the Kitchen-Garden of the Palace of Versailles. By M. Massey, Director-General of the Gardens of the Crown.

A METHOD of cultivation has been in use for the last twenty years in the kitchen-garden at Versailles, and is now practised throughout the neighbour- hood of Paris, which appears to produce quickly and economically the fruit of the pine-apple. This treatment consists, 1st, in the disuse (suppression) of the pot while the plant is growing ; 2d, the complete renewal of the roots after the growth of the plant, before fruiting; and, 3d, the exclusive use of peat soil.

1st. Disuse {suppression) of the Pot. — The consequence of not using a pot is, that an offset of pine-apple placed, like the melon, on a bed under glass, with the roots at liberty instead of being imprisoned in a pot, vegetates with the same rapidity as in the tropics ; that is, it acquires in six months during the fine season, from April to October, all the strength necessary to produce a fine fruit. It is well known that the beauty of the fruit is always in proportion to the rapidity of the growth of the plant, and that con- sequently a young plant produces a finer fruit than an old plant.

2d. Eenewat of tlie Roots. — The roots of the pine-apple are the more active the less bulky they are. It is an advantage, therefore, to replace the roots which have served during the period of growth, by others to serve during the period of fructification. The natural developement of the plant shows its tendency to renew its roots. In proportion as the upper part grows, the lower parts tend to decay, the roots as well as the leaves, and the portion of the stock which bears them. The stock above the roots already developed is everywhere furnished with rudiments of new roots, which lengthen as the old ones begin to decay ; but, forced to twist over each other, and to wind among the bases of the leaves which press them strongly against the stock, they can only extend in proportion as the leaves disappear. It is these leaves which are removed in the operation of renewing the roots; a sufficient number are removed to display the portion of the stock where the rudiments of the new roots are already visible, and at the same time all the old roots are re- moved. Thus left to themselves, the new roots are developed in greater numbers than if a part of the old ones had been preserved.

After the removal of the old roots, the plant is in the same state as the sucker which has just been separated from the parent. It is a true cutting or slip (bouture), and it is treated accordingly. Placed in a pot and put on a good bed under glass, sheltered from the air and the light, in a few days the new roots lengthen, and in two months' time the plant has produced a suffi ciency of them to be set for fruiting.

3d. Exclusive Use of Peat Eartli. — The good effects of the suppression of the pots during the growth of the plants, and of the renewal of the roots after their growth before fructification, are singularly increased by the use of peat earth. This earth, it is true, is not so long fit for vegetation as a soil of more consistence, of which a friable mould forms a part ; but, with the

1841. — I. 3d Ser. c

18 Culture of the Pine'ajyple at Versailles.

method of cultivation in question, this cannot be considered a fault, as the action of the peat earth is only to last six months, that is to say, as long as the plant continues growing, after which period this earth is renewed to last about as long, viz. during the period of fructification.

Peat earth varies in its nature according to the country, but mould may always be had with the same properties, by only taking the surface (3 or 4 in.) of a soil that is not marshy, upon which heath grows in abundance. In the kitchen-garden of the Palace of Versailles, the soil in which the pine-apples grow is the common garden mould, which in this part of the country is pure sand, blackened a little by the manure it has received in the course of long cultivation. The pine plants succeed in this soil, which is in fact only sand mixed with a little mould. They succeed better, however, in a soil of natural peat.

Shelter, and its AjjpUcation . — Four sorts of shelter are necessary for the cultivation of the pine-apple.

1st. A very slight shelter to make the offsets (ceilletons) take root, and to preserve them till their growth is attended to.

2d. A similar shelter, but rather higher, to protect these offsets during growth.

3d. A greater degree of shelter to effect the renewal of the roots of these offsets which have already grown, and to preserve them till they are to be set for fruiting.

4th. A still greater degree of shelter and fire heat to force the plant to fruc- tify at will.

1st. Shelter to make the Offsets take Boot, and to preserve them till the month of April, at which period their growth is attended to.

This shelter is that usually employed by the gardeners of the viarais (market- gardens), in the cultivation of the melon. It is a simple light, 1 ft. high, the frame of which, without a bottom, is placed on a bed : it is formed of four boards nailed to four uprights of the same height. When this frame is made 12 ft. long, it has two cross bars (traverses) on the upper side to sup- port the glazed panels which are placed upon it. These panels are 4^ ft. high at bottom, and 4 ft. across.

To exclude the air while the plants are being rooted in this frame, it only requires to fasten moss on the ledge of the frame and on the cross bars, by means of a wire fastened on the upper side by nails put in at intervals, and which are driven in when the moss is placed.

As the offsets separated from the parent live for months without completely withering, though not planted, time may be allowed till a sufficient number have been collected before rooting them. To prevent them from drying before potting them to be finally removed to the frame, they may also be plunged in the tan among the plants of the hothouse, where they will easily root. Tan excites more than mould the emission of the roots of the pine-apple ; it stops also the progress of decay in the stock, if it has been injured.

The bed for rooting the offsets should have the high temperature necessary for that purpose. It is covered with tan, in which the very small pots con- taining the offsets are arranged. Once rooted, a moderate heat in the bed, and mats, are sufficient to protect these offsets during winter. They require no particular care; the chief aim being to preserve them till the month of April, when they are removed to the second frame, for the express purpose of attending to their growth.

2. Shelter for the Growth of the Offsets. — The shelter used for the growth of the offsets only differs from the preceding one in respect to its height, which is as high again as the preceding. The frame is 2 ft. high at the back, and 1 i ft. in the front. The height can be increased at pleasure, by raising the frame, and introducing wisps of straw, as the plants grow and reach the glass.

When, as at the garden of Versailles, a million of plants arc to be' set, in- stead of a long simple bed inteniled to be surrounded with manure (garnie

Culture of the Pitie-apple at Versailles. 19

de rechaufs), several short beds are placed one against the other, so as to form together an immense square bed. The individual beds of this large bed are 6 ft. broad ; therefore, when the frames are placed, the space of 2 ft. is left vacant between them for the paths. These paths are filled with manure as high as the frames, to warm the air within, according as the temperature requires, till the fine weather sets in.

