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NYPl-

RESEARCHUBBAB'Ef

gg08l8l748_2

I!

/

/^

/-

Historical and Biographical Annals

OF

Columbia and Montour

Counties

PENNSYLVANIA

r^

Containing

A Concise History of the Two Counties and a

Genealogical and Biographical Record

of Representative Families

IN TWO VOLUMES

ILLUSTRATED

VOLUME I

CHICAGO

J. H. BEERS & CO.

1915

THE JiEV/ VOf>K

PUBLIC LIBRARY

783455

j ASTOR, LENOX AHD P »9|7

PREFACE

In the preparation of this history of Cohimbia and Montour counties the pubHshers have been guided by several factors, the principal one being to record facts. In this vicinity of quaint legend and marvelous incident it is perhaps quite natural that writers of the past should have yielded much to the temptation to romantic narrative. Pains have been taken to revert to the unimpeachable records of the early times, which are still available to investigators, and for verification of the statements in the present work we direct attention to files of newspapers of the period in question, and other records to be found now in the Bloomsburg and Danville public libraries and the courthouses of the two coun- ties, as well as in the archives of the Columbia County Historical Society and in private homes.

An important feature of this work, in which appear items of history which would be preserved in no other way, is the genealogical record of many of the families of this section whose ancestry were instrtmiental in the building of the Commonwealth and this portion of it in the days of settlement and trial. The utmost care has been exercised in the compilation of these family records, and in nearly every instance the biographical sketches were submitted to those imme- diately interested, thus affording ample opportunity for revision and correction.

In compiling data for the history the publishers have had the assistance and supervision of the following residents of this division of the Keystone State:

In the history of Columbia county proper the matter prepared by a represen- tative of the publishers has been reviewed by George E. Elwell, of Bloomsburg, who also supplied the Bench and Bar chapter; the Bloomsburg chapter, includ- ing the industries, churches, organizations and the first account in permanent book form of the Bloomsburg Centennial; and much other matter that has been used in the proper places through the body of the work.

The detailed and authoritative account of the electric trolley and lighting sys- tems which cover both counties was supplied by A. W. Duy, Esq., of Blooms- burg. The story of the building of the Catawissa railroad was written by Charles E. Randall, of the Catawissa Nczi.<s Item. The interesting narration of the founding and development of the great car works at Berwick was written by the district manager of the American Car and Foundry Company, William F. Lowry. The article on the establishment of the tirst Methodist congregation in this sec- tion of the State, the history of the Berwick Water Company, Berwick Store Company, and of the Y. M. C. A. of Berwick, are from the pen of F. A. Witman, of Berwick.

The material for the chapter upon the medical profession of Columbia county was supplied by Dr. L. B. Kline, of Catawissa. The matter for the article on the highways and roads of the counties was furnished by Arthur M. Clay, district superintendent of the State Highway Commission, stationed at

Bloomsburg. Credit should be given to Miss Martha E. Robison for the his- tory of the origin and work of the Columbia County Sabbath School Associa- tion, to which organization she has devoted many years of her life.

The entire history of Montour county has been reviewed by Hon. H. M. Hinckley, of Danville, who has written the greater part, devoting much time to the history of the religious denominations of the county, and to the correct description of the founding, development and growth of the town of Danville and the industries, improvements and historical occurrences brought about or participated in by the present and past residents of this division of the State of Pennsylvania.

The publishers also acknowledge their indebtedness to Col. J. G. Freeze's early history of Columbia county ; gratitude to F. M. Gotwalds, of Danville, and Percy Brewington, of Benton, for aid in the progress of the work; Boyd Tres- cott, of Millville, and S. N. Walker, of Bloomsburg, for assistance rendered; to Daniel N. Dieffenbacher, of Danville, and William W. Evans, of Blooms- burg, for data for school history; and to Miss Edith Patterson and Miss Jennie Bird, librarians at Bloomsburg and Danville, respectively, for courtesies ex- tended.

In behalf of the various writers of this work, cordial thanks are expressed to the officials of the counties, the members of the press, the clergy, and all others who have assisted in making this an exhaustive and accurate treatise on the region which has been its province.

THE PUBLISHERS.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COLUMBIA COUNTY HISTORY

CHAPTER I CHAPTER XDC

PAGE PAGE

The Indians 1 Benton Township — Benton Borough 210

CHAPTER II CHAPTER XX

Founding of Pennsylvania 13 Briarcreek Township 218

CHAPTER m CHAPTER XXI

Topography and Geology— Iron— Coal 19 Centre Township 221

CHAPTER IV CHAPTER XXII

Agriculture 28 Locust and Oeveland Townships 224

CHAPTER V CHAPTER XXIII

Transportation Facilities— Lighting— Roads, Turn- Fishingcreek Township— Stillwater Borough 228

^'^^^ ^^ CHAPTER XXIV

CHAPTER VI Franklin Township 231

Religious Denominations 57 CHAPTER XXV

CHAPTER VII Greenwood Township— Millville Borough 232

Bench and Bar 65 CHAPTER XXVI

CHAPTER Vin Hemlock Township 238

The Medical Profession of Columbia County.... 74 _t,_^„_

CHAPTER IX Jackson Township 241

War Records of the Counties 77 CHAPTER XXVIII

CHAPTER X Madison Township 343

County Formation 82 CHAPTER XXDC

CHAPTER XI Main Township 246

Columbia County After 1850 84 CHAPTER XXX

CHAPTER Xn Mifflin Township — Mifflinville 248

Educational Growth 94 CHAPTER XXXI

CHAPTER XTTT Montour Township 252

The Press 99 CHAPTER XXXH

„„ _ Mount Pleasant Township 255

CHAPTER XIV ^

Bloomsburg 104 CHAPTER XXXin

Orange Township — Orangeville Borough 256

CHAPTER XV

Berwick and West Berwick 149 CHAPTER XXXIV

Pine Township 261

r. * ■ ^ CHAPTER XVI CHAPTER XXXV

Catawissa Borough^Catawissa Township 188 Roaringcreek Township 262

CHAPTER XVH CHAPTER XXX\T:

Centralia Borough— Conyngham Township 201 gpott Township 264

CHAPTER X\ail CHAPTER XXXVH

Beaver Township 208 Sugarloaf Township 269

V

MONTOUR COUNTY HISTORY

CHAPTER I CHAPTER XI

PAGE PAGE

Early History — County Organization, etc 273 Anthony Township 386

CHAPTER II CHAPTER XII

Some of the Early Families 277 Cooper Township 390

«^^T=^ ™ CHAPTER Xin i

Internal Improvements 293

Derry Township — Washingtonville Borough 391

CHAPTER IV

Military Record 296 CHAPTER XIV j

CHAPTER V ^'^^'^^ Township 394

Schools of Montour County 303 CHAPTER XV

CHAPTER VI Limestone Township 396 ,

Bench and Bar 311 CHAPTER X%T ;

CHAPTER VII Mahoning Township 397 j

Physicians 32 1

CHAPTER XYil '

CHAPTER Mil '.

Officials 325 ^^^J^'"y Township 398 ;

CHAPTER IX CHAPTER XVIH ■

Danville 327 Valley Township ...400

CHAPTER X CHAPTER XIX j

Township Formation 386 West Hemlock Township 402 ,

BIOGRAPHICAL SECTION *^^

■n

HISTORICAL INDEX

COLUMBIA COUNTY

Aborigines - 2

African il. E. Church 146

Aggi-essions, Indian.. 13, 188, 248 Agricultural Associations ... 31

Agriculture 28

Indian 5

Alton (Almcdia) 367

AiKman, Alexander 331, 628

Ahnedia 267

American Car and Foundry Co.—

Ber\vick 161, 163

Berwick Rolling Mill Co.,

1873 (View) 161

Berwick Store Co. (View) . 165

Bloomsburg 113

Jackson & Woodin First

Store (ViewO 168

Jackson & Woodin JIfg. Co.,

1873 (View) 161

Lower Works (View) 163

Steel Car Department

(View) 165

Upper Works (View) 163

Amusement Houses —

Bloomsburg 147

Anthony, Judge Joseph B. 66, 313

Anthracite 26

Apple Orchards 39

Area of Pennsylvania 12

Aristes ("Montana") 206

Assessment and Valuation.. . 91 Assessors, Township and Bor- ough 88

Associate Judges 71

Athletic Park 134

Attorneys, District 87

Baldy, Edward H 317, 576

Baldy Guards 81, 398

Baldy, William J 318, 576

Bands —

Benton 218

Berwick 184

Bloomsburg 148

Catawissa 193

Banks 18

Benton 315

Berwick 155

Bloomsburg ■ 121

Catawissa 193

Centralia 303

Millville 334

Baptists

63, 144, 176, 233, 337, 343, 245 Bar, Members of Columbia

County 71

Barkley," Charles G 127

Bear Kun (Mordansville) . . . . 355

Beaver Township 208

Beaver Valley (Sliuman-

town) 308

Bench and Bar 65

Benton Borough 310

Benton Township 210

Berwick Borough 149

Berwick Bridge 53

Site of Steamboat Acci- dent (View) 56

Berwick Circuit 60, 171

Berwick Guards 184

Berwick Hospital 186

Berwick Schools 1159

Berwick Store Company 165

Department Store (View) . 165

Billheimer, Michael 17

Bloom Township 108

Bloomsburg 104

Bloomsburg, County Bridge at 54

Bloomsburg Hospital 119

Bloomsburg Soldiers' Monu- ment 193

Bloomsburg State Normal

School 124

Agricultural Department... 28 Bloomsburg, Town Fountain. 113

Bloomsburg, Town Hall 113

Boatyards 266

Boone. Samuel 17, 104

Boroughs —

Benton 210

Berwick 149

Catawissa 188

Centralia 301

Millville 332

Orangeville 256

Stillwater 338

West Berwick 158

Bosley, Fort 11

Boundaries. Pennsylvania ... 13 Bowman, Bishop Thomas.... 59

vii

Boy Scouts Troop 181

Boyle's (Brady's) Fort 392

Briar Creek 219

Briarcreek Township 218

Bridges 53-56

(See also Borough and Township Chapters.)

Berwick ( View) 56

County Bridge at Blooms- burg (View) 56

Bricn. William 150, 151

Brobst, Christian. .. .44, 189, 197

Buck Mountain 19, 209

Buckhorn 239

Buckwheat 28, 34

Business Establishments —

(See Borough and Town- ship Chapters.) Byrnesville 207

Campbell (Central) 271

Canal Trade 42, 43

Canalboats 43, 107, 266

Passenger Boat, 1868

(View) 168

Canby 255

Car Works, Berwick 163

Carver, Prof. Henry 126

Catawissa Borough 188

Catawissa Bridge 54

Catawissa Guards 81

Cataw-issa Friends Meeting

House 196

Catawissa Mountain 19, 246

Catawissa Soldiers' Monument 193

Catawissa Township 188

Catholics —

(See Greek and Roman Catholics.)

Cattle Epidemic 30

Cemeteries

57, 147, 186, 301, 340, 251, 267 Centennial Celebration,

Bloomsburg 135

Central 271

Centralia Borough 201

Centre Township 231

Centerville (Centralia) ■ 303

Centre ville (Lime Ridge) .... 223 Chapman, Hon. Seth 65, 311

vni

HISTORICAL INDEX

Cherrington Family 263

Christian Denomination. . .63, 14G, 177, 216, 230, 236, 242, 272

Churches 57

(See also Borough and Township Chapters.)

Circuits, M. E 60, 171

Civil War 78

Columbia County in the .... 80

Drafts 79

Clayton, Thomas 104, 105

Cleared Land, Acreage 92

Clerks, County 87

Cleveland Township 224

Qubs, Literary and Social —

Berwick 182

Bloomsburg 132

Catawissa 201

Coal 19, 20

Dredging 27

Mining 26

Coal Mines, 26, gOS, 206, 207, 209

Cole Family 269

Cole's, Billy 271

Cole's Creek 269, 271

Collieries 26

Columbia County, History of 1 Columbia County, Organiza- tion 82, 273

Columbia County after 1850. 84 Columbia County Agricul- tural, Horticultural and Mechanical Association ... 31 Columbia County Bar Asso- ciation 71

Columbia County Medical So- ciety 75

Columbia County Courthouse 84

Columbia County Historical

Society 134

Columbia County Jail 85

. View 120

Columbia County OflTicials... 87

Columliia Park 222

Columbia County Poorhouses 86 Columbia County Sabbath

School Association 63

Columbia Guards 78, 81, 297

Commissioners' Clerks 88

Common School Law 94

Conestoga Wagons 36

Congressional Districts 89

Congressmen 89

Conner Implement Works... 258

Connecticut Claims 13, 14, 104

Conviigham, Judge John N . .