About 8 in. of soil is put upon the bed in the frames. This thickness of soil is sufficient. The roots, after having penetrated tiiis soil, may without injury extend into the bed ; but, though they grow to the length of several feet, they rather tend to spread horizontally than to extend downwards.

Before unpotting the offsets to plant them in the frames, some of the lower leaves are removed, in order that the rudiments of roots covered by the bases of these leaves maybe at liberty to expand. The plants, once established in this man ner, require little further care. The roots find sufficient heat in the bed during the summer, and the temperature of the air from the month of April is always increasing. Therefore, in a very short time, all the labour that is required is to give air and a great deal of water and shade. The leaves become red during the great heats, if they are not shaded for two or three hours during the middle of the day. Canvass (a transparent kind of cloth) is the best to break the rays of the sun without intercepting the light. The temperature from the middle of July to the middle of August is sufficiently high to admit of the lights being kept partially open during the night, and to allow of plenty of water being thrown on the heart of the plant, and in the axils of ^he leaves, where it is preserved as if it were in pots.

3. Shelter to assist the OiJeration of the Renewal of the Roots when the plant is grown, and to preserve it when rooted till it is taken into the fruiting- house.

This shelter should be of sufficient dimensions to admit a person to enter it. Its breadth should be at least 8 ft., to contain the path, the bed, and the flues. It is half-sunk that the air may be preserved rather moist. The sum- mit of the front wall is accordingly on a level with the exterior soil, and the back wall, which is 6 ft. high, rises only 4 ft. above the soil. This back wall, in its lower part, is built in arches, the spaces being filled with plates of metal, by means of which, when it is necessary, dung placed on the outside transmits its heat into the interior. This heat is preferable to that of fire, and is sufficient, when the season is not too severe in winter, to preserve a moderate temperature in the air, suitable to plants that are not intended to be forced, but only to be preserved till their turn comes of being placed in the fruiting-house.

Before potting the plants whose roots are to be renewed, the wounds that have been made in the stock, whether by pulling off the leaves to display the new portion of the stock which is to produce the new roots, or by removing the little offsets which are found, when the leaves are removed, situated at the axil of each, are allowed to dry for several days. In planting the stock, it is plunged two thirds of its depth in the pot, and the mould is to be dry rather than moist, because too much moisture is dangerous when vegetation is in a state of repose. Before plunging the pots in the tan which covers the bed, this bed must have attained a warmth of 30° of Reaumur (100'' of Fahr.). This high temperature is necessary to cause a rapid developement of the roots. Care must be taken, in the meantime, to stop up the chinks in the lights with moss, and to cover the lights with mats, that neither the exterior air nor the sun may fatigue the plant. At the end of ten or fifteen days the roots are sufficiently developed to allow of a little water being put on the mould of the pots, and at the same time to give a little air and light. The proportion of water for the roots, and the quantity of air and light for the plant, increase as the roots begin to grow. At the end of two months, the plant, abundantly provided with roots, may be set for fruiting.

In order to have ripe fruit throughout the year, the plants are distributed in series, ranking according to size, and these series are set for fruiting succcs-

c 2

20 Culture of the Pine-apple at Versailles.

sively, each in its turn, from month to month, from October to July. The series placed in the fruiting-house in October shows fruit in December and ripens it in June ; and the last series, which is placed in heat in July, and which shows its fruit in October, does not ripen it till April and May, for fruit ripens very slowly during winter.

As it is only at the end of two months that the plant stripped of its roots has produced new ones in sufficient quantity to be set for fruiting, it is neces- sary to select, long before the month of October, the plants that are to com- pose the first series, the fruit of which is to be ready in June. Consequently, as early as the 1st of August, those plants are selected from the frames where they attained their growth, that appear the strongest, to form the first series.

Before being set to fruit, the plants must be kept during the winter at a very moderate temperature. The temperature of the bed may be kept at 15° of Reaumur (66° Fahr.); that of the air may be at 13° Reaumur in the day, and 8° Reaumur (30° Fahr.) at night. When the temperature of the air is too high and dry, the heat causes the plants to run to fruit prema- turely ; when too high and moist, it makes the leaves grow rapidly, when the light of the short days is not sufficient to colour them. For those plants which are to be preserved till their' turn arrives of being put into the fruiting- house, the heat of the dung alone placed outside the shelter is more favour- able than the heat of the fire.

Watering should be very moderate during the six months of winter. During this time the roots only are to be watered ; and to prevent wetting the leaves, and particularly the heart of the plant, which would be liable to perish if the water which may have fallen on it were not removed by a pipe, the watering is effected by means of a funnel, under which there is a horizontal tube formed of several pieces, which carries the water to the most distant plants.

4-. Shelter. Fruiting-kouse, where the plants are placed to show fruit.

This hothouse should be large to contain a great deal of air ; it ought to be raised above the soil to be very dry ; besides, the glass of the sashes must be renewed from time to time, for the action of the light through new glass is as necessary to induce the plant to show fruit, as the action of the dry air and the heat of the fire.

The bed should be new to be very warm, and composed of new dung mixed with leaves to preserve the heat for a long time. It is covered with a bed of tan, in which the pots are plunged. During the two months which elapse before the plant shows its fruit, and also during the time of flowering, the roots should be at a temperature of 30° of Reaumur (100° of Fahr.), but not higher; at 40° Reaumur (122° Fahr.) the roots would perish. _ A thermo- meter enclosed in a metal tube, and plunged as low as the pots, indicates the

temperature, ^ o -r. ^ /-no

When the soil round the roots is at the temperature of 30 Reaumur ( 100 Fahr.), the air may be also at 30° Reaumur during the day, and at 20° Reau- mur (77° Fahr.) during the night. This temperature, which in the sunk and damp shelter would make the leaves of the plants grow too much, does not produce the same effect upon the same plants placed in the fruiting-house. The dry heat of this hothouse stops by degrees the growth of the leaves in proportion as the parts of fructification are developed. The offsets are deve- loped also, and sometimes too numerously : therefore, to prevent them absorb- ing for their own use the sap which was to nourish and swell the fruit, care is taken, after having removed those reserved for multiplication, to prevent the growth of the rest by pulling out the heart with a pair of nippers, long and flat at the point.