. ." 66, 312

Conyngham Township 201

Cooper (Bloomsburg Pioneer) 104

Copper Ciaze 27, 270

County Bridge, Bloomsburg. . 53

County Commissioners 88

County Fairs 31

County Jail 85

County Seat Contest. 83, 373, 275

County Treasurers 88

Courthouses at Bloomsburg, Old and Present (Views) . . 84 At Danville (Views) 277

Crawford, Capt. Jack 203

Creasy 350

Creeks 19

Creveling Grape 39, 268

Cumberland Pike 36

Dens 242

District Attorneys 87

Districts —

Congressional 89

Judicial 65, 70

Legislative 89, 90

Doan, John 17, 104

Donnel, Hon. Cliarles G...66, 312 "Durham'' Boats 43

Early Physicians 74

Eaton, Frederick H 163, 513

Educational Growth 94

Jlodern Development 95

Statistics 95, 97, 98

(See also Borough and Township Chapters.)

Election Districts 86

Electric Ligliting 50, 111, 316

Electric Railways 48, 50, 203

Elk Grove 271

Elwell, Judge William

66, 313, 673

Ent Post, G. A. R 133

Episcopal (Protestant) De- nomination

63, 139, 174, 300, 304, 244, 271

Espy 366

Esther Furnace 23, 235

Evangelical Denomination. . . .

63, 145,

176, 177, 179, 209, 217, 319, 320, 323, 237, 242, 251, 354, 368

Evans, Judge Charles C

70, 314, 433

Evans, William W 135, 577

Evansville 219

Eves, .John 17, 233

Explosion on River Steamboat

(1826) 43, 153

Eyer, Ludwig 105

Eyer's Grove 335

Eyerstaedtel (Bloomsburg) . . 105

Fairs, County 31

Farmers, Prominent 30

Fernville 149

Fire Companies

Ill, 160, 193, 316

First Settlers 15

(See also Borough' and Township Chapters.)

Fisheries 264, 271

Fishing Creek 229

Fishingcreek Township 228

Floods 53-56

Foot and Mouth Disease .... 30

Forks 230

Formation of County 82, 373

Forts. Frontier. . .9, 104, 221, 393 Fort McClure Chapter, D. A. R.

11. 104, 134

Founding of Pennsylvania... 12

Foundry ville 151, 230

Fowlerville 222

Franklin Township 231

Fraternal Organizations —

Aristes 306

Benton 318

Berwick 185

Bloomsburg 128

Buckhom 240

Catawissa 194

Centralia 304

Centre Township 323

Espy 26T

lola 236

Millville 235

Numidia 225

Orangeville 358

Friends, Society of 57,

58, 150, 170, 188, 196, 326, 236 Friends' Meeting House, Cata- wissa 196

Frontier Forts... 9, 104, 231, 393

Fruit Raising 39

l'\iniaces. Anthracite and

Charcoal 23

Columbia County

23, 230, 235, 246, 264

Montour County 24

Abandoned 35

Furry Family . . . .' 188

Galena Ore 30, 27

Gas Lighting 48

Geology and Topography,

Iron, Coal 19

(See also Borough and Township Chapters.)

Germantown 307

Glen City (Scotch Valley) ... 309

Grange, Patrons of Husbandry 30 (See also Borough and Township Chapters.)

Grassmere Park 271

Gravel Picker, for Buckwheat 34

Greek Catholics 63, 179, 206

Greenwood Township 232

Gristmills, Old... 32, 189, 208, 319, 235, 229, 333, 235, 239,

347, 248, 354, 257, 363, 365, 369

Guava 371

Harrison (Sugarloaf) Town- ship 269

Hemlock Township 338

Herring, .Judge Grant 70, 313

Hinckley, Hon. Henry M. . . .

68. "313, 318, 448

Historical Society, Columbia

County 134

Horse Breeding 30

Homes, Pioneer 15

Hopkins, Rev. Caleb. 62, 139, 244 Hospitals —

Berwick 186

Bloomsburg 119

Hughesburg (Catawissa) . . . 189

Hurley Guards 81

Ikeler, Judge Elijah R

69, 313, 420

Indians. The 1

HISTORICAL INDEX

IX

Indian Aggressions 13, 188

Costumes 6

Customs 5

Feasts and Sports 7

Fishing and Hunting 8

Government 7

Names 3, 20, 188

Origin and Local Tribes . . 2, 188

Patlis and Trails 3

Religion 7

Treaties 13

Villages and Settlements . . 4 Wars and Forays 8

Inns, Old... 38, 105, 150, 202, 206 211, 222, 224, 226, 240, 257

lola 336

Iron 19, 20, 230

Industry 23, 238

Mills ^- 24

"Iron Guards" 79, 80

Jackson, Col. Clarence G

161, 184, 464

Jackson Guards 184

Jackson, Mordecai W 161, 416

Jackson Township 241

Jackson & Woodin Mfg. Co.. 101 First Store, 1865 (View).. '168

Works, 1873 (View) 161

Jail, Columbia County 85

Jamison City 270

Jenkins, Fort 10, 221

Jerseytown 243

John Family 246

Jonestown 229

Judges- Associate 71

President 71

Biographies 65-70

Judicial Districts. 65, 70, 311, 312

Karkaase 17, 328

Kernsville 325

Kline Family 256

Knob Mountain 19, 256

Lead Ore 20,27

Legislative Districts 89, 90

Lesher, Prof. Albert U 169

Lewis, Judge Ellis 66, 311

Libraries, Public —

Berwick 166, 180

Bloomsburg 119

Life Story of a Great Indus- try 161

Light Street 265

Lighting, Gas 48

Electric 49

Lime Ridge (Centreville) 222

Limestone 20, 222, 239, 254

Literary and Social Clubs —

Bloomsburg 132

Berwick 182

Little, Judge Robert R

69, 313, 418

Locks, Canal 43, 154

Locust Township 224

Locustdale 207

Lodges, Indian 5

Lutherans 61,

141, 147, 173, 177, 178, 197,

198, 206, 209, 219, 220, 223, 226, 236, 240, 245, 247, 250, 251, 254, 256, 260, 262, 267, 268 Lyon, Robert 104

McAuley, Alexander . . 17, 208, 224

ilcAuley Mountain 19, 209

McClure, Fort 11, 104

McClure, James 11, 17, 104

McHenry, Daniel 17

McHenry, John G 212

McWilliams, Robert 16

Madison Township 243

Magee Carpet Company 114

.JIail Routes, etc 17, 38

Mail Service, Ancient and

Modern 17, 39, 152

Main Township 246

Mainville 247

JIallery, Garrick 162, 461

Martzville 219

Masonic Fraternity, Blooms- burg 128

(See also Borough and Town- sliip Chapters.)

Maus Family

17, 274, 282, 400, 407, 445

Medical Profession 74

Medical Societies —

Columbia County 75

Montour County 75

Methodist Church and Acad- emy, Berwick 168

Me'w. 1840 168

Metliodist Episcopal Denomi- nation

59, 143, 146, 171, 179, 200, 204, 209, 219, 223, 227, 230, 232, 236, 240, 245, 247, 251, 254, 256, 261, 262, 263, 267, 272 Methodist Episcopal Circuits —

Berwick 60, 171

Bloomsburg 60

Northumberland 60, 171

Methodist Protestant Denomi- nation 63, 179, 217

Mifflin Bridge 55

Mifflin Crossroads 209

Mifflin Township 248-

Mifflinville 248

Military 77, 132, 184

Mill Grove 263

Millertown (Canby) 255

MiUville Borough 232

Mineral Products 19-27

Mines, Coal. .26, 203. 206, 207, 209

"Mollie Maguires." Trial 72

Montana or Aristes 206

Montgomeiy, William 17

(See also Montour County.) Montour County Agricultural

Society 32

Montour County Medical So- ciety 75

Montour. "Madame 4, 373

Montour Township 252

Monuments —

Soldiers', Catawissa 193

Soldiers' and S a i 1 o r s',

Bloomsburg 120

Views , 120

Mordansville 255

Moses Van Campen Chapter,

D. A. R 182

Mount Pleasant Township . . . 255 jM u n i c i p a 1 Improvements,

Bloomsburg 110

National Road 36

Nationality of Early Settlers 14

Newlin 225

New Media (Numidia) 225

Newspapers 99, 218, 235

North Branch Canal

42, 153, 250, 253

North Mountain 19

Northumberland Circuit,

Methodist 60, 171

Northumberland Presbytery. . 59

Numidia 225

Oak Grove 123

Officials—

Benton 216

Berwick 158

Bloomsburg 108

Catawissa 190

Columbia County 87

MiUville 234

Orangeville 258

West Berwick 158

Old Gristmills 32

Old Inns 38, 105, 150, 202,

206, 211, 222, 224, 226, 240, 257

Orange Township 256

Orangeville Academy 259

Orangeville Borough 256

Orchards 29

Organization of County... 82, 273

Orphanage, Mifflinville 251

Ostricli Farm 268

Owen, Evan

..17, 35, 104, 105, 149. 150, 155

Owensville (Berwick) 150

Oyertown (Bloomsburg) .... 105

Paper Mills 191, 265

Paradise 270

Passenger Boat, Pennsylvania

Canal (View) 168

Patrons of Husbandry ....... 30

(See also Borough and Township Cliapters.)

Peat 266

Peckham, Hon. Aaron K. . . . 66

Penn. William 12

Pennsylvania Canal 43

PassengerBoat. 1868 (View) 168 Pennsylvania, Founding of . . 12

Area 12

Boundaries 12

Pensyl (Willowvale) 232

Pentecostal Denomination .63, 146

Physicians, Early 74

Physicians, Registered 76

Pine Summit 262

Pine Township 261

Pioneers 16

(See also Borough and Township Cliapters.)

Pioneer Station 270

Polkville (Waller) 241, 242

Pollock, Judge James 66, 312

HISTORICAL INDEX

I'oimlatiou —

(See Borough and Town- ship Chapters.)

Post Offices 38

List of 40

Postal Rates 17, 39

Postal Service. ..38, 152, 317, 234 Postmasters —

(See Borough and Town- ship Cliapters.)

Postriders 38, 152, 217

Presbyterians

58, 142, 174, 179,

206, 216, 223, 236, 260, 3G7, 372 Presbytery, Northumberland. 59

President Judges, List 71

Press, The 99

Benton 218

Benvick 102

Bloomsburg 99

Catawissa 102

Centralia 103

Millville 101, 235

Protestant Episcopal Denomi- nation

. .63. 139, 174, 200, 204, 244, 271

Prothonotaries 87

Purchase Line 334

Quakers 57,

58. 150. 170. 188, 196, 326, 236

Quaker Meeting House, Cata- wissa 196

Quarries 20, 222, 239, 267

Railroads 44, 154,

Railway JLul Service

Ratti, Josepli 114,

Raven Creek

Rea, Alexander W...73, 302,

Recorders, County

Reformed Denomination

61, 141, 178, 300, 210, 220. 233. 336, 231. 245, 247, 350,

Registers, County

Religious Denominations

Reminiscences

Rhoadstown

Roads

Catawissa

Cumberland Pike

Indian

State-aided

Roaring Creek

Roaringcreek

Roaringcreek Township

Roberts. Moses

Rohrsburg

Roman Catholics

63, 145, 178, 204, 207,

Rosemont Cemetery

Rupert

Rupert Grove

Rupert, Leonard

Rupert. Old Aqueduct

Rural Free Delivery 39,

Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church

190

39

119

218 307

87

360 87 57 17

236 35

193

36

3

43

225

262 17

335

227 147 252 123 17 43 152

179

Salmon. Joseph 321, 256

Salvation Army 178

Schools 94

Buildings 96

State is'ormal, Bloomsburg 124

State Normal (View) 128

Summer 98

(See also Borough and Township Chapters.)

School Superintendents 99

Scotch \alley (Glen City) ... 209

Scott Township 364

Secret and Fraternal Socie- ties—

Aristes 306

Benton 218

Berwick 185

Bloomsburg 128

Buekhorn 240

Catawissa 194

Centralia 304

Centre Township 233

Espv 267

Ligl'it Street 265

Millville 235

Numidia 225

Orangeville 259

Sereno 261

Settlers, Early 15

Homes 15

Nationality 14

(See also Borough and TowiLship Chapters.)

Settlements, Indian 4

Shawnee Park 322

Sheep 30

Sheriffs 87

Sliuman 208

Shumantown 208

Slabtown 224

Slate 20, 27, 339

Smith, Frederick B 192, 595

Societies, Secret and Fraternal 138, 185, 194, 304, 206. 218. 223, 225, 235. 340, 359, 365, 367 Societies, Literary and So- cial—

Berwick 183

Bloomsburg 133

Catawissa 301

Society of Fi-iends 57,

58, 150, 170, 188, 196, 336, 336 Old Meeting House at Cata- wissa (View) 168

Soldiers' Monuments 130, 193

Stagecoach Days 35, 37

State-aided Roads 43

State Highway Department . . 40 State Highways in Counties

41, 193

State Representatives. 90

State Senators 89

Statistics —

Agricultural 33

Church 59, 64

Land 92

Military 82

INIinerai 27

Mines 26

Population

(See also Borough and Township Chapters.) Property Values 91

Roads 41

School 95, 97, 98

(See also Borough and Township Chapters.)