Though the plant in the fruiting-house is exposed to a very great heat, it is watered very little during the time it is showing ii'uit, and tlien only on the roots. Too much fluidity in the sap, and consequently too much watering, would excite the plant to grow and not to fruit ; but from the moment the fruit begins to show itself in the centre of the leaves, till the period when it has attained its full growth, the roots are watered abundantly as well as the plant.

Cultivation of the Graiie Vine. 21

After flowering, to encourage the growth of the fruit, which the dry air of the fruiting-house would cause to ripen prematurely, the plant is replaced in the preceding shelter, where the more humid air and more moderate temper- ature develope the fruit very slowly, which is indispensable, particularly during winter.

In old hothouses, the trench which contains the manure is open within the house. In the new ones, the opening is on the outside : a horizontal parti- tion, placed 1 ft. from the top of the trench, separates the interior of the hothouse from the interior of the trench, and thus converts the top of this trench into a sort of large case, which, when filled with earth, may be used to fruit plants with their roots free. The advantage of this arrangement is not great for the queen pine and the other small varieties ; which produce as good fruit, though the plant is kept in a pot, if this pot, though small, be well fur- nished with new roots : but the Enville pine, the Provitlence pine, the hand- some pine from Cayenne, and all the other large-fruited varieties which re- quire a great deal of nourishment, do perfectly well with this arrangement. Freed from their pots, and planted in tiiis case when they have formed their new roots, that is, towards the end of November, they continue till summer to grow before fruiting, and acquire so much vigour, that the offsets, when not removed, often produce fruits which may be called fine, by the side of the enormous fruit of the parent.

When too close, the pines shade each other, and increase in height and not in strength. To render them fit to produce fine fruit, they must be kept so far apart at all periods of their growth, that the leaves may extend and present their upper surtace to the perpendicular action of the light: and this action is more necessary than that of the sun's rays ; for it does not appear that the plants which are deprived of its direct rays, but are otherwise well lighted, are less vigorous than those which receive its rays.

In the kitchen-garden at Versailles, the pines are placed in lines l^ft. apart, and generally 2 ft. between each plant in the line. Therefore, in the shelter where the plants are grown, the frames being 12 ft. long, and rather more than 4 ft. wide, each frame contains 24 plants, placed in 3 lines of 8 plants each. In the hothouses, the trench of each compartment 36 ft. long, and rather more than 5 ft. broad, contains 72 plants, in 4 lines of 18 plants each. Tlie same trench, if the plants belong to the large varieties, contains only 45 plants in 3 lines of 15 plants each.

The first shelter, in which the offsets are rooted when separated from their parent, and the third shelter, where the roots of the plants which have attained their growth are renewed, may each be considered as temporary deposits, where the plants vegetating but little do not require to be kept far apart. The plants may therefore be kept more or less apart, according to the space at disposal.

Versailles, December, 1840.

Art. IX. On the Cultivation of the Grape Vine. From a Paper read to the North Bristol Gardeners' Society, in September, 1840, by Mr. Duncan, Author of " Culture of the Melon," &c. Com- municated by Mr. Duncan.

Without occupying time with preliminary observations, I will at once proceed to consider the nature of the soil, &c., in vine countries, and in some of those places in our own where it most excels. It may be assumed as a fact, that vines und^r every circumstance delight in soil of permeable character ; in vine districts it is often singularly so. Vines are planted on the ruins of volcanoes, the roots revelling in the scoriae of ancient eruptions, and matters accumulated in the lapse of time ; on rocky precipices, and the sides of hills ; in soils as varied as the sites are, yet suitable, because permeable, and exposed

c 3

22 CuUivatio7i of the Grape Vine.

to solar agcnc}' more than we are here. Some of the famed vineyards of the Continent occupy sites similar to these, and have obtained notoriety from circumstances of a like kind. Hence it is evident that much of the success attending vine culture in Britain depends upon a judicious choice of site and soil. The finest vines in the West of England grow on the sides of hills, from south-east to south-west, in soil of a strong loamy character, invariably lying over rocks, the mountain limestone and old red sandstone formations here, and the primitive rocks around Bath; and an instance once occurred in my experience, of a vine flourishing in a bed of loose rubble on the side of a hill declining about 10 degrees. Thus it appears from these cases, that the stratum, or bed, and the declination of the situation are important auxiliaries in the successful growth of vines, inasmuch as both are favourable to the admission of solar heat and escape of superfluous water, which, in connexion with others, particularly determine the welfare of most grapes grown in Eng- land. Samples of mould sent here from Oporto, and experiments instituted in past years, convince of the truth of these remarks, and the experience of practical men adds testimony to the same views. In making vine borders it is therefore exceedingly important to have them well drained, and at a consider- able declination. The drains here consist of a continuous mass of stonework, the spaces between being filled with rubble, forming a complete and substantial groundwork for future operations, when it will be productive of the first im- portance. The border is composed as follows, namely, one part turfy sandy loam, one part frame, or cow dung reduced into simple mould, one part road- scrapings from great thoroughfares, and one part bones, carcasses of animals,Jand similar matters, stones, and rubbish ; these, except the animal portion, should be completely amalgamated into a homogeneous mass previously to using. The extent and depth of soil necessary for a vine border may be known by the lie of the ground. If a level or nearly level site, less depth, but if con- siderably sloping, greater ; the former at 2h ft., and the latter at 3 ft. deep, and in both cases extending in proportion to the superficial admeasurement of the roof of the house.

The next thing to be considered is planting vines, which is undoubtedly best effected in the autumn of the year, or immediately after making wood in the spring, in June. If a vine is planted in June, it will form a fine cane in the same year; but, if in September, it will become established for surer and more permanent results in succeeding years. They should in each case be laid a couple of inches deeper in the soil than they were before; and, if in September, the roots must be carefully loosened from their matted condition, and placed in a lateral direction in the border, and at most 3 or 4 inches under the soil. Muscats should be planted within the house, or else in soil exclusively pre- pared for them, of a drier nature, and in a warmer place.