Stock 93

Taxables 93

Taxes 92, 93

Stillwater Borough 228

Stock Raising 29

Sugarloaf (Cole's CYeek).269, 271

Sugarloaf Township 369

Summer Hill 219

Susquehanna River 8, 42

Bridges 53

Floods 53-56

Susquehanna River Fisheries. 264 •'Susquehanna," Steamboat

Explosion 42, 152

Site of Accident (View)... 56

Talmar 261

Tamenund 3

Taurus 218

Taverns, Old.. 38, 105, 150, 203, 306, 211, 233, 334, 336, 340, 357

Taylor, John H 166, 168, 864

Topogi-aphy and Geology,

Iron, Coal 19

( See also Borough and Township Chapters.) Townships, Formation and

List of 86

Beaver 208

Benton 210

Bloom 108

Briarcreek 218

Catawissa 188

Centre 221

Cleveland 224

Conyngham 201

Fishingereek 228

Franklin 231

Greenwood 333

Hemlock 338

Jackson 241

Locust 224

Madison 243

Main 246

Mifflin 248

Montour 252

Mount Pleasant 355

Orange 256

Pine 361

Roaringcreek 262

Scott 264

Sugarloaf 369

Trails, Indian 3

Transportation Facilities.... 35

Treaties 13

Turnpikes 35

United Brethren . 63, 306, 337. 264 United Evangelical Denomi- nation 63, 145,

176, 177, 179, 209, 217, 319, 220, 223, 237, 342, 251, 354, 268

Van Camp 230

Van Campen, Moses 10, 221

Chapter. D. A. R 182

Villages, Indian 4

HISTORICAL INDEX

XI

Waller 242

Waller, Rev. D. J 59, 135, 175

Waller, Rev. D. J., Jr

137, 143, 566

Walter, Mary Emma 196, 648

War Footing, Columbia Coun- ty 83

War Records of the Counties 77 Waterworks —

Benton 215

Berwick 158

Bloomsburg 110

Catawissa 193

Centralia 203

Millville 234

Welliver. Daniel 17

Welliversville 255

Welsh, Judson P., Ph. D 137

West Berwick Borough .. 149, 158

Wheeler, Fort 10

Whitmire 223

Wigwams 4

Wilburton 40

Williamsburg (Light Street) . 365

Williams Grove 330

Willow Grove 223, 233

WilloAV Springs 333

Willowvale 233

Wirt, Paul E 116

Woodin, Clemuel R 163, 489

Woodin, William H 161, 488

Woodward, Hon. Warren J. . 66

Wyoming Valley, Geology ... 20

Young Jilen's Cliristian Asso- ciation 146, 166, 179

Young Women's Christian As- sociation 146

MONTOUR COUNTY

Academy, Danville 307

View, 1S80 362

African M. E. Church 355

Agricultui'al Societies, Mon- tour County 33

Amerman, Dr. Alonzo 322

Amerman, Charles V 320

Ammerman, R. Scott 319, 688

Angle, F. C 319, 60g

Anthony, Judge Joseph B. .66, 312

Anthony Township 386

Associate Judges 314, 326

Attorneys 314

Attorneys, District 326

Baldy, Edward H 317, 576

Baldy Guards 81, 298

Baldy, Peter, Sr

287, 328, 329, 347, 576

Baldy, William J 318, 576

Banks, Danville 375

Exchange 388

Baptists 352, 355, 389

Bare, Harry C 320

Beaver, Thomas 364,384,406

Beaver, Thomas, Free Library 362

Bench and Bar 311

Best, Valentine 276, 325, 336, 373

Biddle, William 291

Billmeyer Family 394, 482

Billmeyer's Park 393

Bitler, Di-. Benjamin E. . .333, 679

B'nai Zion Synagogue 355

Borouglis —

Danville 327

Washingtonville 391

Borough Officials, Danville... 372

Bosley Mill and Fort 11, 393

Boundarv Lines 376

Boyd, John C 286, 423

Boyle's (Brady's) Fort 392

Brickyards 336

Bridges — •

Danville. . .53, 330 (View), 369

Liberty Township 395

Bright, Peter 288, 457

Brower, D. H. B., Recollec- tions 382

Brown, George B 290, 384, 563

Butler, George D 317

Canal, North Branch

Catholics 356,

Cattle Epidemic

Cemeteries 57, 398, 399,

Centre Turnpike

Oialfant, Charles

Chalfant, Thomas 291,

Chapman, Judge Seth 65,

Churches (See Under Denom- inations) Circuits, Methodist Episcopal

60,

Civil War, Montour County

Soldiers 298

Civil War, Roster 298

Clark, Col. Robert

Clark's Tavern 284,

Cleaver Family 398,

Clerks, Countv

Coal .■

Cock Robin Mill, Danville . . .

Columbia Guards 78,

Columbia Seminary

Conily

Comly Family

Comly, Joshua W

Commissioners, County

Company Store, Old, Danville

View

Congregationalists, Welsh . . . Congressional Districts. . . .89,

Congressmen 89,

Continental Fire Company . . . Conyngham, Judge John N.

66,

Cooper, John

Cooper Township

Co-operative Iron and Steel

Works

Cornelison, .Joseph 292,

County Buildings, Montour —

Original

Present

County Fairs

County Officials

County Organization 273,

County Seat Contest.. 83, 273, County Superintendents,

School

Courthouse 274,

294 390 30 403 293 320 326 311

343

-304 ■304 386 358 399 337 19 333 297 394 388 315 315 326 384 330 355 325 325 376

312 314 390

332

480

274 377 33 325 276 275

310

277

Courthouses, Old and Present (Views) —

At Bloomsburg 84

At Danville 277

Creeks 19

Cross Keys Tavern 358

Curry, Dr. Edwin A 323, 452

Curry Family 394, 400

Dam, Roaring Creek 399

Danville Academy 307

Danville Blues 396

Danville Borough 273, 327

Danville Bridge 53, 369

Danville Female Seminary. . 307

Danville Fencibles 299

Danville Foundry & Machine

Co 334

Danville High School 310

Danville Institute 307

Danville Light Horse Com- pany 296

Danville Iron Foundry 334

Danville Iron Works 333

Danville Militia 297

Danville Milling Company. •• 336 Danville Nail & Mfg. Co". ... 334

Danville Post Office 368

Danville Stove & Mfg. Co... 333 Danville Structural Tubing

Co 331

Deen. John, Sr 284, 557

Delaware. Lackawanna &

Western Railroad 294

Derry Church 388

Deri-y Township 391

District Attorneys 326

Districts —

Congressional 89, 325

.Tudicial 70, 311

Legislative 89, 90. 326

Donnel, .Judge Charles J. . .66, 312

Earlv Families, Montour County 277

Earlv History, Montour Countv 373

East End Mission 357

Eckman, Col. Charles W.398. 454

HISTORICAL INDEX

Electric Light. Danville. . .50, 371

Electric Railroads 50, 295

Elwell, Judge William

66, 312, 673

Emmet, John 284

Enterprise Foundry & Ma- chine Works 334

Episcopalians (Protestant)..

346, 389

Evangelical Denomination . .

354, 390

Evans, Judge Charles C

70, 314, 432

Exchange 387

Exchange Hall 390

Fairs, County 32

Famine 392

Farmers, Prominent 30

Finney, Robert 394

Fire Companies, Danville... 376

Floods 53, 369

Foot and Mouth Disease .... 30

Formation of Townships ... . 386

Forts, Pioneer.. ..9. 104. 321, 392

Foundries. Early, Danville. 25, 328

Franklin Court 35S

Frazer, Daniel 282

Frazer, John, Recollections. . . 376

Free Schools 308

Frick, A. J 317

Frick, Arthur W 317

Frick, Dr. Clarence H 321

Frick, George A 314

Friendship Fire Company. . . . 376

Frontier Forts... 9, 104^ 231. 393

Fruitstown (Wiite Hall)... 387

Furnace, Valley 401

Furnaces 19. 24. 395

Galbraith, Thomas J 318

Gas Light. Danville 371

Gaskins, Thomas 284

Gearhart, Charles P 320

Gearhart, Edward S 319

Gearhart Families

398, 449, 455, 517. 638

Geisinger, George F 368, 481

Geisinger, George F., Memo- rial Hospital 365

Geisinger, Mrs. George F.365, 480 Birthplace and Home

(Views) 480

Geology 22

Gibson Family 396

Gibson, Schoolmaster 305

Glendower Iron Works 332

Good Will Hose Company... 376

Goodman, Philip ". . . . 358

Grangers 30

Grier Families 283, 317. 412

Grier. Rev. Isaac 283, 338. 412

Grier, I. X 317, 412

Grier. Hon. Robert C 314

Gristmills, Old 33

Grovania 390

Grove Furnaces 333

Gulics, John C 282

Harpel, Dr. Francis E...333, 549

Hartman. \\'illiam 282

Ha user. Dr. Raymond J. .324, 938

Hebrew Synagogue 355

Herring, -Judge Grant 70, 313

High School, Danville 374

Hinckley, Judge Henry M . . .

68, 313, 318, 448

Hoax. 1860 383

Hoffa, Dr. Jacob P 322

Hospitals —

For Insane 360

George F. Geisinger 365

Hotels. Danville 358

Howe & Samuel Steel Plant. 335

Howellville 398

Hughes. Ellis 282, 306

Hutchinsons 392

Ikeler, Judge Elijah R

69, 313, 420

Insane. State Hospital for,

Danville 360

Institutes, Teachers' 310

Institutions, Philanthropic,

Danville 360

Internal Improvements —

Countv 293

Danville 295, 369

Internal Improvement Sys- tem, State 294

Iron 19

Iron Jlills 24

Iron Mines 398

.Tack. Rev. Alexander B 341

.lapanese Embassy Hoax.... 383

.Tolmston, William C 317

.Jordan. .Judge Alexander. . . . 312 Judges —

Associate 314, 326

President 311

Judicial Districts . 65, 70, 311, 312

Karkaase 17, 328

Kase, Simon P 289, 329

Kelso, Prof. .John M 307

Kirk. Rev. James W., D. D.

341, 550

Kirkham. Samuel 282, 306

Kisner. Ralph 320, 880

Knitting Mills, Danville 335

Laundries. Danville 336

Legislative Districts. .80, 90, 326

Leidv. Paul 317

Lewis. .Tudge Ellis 66, 311

Libertv Furnace 395

Liberty Township 394

Librarv, Thomas Beaver Free 362

Lightner. Rev. Edwin N 347

Limestone Quarries 20, 390

Limestone Township 396

Limestoneville 396

Limestoneville Institute. .307. 397

Little, Judge Robert R

69, 313. 418

Lundy. John 286

Lundv. Rev. .John P 286

Lutherans 344, 353,

354, 391, 393, 395, 399, 401, 402

McClure, Capt. William M.

298, 299

McCormick. James 292

McHenry. B. Frances 320

McHenry, Dr. Montraville , . .

322, 1161

McNeal. Ann 583

McWilliams Familv 394, 583

Magill. Dr. William H

287, 321, 372

Mahoning Presbyterian

Church 338

Mahoning Township 397

Mahoning Township, Old Tax

List 397

Market Square Park. Danville 372

Marr, Alem 314, 325

Martin Family 583

Maus Family

17, 274, 282, 400. 407, 445

Maus, Phillip 281

Mausdale 401

Mausdale Gristmill, Built in

1800 401

Mayberry Township 398

Mechanicsville 397

Memorial Park. Danville.... 372

Meredith, Dr. Hugh B

322, 362, 544

Metal & Machine Co 328, 335

Metal Engineering Company

328, 335

Methodist Episcopal Denom- ination. . . .343. 353. 355, 357. 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399. 403

Circuits 60. 343

Methodists, Primitive 390

Mexican War, Montour County

Soldiers 297

Military Record 296

Montgomery, Gen. Daniel. . . .

". . . .274. 280, 327, 360

Montgomery Family 17, 278

Montgoniei-y. .John C 318

Montgomery. -lohn G 316

Montgomery. Gen. William..