With respect to the future management, there are several subjects for con- sideration ; and however well vines may grow, and appear equal to produce a crop of grapes, it is wrong to let them do so till they have attained a sufficient age : the importance of a well-established plant is greater than'any consider- ation of the former kind, unless destined for it originally. If a vine is capable of bearing, it will appear so by the solidness and vigour of the wood, and by the dimensions of its stem ; and it is [)retty evident that, in general, it will not be in this condition under three or four years time. To obtain only a mode- rate crop of grapes, a vine should girt 2^ in. above the ground, and, if less than this, the result will be otherwise than satisfactory.

Pruning vines is a most important process. Various systems or modes of pruning are adopted, but it appears clear that a successional one is the best; by which I mean a system which includes tlie fine buds situated at the extremities of young shoots. Under usual management, it is impossible to do so without endangering the developement of the lower ones, or inducing ex- haustion by the quantity retained ; for, if the force of excitement be confined to a single rod under equal circumstances, the spaces between the laterals will be insufficient to admit a proper quantity of light, &c. I have hitherto considered it best to prune at the fall of the leaf, whether it be in October or

Cultivation of the Grape Vine. 23

December. It is essential to good management, and the welfare of the tree, to afford a long rest, in order that the wounded parts may become healed, and the exhausted energies of the plant refreshed. The vines under my care have been cut to the first convenient bud within the house for two seasons follow- ing the planting, and the shoots from them have proceeded unstopped. In the third year, these shoots were cut to three eyes or buds each ; the two lower ones to form permanent branches in the future arrangement of the tree, and the other, or terminal one, to become a fruiting cane in the year follow- ing. It will be necessary now, being the third year, to stop the leader some little distance beyond, when it is intended to be left for bearing, which, in general, will be 18 or 20 feet. In the strong-growing kinds, every third bud is displaced, and in the short-jointed ones, Sweetwater for instance, every other two ; the remainder will theu be situated at proper distances, and in alternate order, and the fine buds at the extremities will be preserved : the juices, being diverted from the displaced buds, will cause a surer developement of the retained ones, which, in conjunction with a greater portion of solar light, will induce a vigorous and fruitful habit. The shoots at the base of the terminal leader (intended to become permanent branches) are shortened to a few eyes each, and the shoots proceeding from them are shortened at half the length of the original leader. This stopping is intended to divert the current of sap, and cause it to flow into the first leader, now bearing fruit. The same reason may be assigned for stopping the bearing shoot itself and laterals at one joint beyond the fruit ; for if the terminal be permitted to proceed unstopped at this early state of bearing, the laterals at the lower part of the stem will be deprived of their proper quantity of nourishment, in consequence of the rapid flow of sap towards the extremity, situated, as it is, in a warmer medium, and in a higher position.

In the future pruning, the stems are cut to two buds each, and, when evolved, the weaker of the two, or the one having the smaller cluster, is removed. Muscats are sometimes cut to the third or fourth bud, but the close system of pruning, wherein the spurs are removed entirely, is not productive of the desired results in continued succession, because it is not in accordance with the known principles of vegetable physiology. The original shoot in the second year of bearing is permitted to occupy the top part of the house, and one of those at its side encouraged to become a fruiting cane in the following or succeeding years ; while the other, at the opposite side, is retained in store until the original shoot is intended to be removed, forming a system extending over a series of years in succession, calculated to obtain fine and abundant grapes, and a vigorous and healthy tree.

I will now proceed to explain some particulars in connexion witii the climate in vine-houses, and the casualties, 8cc., experienced everywhere, more or less, where vines are cultivated. The vine is a plant that requires to be managed according to fixed principles. A slight variation or diversion from determined rule, or a mistimed act of unquestionable utility, is often produc- tive of serious consequences. Hence the propriety of simulating those funda- mental laws of nature regulating the developement of vegetable life. The genial showers and gradual increasing temperature of spring are no less bene- ficial to general vegetation, than genial when imitated in a house of vines. And when external circumstances concur with operations of forcing in bouses, they are productive of the most important advantages to vegetables under ex- citement : consequently, it is necessary to contrive that the difference of the temperature, internally and externally, shall be as little as possible, by covering the roots and bole, not so much to supply heat, as to prevent the escape of heat existing in the soil, and injury from excessive rains or frost. At tiie de- velopement of the buds the temperature should be low, a perfect resemblance to circumstances determining a similar act out of doors, gradually increasing to 50°. A regular and abundant supply of moisture should be afforded, both by syringing and sprinkling, for if the temperature should exceed this amount, or water be sparingly applied, many buds situated at the hinder parts

c 4

24f Cultivation of the Grape Vi?}e.

of the vine would hardly break at all, owing to the current of sap setting in strongly to those buds more favourably situated. In the interval preceding inflorescence, a considerable increase of heat may be afforded, and abundance of air admitted ; both are important in strengthening the young shoots and embryo clusters of fruit, and prevent those discouraging s3^mptoms of weak- ness evinced by the decay of the clusters. During inflorescence, the tempe- rature should be never less than 70° nor exceed 80° Fahrenheit. Grapes set best in a sultry atmosphere considerably charged with moisture, supphed by insensible evaporation from pans on the flues, and by sprinklings, &c. If the wind should be cold, or the weather unfavourable, I would advise artifi- cial impregnation, especially in the tender kinds, such as Muscats, Damascus, Sweetwaters, &c. This is best effected by introducing a cluster of some other kind, that can be spared, among the florets of the one intended to be impreg- nated. Such an act will become important in the future distention of the berries ; for it will be seen that the clusters are impregnated, and the berries composing the cluster will be finer and more complete than others not im- pregnated. After this, syringing should be resumed, and continued till the berries have done growing ; but it should be tenderly effected, and with tepid water. During the period included from impregnation to the complete de- velopement of the berries, it is most important to close early, while yet the sun is shining strongly, say at 2 or 3 o'clock in the afternoon ; for a high tempera- ture, in conjunction with the vapour generated from syringing, &c., will pro- duce results most favourable to the progress of the young fruit, the same as Nature in her happy moods delights in. The genial showers in a summer afternoon, under circumstances of a like kind, produce consequences precisely similar, but greater, because more general ; and so it is in houses where the imitation is complete, and adopted to a right extent. When grapes begin to colour, it is necessary, — yea, as important, to obtain a dry atmosphere, as it was previously a moist one, because the change effected in grapes while ripening is produced under the full influence of light, heat, and dryness : and it is well known that grapes grown in dry heat, or properly managed houses, acquire flavour superior to those grown in plant-houses, or in other places where they cannot be taken care of. If the roots of vines be situated within the house, or a dry season should occur, a plentiful supply of water should be given ; for tliough the vine flourishes in soil of open texture, and situations of a dry nature, yet it is essential to have water, under all circumstances, suffi- cient to dissolve and supply the food necessarj^ for its subsistence ; this, in some cases, is considerable. I have known as many as 200 gallons given to a vine at two waterings while the grapes were small, and after stoning, previously to turning colour at the last stage of developement ; and it was productive of the best result. Hence it is important to have the use of a good pond of water. But, at the same time, it must be borne in mind, that good drainage, or an equi- valent, is necessary, or else the results following will be otherwise than satis- factory.