■. 278, 337

Home at Danville (View) . 328 Montgomery. .Judge William. 281 Montgomery. Rev. William B. 284 Montour County, History of. 273 Montour County Agricultural

Society 32

Montour County Medical So- ciety 75

Montour. Madame 4, 273

ifontour Rifles 298

Monument, Soldiers' 372

ilooresburg 395

IMourer, L. K 321

Muster Rolls, Chapter IV .. . 296

National Guard 304

National Iron Company. .331, 334 Newbaker. Dr. Philip C. .333, 640

New Columbia 402

Newspapers. Danville 336

HISTORICAL INDEX

Xlll

North Branch Canal 394

Northern Montour Agricul- tural Society 32

Northumberland M. E. Cir- cuit 60, 342

Officials, County 335

Officials, Danville 373

Oglesbv, Dr. James 323, 498

Oglesby, William V 330, 499

Old Gristmills 33

Old Taverns, Danville 358

Oldest House in County

(View) 338

Organization^ Momtour County

273, 276

Ottawa 39G

Pants Factory, Danville 336

Parks. Danville —

Market Square 378

Memorial 373

River Front 372

Patrons of Husbandry 30

Patten, Dr. EoDert S 325, 855

Patterson, Rev. John B

339, 388, 393

Paules, Dr. William R . . 324, 1008 Pennsylvania Railroad. . .294, 295 Petrikin. Dr. David. .321, 325, 328 Philadelphia & Reading Rail- road 394

Philanthropic Institutions,

Danville 360

Physicians 331

Planing Mills. Danville 330

Pollock, Judge James 66. 312

Poor Farm 397, 401

Postmasters. Danville 368

Postmasters, ^^^lite Hall 387

Postmasters. Exchange 387

Post Office, Danville 368

Post Offices, List of County. 40

Presbyterians

338. 349. 357. 388, 393, 395, 402

Presbyteries 339

President .Tudges 311

Primitive itethodists 390

Prominent Farmers 30

Protestant Episcopal Denom- ination 346, 389

Prothonotaries 327

Purscl, Dr. Isaac 323

Quarries 390

Railroads 294

Rank, Daniel W 318, 854

Rank, Isaac 288

Reading Iron Company . .329. 334 Recorders. County 327

Red Horse Hotel 387

Reformed Denomination) ....

351, 391, 393, 397, 401, 402

Reminiscences, Danville .... 376 Representatives —

Congressional 89, 325

State 326

Republican Rally 383

Rescue Fire Company 376

Rhodes. B. K 317

Rhodes. -John 293

Ridgeville 391

River Front Park, Danville . . 372

Roads, Turnpike 293

Roaring Creek 398

Roaring Creek Furnace. . .24, 399

Robbins, Dr. James E . . . 324, 547

Rockefeller. Judge William M. 312

Roman Catholics 356, 390

Sandel, Dr. .1. H 333, 694

Scarlet, James 318, 440

Schools 305

(See also Borough and Township Chapters.)

Danville 374

Schools, Free 308

School Superintendents,

County 310

Danville 374

Schultz. Dr. Solomon S

322, 361, 429

Sechler, H. B. D 288

Sechler, .Jacob 285

Seidel, Arren E 393, 859

Senators, State 326

Settlers, Early 274, 277

(See also Borough and Township Chapters.)

Sharp Ridge 398

Shelhart, Jacob 289

Sheriffs 327

Shoop, Gideon M 289

Shreeve, Capt. .loseph E . . 299, 303 Shultz. Dr. Benjamin F..390, 323

Silk Mill, Danville 335

Simington. Dr. R. S 332

Smack. Daniel 396

Soldiers' Monument, Danville 372

Spanish-American War, Mon- tour County Soldiers 304

State Hospital for Insane,

Danville 360

State Senators 335

State Representatives 326

Steel Plant. Danville 335

Strawberry Ridge 393

Strawbridge. Dr. .James D... 321 Strawbridgc, Ool. Thomas... 394 Stver's Corners 402