After the berries are stoned, the temperature should be maintained at least at 70° ; under the influence of light, and an advanced season, it may be more, but the maximum, under all ordinary occurrences, should not exceed 95°. This kind of management is necessary to the termination of the business, even till the wood is perfectly ripe ; for it is exceedingly more important to effect this when the sun is in the ascendant, than in the autumn when it is not so powerful. I must not, however, be misunderstood. I do not mean that it is not requisite to have fire heat in autumn if circumstances require it, such as unripe wood, &c., but that it is more philosophical while the plant is still growing, and there is more certainty of its being effected properly than at any other period of the process.

Another point of consideration is colouring the berries : this depends upon several contingent and important circumstances, the substantial goocUicss of the border, drainage, aspect, and declination being the chief Whatever affects tlic roots or indeed any part of a vine most lissuredly induces corre- sponding results in the fruit, and want of colour may be cited as an instance.

Cultivation of the Grape Vine. 25

There are other causes, distinctly separate from the preceding, that prevent grapes assuming a proper colour, namely, excessive cropping or superabundant wood, and both inducing general debility ; a decrease of temperature before or while ripening, or extremes at day and night ; and want of sufficient air, light, and space : the former maybe avoided by care in the original plan and construc- tion of the border, &c., and the latter by apportioning the quantity of fruit and extent of wood to the real vigour of the tree, by a continuance of fire heat, when necessary, till the temperature in general equals the minimum amount required at night (this will seldom occur till the latter end of June or beginning of July). Admit air at every reasonable opportunity, and invariably sooner in the morning than under ordinary management ; and, lastly, let every branch occupy sufficient space, the extremities of the leaves be everywhere separate from each other, and a proper interval between the spurs.

In corroboration of a part of the previous statement, 1 will mention an in- stance which occurred here for several successive years. In forcing an okl house of vines, we admit a continual current of air at the end where the fire enters ; in fact, it is necessary to maintain the temperature at both ends nearly alike. At this end of the house, invariably, until the present year, have been the most abundant, finest, and best-coloured grapes : but in the present year the case has been materially different, in consequence of Dr. Arnott's stove being situated at the other end, which avoided the necessity of admitting air in the usual place and to the usual extent. The result of this experiment was satisfactory, inasmuch as the diiFerence in the quality of the grapes was inappreciable, and totally dissimilar to the experience of former years. It is necessary also, in admitting air, to do so with some regard to the amount of diiference between it and the temperature of the house. Some contrivance should be formed to make the difference as small as possible, by making it pass through a warmer medium, sheds, &c., or apertures at some convenient distances from the foliage, or through wire or other network. The best- coloured grapes that I have seen in the present year are fully exposed to light, and the an- is admitted through a doorway of an adjoining house, and escapes at the light beyond where the vine is situated. Good grape-growers seldom allow a direct current of air, except in extremely warm weather, and even then never through a doorway, unless it be situated at the hinder section of the house, because the temperature there is generally higher than in front ,• and to admit air in front, unless in favourable weather, would cause a difference in the two places very considerable and of some importance.

In conclusion, I will notice the cause of the shriveling or decay of the peduncular attachment of grapes, and cracking of the berries just previously to turning colour. Both arise, or may be induced, by one or more of several unfavourable circumstances happening in certain periods of a vine's develope- ment, and from some important particulars deficient where the vine is planted. Whatever hinders the full access of solar heat and light, or determines the temperature of the soil much less than the temperature of the air, weakens the principle of vitality. Excessive cropping and superfluous wood will do the same, and is the more inexcusable as it can easily be avoided, while some other equally decisive, though not so general, causes, induce the same almost unac- countably; for instance, a low temperature after a high one, while the grapes are ripeniui;-, often occurring in summer forcing, from the disuse of fires prior to the nights becoming warm. Excess of moisture prevailing, unaccompanied with a proper degree of heat, will be exceedingly injurious to vegetable sus- ceptibility : if a little antecedent to this, it will be evinced by a disruption of the cuticle of the berry at the time, shriveling, and general decay of detached por- tions, and the whole of some kinds. During the period of ripening, com- mencing from the first appearance of turning colour, the atmosphere should be more than ever pure, and at that standard of dryness and warmth necessary for the perfect developement of the fruit. Further, if the wood of vines has not been ripened well in the year preceding, or, in other words, if the elabora- tion of juices has been incomplete, the quantity of secreted matters will be less, the buds less stored, and the wood immature, most assuredly unequal to

26 Destruction of Mice in Cucumber Frames.

the task of ripening, however well other circumstances may accord ; for the very principle of life itself seems weakened by the effort made, and a repetition of similar management to this injures more vines than is generally imagined. Some kinds of grapes being more hardy than others, are less liable to misfor- tune than others ; Muscadine and Esperione, for instance. Some are liable in an extreme degree, and become spoiled from circumstances that would not affect other kinds : such are Frontignans, Muscats, Syrian, &c. A few are happily situated at a medium, remarkable for their goodness and adaptation to general use, though not partaking of the extreme qualities famous to the Mus- cats and Frontignans : these are Black Hamburg, Dutch black Hamburg (said to be a grape of first quality). West's St. Peter's, Tripoli, Damascus, iS:c. One other I will mention, a Frontignan, a grape of the very best character, something resembling the Dutch Sweetwater in appearance; when ripe, of a beautiful amber hue, and the rich muskiness of the Frontignans is pre- eminent here. The clusters are closely set, and moderately large, the berries being considerably larger than any other of the Frontignan family. It is not known under a recognised nomenclature here, unless it be Chasselas Musque, or is probably a seedling of former times undescribed. It is, as far as my knowledge extends, confined to this place. The entire stock has been pre- sented to the proprietors of the Durdham Down Nursery, of whom plants may be had in the following spring. I had intended to have entered into some other particulars, but this paper is already sufficiently long. Near Bristol, October, 1840.

Art. X. On the Destruction of Mice in Cucumber Frames.

By J. WiGHTON.

In the spring of the present year, 1840, the cucumber plants under my care were much hijured by having their shoots and fruit cut off. At first, I thought shigs did the injury, but I soon found something more mischievous, for the shoots were cut through, as if eaten by mice. I destroyed several mice, and amongst them two of the shrew kind, suspecting the latter to have done the injury, but the mischief done to the plants was as great as ever. After several fruitless attempts to discover my pests, at last I caught a mouse, quite of a different kind from those previously mentioned; it was the short-tailed field mouse. I found he and his neighbours were the real enemies I sought for, and thought that now my troubles would soon be at an end, as I could easily destroy these little vermin. I soon found, how- ever, that was not so easy a task as I thought; the plants still were destroyed, and all my endeavours to poison or entrap my enemies were fruitless, owing to their not eating food greedily like common mice. Seeing this, and knowing their haunts to be in woods and fields, I suspected their principal food to be vege- tables and roots : in this I was not mistaken ; for when I put some roots of the i^unium flexuosum, or earth nut, amongst the cucumber plants, they were soon eaten up. After that, 1 found no trouble in destroying them with traps baited with earth nuts. Buffon describes the mouse I have noticed, and says " it is very plentiful in some parts of France, where it often damages corn by cutting through the stems to get at the ears, by bringing them down. I consider that when they cut off my cucumber

Culture of the Early Horn Carrot. 27

plants it was in search of moisture, for when I placed water in the beds the injury done was less. The difficulty I had to con- tend with was, the finding what food the mice would eat. I have taken notice of it, for it may be of use to others that may have the bad luck to get a visit from such vermin ; for it is really vexing to have cucumbers destroyed in such a manner, es- pecially in the month of March.

Cosscy Hall Gardens^ Nov. 24. 1 840.

Art. XI. On the Culture of the Early Horn Carrot. By J. Seymour, Kitchen-Gardener to the Countess of Bridgewater at Ashridge.

According to promise, I send you a few remarks on the Early Horn Carrot, as to weight, size, productiveness, and clearness of the roots, &c.

By referring to my diary, I find my crop of this year was sown on the 30th of March, in rows 1 ft. apart, and the alleys 2 ft. wide ; and that they were taken up on the 2d of Novem- ber. I let these remain longer in the ground than I usually do, to see the difference of the roots as respecting the attacks of the wireworms.

I have grown them upon the same piece of ground this year that I have used since 1837 ; and as to flavour, appearance, &c., you can decide by the roots that I have sent you. I have not selected the largest roots, considering that they would be large enough for the purpose intended. Amongst the roots you will find one eaten by vermin, to about 3 in. of the top ; there was in one bed about one square yard eaten in the same way. 1 thought it had been perhaps a grass mouse or shrew ; but not being able to find any holes near the spot, I am quite at a loss to know what animal it can have been. In all the roots that were eaten, they had been begun at the very extremity of the root, and worked upwards to within two or three inches of the top. The teeth-marks resemble those of a mouse. There were several roots eaten some distance off close by the surface of the ground ; these I considered to be the grass mouse, as there were two or three caught close by.

The piece of ground measured was 1,290 square feet, and it produced 2,550 lb. of roots, or 1 ton 2 cwt. 3 qrs. 2 lbs., making a produce of 38 tons 8 cwt. 11 lb. per acre.

One root (sent) was 10 in. in length, 10 in. in circumference, and weighed 1 lb. 6 oz. ; 2d root was 16 in. in length, 10 in. in circumference, and weighed 1^ lb. ; 3d, 14^ in. in length, 9| in. in circumference, and weighed 1 lb. 5 oz. ; 4th, 1 ft. long, 10| in. in circumference, and weighed 1 lib. There was a very small taproot, from 3 in. to 6 in. in length, attached to these roots ; they were washed, and the tops cut quite close to the root.

28 Antoine^s Conlfcrce.

I have grown the Altringham long orange, Surrey long, and the New white Altringham, but I prefer the Early Horn for a garden, much before the other sorts, as it grows to a better size for the table, and in my opinion is of a much better flavour ; and, as to keeping, it keeps more firm with me than the larger sorts.

I sent up to London good old carrots in May and June for the family. (See my method of keeping, &c., Gardoier's Magazhie for 1840, p. 207.)

I would strongly recommend the New white Altringham for field culture, as I find there is greater weight on the same space of ground than of any other carrot I know. One root of the white, 1 ft- Sin. in length, 10| in. in circumference, weighed 2 lb. 2 oz. One root of the Altringham, 1 ft. 4 in. long, 9 in. in circumference, weighed 1 lb. 6 oz. Two roots ditto, 3 ft. 5 in. in length, 10 in. in circumference, weighed 15oz. (together). One root of Surrey long, 1 ft. 2 in. in length, 10 in. in circum- ference, and weighed lib. 14 oz.

These roots are about a medium size, the tops off and washed. It must be understood that this is not a carrot soil about here, it being very cold, and containing a great many flints. The sub- soil is a very strong red clay, and sometimes chalk is found within a few inches of the surface. Let me add, that wiiere my carrots grew was made soil, and of a good depth, and that it lies very low. I hope that this may lead to larger trials of the Early Horn, and I hope to see the results of the trials mentioned in your Magazine.

FritJisden GardeJis, Ashridge^ Nov. 16. 1840.

REVIEWS.

Art. I. Die Coniferen nach Lambert, London luid anderen. Frey bearbeitet von Franz Antoine. The Coniferoe after Lambert, Loudon, and others. Newly composed by F. Antoine, with plates. No. I., pp. 20, folio, 4 plates. Vienna, 1840. Price 45. plain, and 65. coloured. To be completed in 8 or 9 Numbers.

The author has been induced to undertake this work from the important rank which the Coniferfe hold in nature, in our northern hemisphere, and also in forest culture, and in the planting of parks and pleasure-grounds. As tiie ConlferEe have hitherto been described only in very expensive works, his object is to produce a book which shall be within the reach of every culti- vator ; and, for this purpose, he has had recourse to all the recent works, and more especially to those mentionetl in his titlepage; and he has made the drawings, and lithographed them himself, by which means he can offer his book at the low price above-named.

The work commences with Sect. 1. Lcavea in Pairs ; anil the species he describes and figures in his first No. are : 1. Pinus sinensis Lamb., Arb. Brit, iv. p. 226-k ; 2. P. briitia Ten., A. B. iv. p. 2234. ; 3. P. halepensis JiL, A. 13. iv. p. 2231.; 4. P. pyrenaica Lap., A. B. iv. p. 2209. ; 5. P. Laricio Pair, A. B. iv. p. 2200. ; G. P. resinosa Soland., A. B. iv. p. 2210. ; 7. P. BanksiaHrt Lamb., A. B. iv. p. 2190. ; 8. 7^. sylvtstris Lin., A. B. iv. p. 2153. ; 9. P. uncinata Ramond, A. B. iv. p. 2187. ; 10. P. pumilio Ilcenkc, A. B

Grigor''s Eastern Arhoretum. 29

V. p. 2186. ; 11. P. variabilis Lamh., A. B. iv. p. 2243. ; 12. P. mitis Mich. A. B. iv. p. 2195. ; 13. P. inops Ait., A. B. iv. p. 2192. ; 14. P. pungens Mich., A. B. iv. p. 2197. ; 13. P. Pinaster Ait., A. B. iv. p. 2213. ; and 16. P. Pinea Lin., A. B. iv. p. 2224.

In a letter, which accompanied the copy of the work kindly presented to us by M. Antoine, he says, " A jonrney which I made some time ago to the Snow Mountain and its environs in Styria, near Vienna, confirms my opinion, that the three so-called species, Pinus Larlcio Poir., P. austriaca Hccnke, P. Pallasm?;rt Lamb., are only varieties, differing from P. Laricio, as the type, according to soil and situation. For instance, you can find some individuals with the habit exactly like that of P. Pinea, if the tree grows on rocks ; but if the tree grows on a loose rich soil, it assumes a pyramidal shape, like P. 5'tr6bus, with long leaves. Dr. Unger of the Johanneum at Gratz, and Dr. Grisebach of Genoa, are of the same opinion with me respecting P. Laricio. P. pumilio I found on the Snow Mountain in Styria in great abundance. On the lower region, where it is mixed with ^^bies excelsa, this pine has the original shape of P. pumilio HcEiike : higher up the whole plant is diminished to the height of only 2 or 3 feet ; its leaves are very short, and the cones very small. This, I think, is your P. carpatica, or P. pumilio nana. On the highest region, P. pumilio produces no cones, but sometimes abundance of male flowers, the plant growing not higher than 8 or 10 inches, and the branches lying along the surface of the soil or rocks, and not more than 3 or 4 feet in length." This corresponds with what Dr. Martins told us, when we were at Munich, in 1828, respecting P. pumilio on the highest ground in Bavaria, and which Dr. Martins was fully convinced was only a variety of P. sylvestris.

The titlepage to this work is a fanciful composition, which may rank in point of taste with that of Bateman's Orchid acece ; and the plates, which are in the first number limited to the cones and leaves, seeds, scales, and male blossoms, are in general faithful copies of the originals in Lambert. That which is least like nature is the cone of P. Laricio var. Pallas/««ff, in plate 1 . This cone is readily known from that of all the other species or varieties in the section to which it belongs, by the tips of the scales being flattened. The bud of P. Laricio and its varieties, however, is a sure mark of distinction, as it diflTers widely from that of all other pines.

M. Antoine deserves great credit for his endeavours to spread a knowledge of this interesting and important order of trees, and we trust he will be patronised by arboriculturists in this country as well as in Germany.

Art. II. The Eastern Arboretum, or Rural Register of all the remarhahle Trees, Seats, Gardens, Sj-c, iji the County of Norfolk. By James Grigor. Illustrated by drawings of trees, etched on copper. Nos. V., VI., and VII. 8vo. London and Norwich. Is. each Number.

The preceding numbers of this interesting work were examined in p. 601. and 663. of our volume for the past year, and we now return to it with much pleasure, because Mr. Grigor is a man after our own heart. Blickling Park was commenced in Number iv., and the account of it extends to Number V. The park and pleasure-grounds comprise about 1000 acres, finely wooded with pines, firs, cedars, and planes. An Eastern plane has a trunk 9 ft. 9 in. in circumference, with a head covering a space 78 yards in circum- ference. A pinaster is 63 ft. high, with a trunk 10^ ft. in circumference. A Scotch pine, 70 ft. high, has a trunk 14 ft. in circumference at 1 ft. from the ground ; it is supposed to be the largest tree of this species in Norfolk. In the kitchen-garden is an espalier tree of the Harbord pippin, which covers a space 28 yards in length, and bears plentifully every year. An oak is

30 Grigot-'s Easier 71 Arboretum.

70 ft. high, with a smooth trunii at 32 ft., and it contains 6 loads of timber. Another has a clear stem of 40 ft., and contains 7 loads of timber. The sweet chestnut trees are of noble dimensions.

" On the north side of the lake, close to the edge of the water, are the remains of an oak, hollo vv and open on all sides, the trunk of which measures the unusual circumference of 24 ft. This is apparently the oldest tree, re- taining any trace of life, upon the estate.

" Upon the whole, we consider Blickling one of the finest seats in the county. It possesses many natural advantages, which have been turned to good account both by the present and former possessors. Its beauties are carefully preserved under a pure and enthusiastic taste ; and we repeat that, looking upon it from a certain point on the pleasure-ground, nothing can possibly surpass the lovely and diversified landscape which it exhibits. It is a place which judges of gardening describe as ive/l kept. There is nothing in this respect to offend even the most critical; and v.hilst every thing new, cal- culated to adorn and beautify, finds a place here, the objects which already grace this seat — the venerable chiefs of the field — are cared for and watched over with great interest."

Our Trees. No. 4. — Under this head some noble cedars of -Lebanon are de- scribed, and an engraving is given of a magnificent specimen at Stratton Strawless.

Wolterton Parle ; the Seat of the Earl of Orford. — The house was reck- oned in Walpole's time one of the best in England, and Mr. Grigor de- scribes the park and pleasure-grounds as of " varied excellence." An engraving is given of a magnificent beech with its branches feathering to the ground. It is 65 ft. high, with a trunk 16 ft. in girt.

" The present noble proprietor, whose taste for trees is well known, has distinguished this place above many others, by forming in it collections of trees and shrubs belonging to the genera Pinus, Abies, Cupressus, Schubertia, Arau- caria, Erica, Crataegus, and Ilex. The collection in the pinetum is very complete, including specimens of the Deodara pine 9 ft. in height. The Araucaria excelsa, or Brazilian pine, as it is called here, rises to the height of 9 ft. 9 in., and bears the rigour of winter with a very slight protection. Such arboretums are of endless interest, displaying how far trees of foreign coun- tries are adapted to this climate ; their comparative growth, outline, and specific character; their adaptation, consequently, to particular localities, — in short, their whole history with regard to the district where they are situ- ated. Without such a collection, grouped under proper divisions, -with the age, size, and height each individual plant attains to in its native place, its particular habitation therein, and every other circumstance of interest con- nected with it, trees lose half their charms, and form but an unmeaning profusion of beautiful forms. This arboretum, then, may be looked forward to with interest. Twenty years hence, the trees will have become perfect, and their character and worth ascertained."

Barningham Park ; J. T. Mott, Esq. — A beautiful and ancient seat, embel- lished with fine timber trees. It is our duty as well as our delight, says Mr. Grigor, " to make honourable mention of the very elegant manner in which this place is kept. Its order and neatness are observable in every department, and in none more conspicuously than in the scenes of (iie garden and pleasure- grounds."

'' The whole appearance of this place /eminds us of the fruit and culinary gardens of the Scotch nobility ; for it is a well-known fact, that, whilst the English excel in the pleasure-ground or ornamental department, their northern neighbours have a superior taste in managing the gardens where the more profitable and useful products are reared. This, then, in our opinion, may be considered a model-garden, where the youthful who are anxious to learn will find much to admire and copy."

An etching is given of a very elegant hme tree, and due praise is given to the gardener, Mr. Cockburn.

Grigor's Eastern Arboretum. 31

Felbrigg Park ; W. H. Windham, Esq. — "A magnificent place, surrounded by some of the fairest fields in England, and made dark and solemn in some instances by umbrageous timber trees." An etching is given of a very mag- nificent walnut. " Such parks are England's badge." In the kitchen-garden are a Breda apricot, and a Genoa fig, both of a hundred years' standing. The apricot covers a space of 612 square feet, and bears from 60 to 90 dozens of fruit yearly. Mr. Kobins, the gardener, is a celebrated grower of pine-apples. It was at Felbrigg that Mr. Kent, author of Hints to Gentlemen of Landed Property, and the founder of an office for the valuation and management of landed property, in Craig's Court, Charing Cross, London, began his career as land-steward.

Cromer Hall ; H. Baring, Esq. — " An elegant mansion, situated upon an eminence, almost on the verge of the British ocean, environed by a vegetable throng of such beauty and vigour, that we are almost apt to forget that the sea 'breezes have any prejudicial effect upon trees and shrubs." (p. 130.) An ash, 75 ft. high, girts 10 ft. at the ground ; a Scotch pine has a trunk 7 ft. in circumference; a sweet chestnut 9 ft. ; and an oak 13 ft. 6 in.

Gunton Park ; Lord Sicffield. — " One of the older retreats in the county, surrounded by wide-spreading plantations and extensive parks." An etching is given of a remarkably fine yew: at 1 ft. from the ground it girts 6 ft. 1 in., and at 5 ft. it girts 6 ft. 8 in. ; it is 35 ft. high, and covers a circle of 45 yards round.

There is a lofty avenue of beech trees, and the varieties of the English oak are exceedingly numerous ; some of them being of a dark green colour, with leaves deeply lobed and in bunches [doubtless Querciis pedunculata], whilst others are of a lighter colour and very slightly notched [doubtless Q. sessili- flora]. Many of the beeches have stems 40 ft. in length and 13 ft. in circum- ference at the ground ; but the most celebrated tree is the " Great Oak," the " King of Thorpe," to be hereafter mentioned.

Horsford Hall; Mrs. Day. — " In ancient times a place of great note." A Scotch pine here is 65 ft. high, with a trunk 9 ft. in circumference; an oak covers a circle 85 yards round, and an English elm is 70 ft. high, with a trunk 12 ft. in circumference.

Felthorpe Park'; J. Geldart, Esq. — A place rich in trees, and formed within the last 17 years out of some of the poorest land in Norfolk, and affording an admirable example to possessors of " poor and miserable spots,"

" In visiting such a place, the following reflections naturally suggest themselves to us, namely, — That the nature of trees is beginning to be un- derstood ; and, consequently, that a great proportion of the waste land in our country may be converted either into fruitful fields,