Surveyors 327

Suspender Factories, Danville 336 Susquehanna River.. 293, 369, 398 Swenoda 402

Taverns. Old 387

Danville 358

Taxables. List of, 1798 (Ma- honing Tp.) 397

Teachers' Institutes 310

Telephones 295

Toll Rates, 1828 370

Topography and Geology .... 19

Township Formation 386

Townships —

Anthony 386

Cooper 390

Derry 391

Liberty 394

Limestone 396

Mahoning 397

Mayberry 398

Valley ." 400

West Hemlock 403

Tradesmen, Early, Danville.. 380 Training School, Geisinger

Hospital 367

Treasurers, County 326

Turnpikes ". 293

Valley Furnace 401

Valley Township 400

Van Alen, T. 0 390

van Fossen, George W 321

Vastine, Dr. Jacob H 322, 444

Vincent, Henry 318

Voris, James 287, 725

Walker, Robert 392

War of 1812, Montour County

Soldiers 296

Washington Fire Company. . 376 Washingtonville Borough . . . 391

Washingtonville. Fort 393

Waterman & Beaver Store,

Danville 384

Waterworks. Danville 370

Welsh, Thomas C 320, 683

West, William K 319, 492

West Hemlock Township .... 402

White Hall 387

AVhite Hall Hotel 38, 387

Wilson. Capt. John S 397

Wilson, Nathaniel 282

Yeomans, Rev. Dr. John W.. 340

Yorks Family 292, 683

Young, Dr. Benjamin F 282

Young Men's Cliristian Asso- ciation 365

BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX

Abiams, Abiam 1000

Abrams, Isaac B 1000

Achy, Epliraim 1202

Achy, iXabery 1202

Acor Family 897

Acor, Joseph S 897

Adams, Charles 647

Adams, Charles E 633

Adams, Emerson A 851

Adams Families

633, 646, 851, 890, 921, 963, 1192

Adams, Miss Frances M 932

Adams, Jacob W 1192

Adams, John K 647

Adams, Peter J 921

Adams, Samuel W 963

Adams, Ulysses K 890

Ahlers, William 987

Aikman Family 628

Aikman, James E 629

Aikman, John H 628

Albeck Family 935

Albertson, Bartley 1234

Albertson, Edward 1234

Alexander, Miss Harriet J... 582

Alexander. Samuel D 582

Alleger Family 1088

Altmiller, Cliarles F., M. D. . . 612

Altmiller Family 612

Amerman, Dr. Alonzo 322

Amerman, Charles V 320

Amcsbury, Arthur 0 904

Aniesbury Family 904

Amnierman, Bernard 919

Ammerman. .John B 793

Ammerman, K. Scott 319, 688

Andy, John 776

Andy. AVilHam H 776

Angell Family 1312

Angell, Richard B 1312

Angle Family COS

Angle. Frank C 319, 608

Angle. Theodore R 609

Anthony. Judge Joseph B..66, 312

Appleman, Eli 879

Appleman Family 879

Armes, John ..." 871

Armes. William J 871

Armstrong. Alfred H 1130

Arnhold Family 1063

Artley Family" 1227

Artlcy, William H . 1237

Artman, Clark D 123S

Artman Family 1238

Ash Family . .". 745

Ash. Stewart A 745

Aten Family 690

Auten Family 899

Auten, Robert C 899

Averill, Archer 805

Averill, Mrs. Margaret 805

Baker, Charles W 1328

Baker Families. 943, 950, 983, 1228

Baker, Dr. Frank 983

Baker, George G 950

Baker, Samuel W 943

Baldy, Edward H 317, 576

Baldy Family 576

Baldy, Peter, Sr 287, 576

Baldy, William J 318, 576

Bare, Harry G 320

Barger, aiarles C 504

Barger Familj' 504

Barkley Family 523

Barnard Family 1059

Barnard, Orrin'H 1059

Barton Families. . .568, 762, 1069

Barton, Harry S 762

Barton, Henry C 1069

Bates Family' 1190

Bates. Richa'rd 1190

Baueher Family 816

Bauman, Elias F 1065

Bauman Family 1065

Beach Family ' 1218

Beaver Family 406

Beaver, Henry P 758

Beaver, Thomas 364, 384, 406

Beck. Daniel B 660

Beck Family 660

Belles Families 830, 999

Belles, Henderson F 829

Belles. Jonatlian M 999

Berninger, Aaron 818

Bei-ninger, Arias J 818

Berninger Family 706

Beniinger, .Jonas 662

Beyer Family 726

Beyer, Levi "V 726

Bibby, Mrs. Julia W 1077

Bibby, Matthew A 1076

Biddle Families 291, 644

Biddle. Dr. John W 644

Biddle, William 291

Billig, Cliarles 1160

Billig. Martin L 1160

Billmej'er, Alexander 482

Billmeyer Families 394, 483

Billmeyer. Harry 483

Bird Family . . '. 635

Bitlcr. Benjamin E., M. D.323. 679

Bitler Families 679, 907

Bitler, Dr. Sherman E 90S

xiv

Bittner, Archible G 523

Bittner Family 523

Black, Alfred B 478

Black Famih- 479

Blank Famil'y 946

Blee Families 587, 727

Blee, Frank G 587

Blee, Robert E 727

Bloss Family 966

Bloss, Frank E 731

Bloss, John K 731

Bloss, Nelson W 966

Blue Family 715

Blue, Horace C 715

Bogart, Aaron 1124

Bomboy Families 770, 890

Bomboy, Frank 770

Bomboy, Leonard E 770

Boody "Family 572

Boody, Lincoln H 573

Boon'e Family 1113

Boudman Family 835

Boudman, .J. Roland 825

Bower, Bruce H 732

Bower, Clemuel R 1033

Bower, Edward F 1250

Bower Families ....598, 613, 732, 796. 827, 838, 1129, 1250

Bower, George M 598

Bower, Hiram R 613

Bower, Hiram VC 828

Bower, Oscar M . . •. 838

Bower. R. Orval 796

Bower. Solomon 1033

Boyd, Daniel M 422

Boyd Family 423

Boyd, John "C 286, 423

Boyer Families 681, 689

Boyer, .Jacob 895

Boyer. Jacob H 689

Boyer, Reuben 894

Boyer. William E 681

Boyles Family 843

Boyles. Josluia 0 185, 842

Brannen Family 430

Brannen. James L 430

Bredbenner Family 831

Bredbcnner, Mrs. Lydia A... 805

Bredbenner, Miles S 832

Bredbenner, Wm. M 831

Breisch, Ernest E 1177

Breiseh Families ..588, 1110, 1177

Breisch. George 1177

Breisch. Hannon M 588

Breisch. .John E 1110

Brewington, Percy 621

Bright, Hon. Dennis 456

BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX

XV

Bright Families 288, 456

Brjgiit, Mrs. Lucy M 458

Briglit, Tfter 388, 457

Brink Family 975

Brink, Harry S 975

Britt Family 1033

Brittain Family 951

Brittain, William C 951

Brobst Families 1017, 1060

Brobst, Thomas B 1066

Brock way Family 1088

Brockway, Roland O 1088

Brower Family 476

Brower, William H 476

Brown, Benton B 561

Brown, Edward J 1103

Brown Families

473, 474, 561, 1103, 1164

Brown, George B...390, 384, 563

Brown, James C 473

Brown, John J., M. D 474

Brown, W. Earle 1164

Brown, William G 563

Bruder, Miss Gussie A 1059

Bnuler, John A 1059

Brugler Family 894

Bruner Family 508

Bruner, John W., M. D 508

Brunner Family 825

Brunstetter, George 1343

Bryan Family 693

BrVan. John " G ,693

Bucci Family '778

Bucci, Giovanni (John Bush) 778-

Bucher, Charles E 1113

Bueher Family 1113

Buck Family 798

Buck, Thomas R 798

Buckalew, Hon. Charles R 403

Buckaiew Families 403, 630

Buckalew, Capt. John M 406

Buckalew, Louis W 502

Buckingham Family 743

Buckingham, George A 743

Burhard, Rev. Edward A.... 824

Burket Family 786

Bush Family 981

Bush, Frederick W 981

Bush. John (Giovanni Bucci) 778

Butler, George D 317

Butler. Kent A 1047

Butler, Thomas 1047

Butt Family 517

Butt, William A 517

Cadman, Enoch 1247

Cadman. John 1346

Campbell. Charles H 1142

Campbell Families 665, 1137, 1142

Canouse, David M 1130

Canouse Family 1130

Canouse, Mrs. Parah C 1129

Carrathers Family 802

Carrathers, John A 802

Carsc Family 666

Carse, Robert A 666

Catterall Families 808, 945

Catterall, George H 945

Catterall, .Toseph H 808

Chalfant, Cliarles 320

Chalfant, Thomas 291

Chamberlain Family 735

Chamberlain, Isadora F 735

Chapman, Judge tSeth 65, 311

Childs Family 915

Childs, William F. P 915

Chrisman Family 713

Chrisman, Hon. William 713

Clapp, Henry C 1353

Clapp, Mrs. Mary E 1353

Clark, David 451

Clark Families 769, 1077

Clark, Frank R., M. D 769

Clay, Arthur S 581

Chiy Family 581

Clcwell Families 707, 1019

Clewell, Laurence 1 767

Cloud, Charles G 865

Cloud, William J 865

Cohen, Joseph, M. D 802

Cohen, Lewis 802

Coira Family 1053

Coira, Henry L 1052

Cole, Jacob H 928

Cole, Thomas 928

Coliey Family 730

Colley, Richard F 730

Comly Family 315

Comly, Joshua W 315

Conner, John 974

Conner, Samuel J 974

Conner. Theodore F 737

Conyngham, Judge John N. .

.." 66, 312

Cook, Charles W 1119

-Cook Family 1119 .

Cooper, John 314

Cornelison Families .480, 991, 1231

Cornelison, James 1253

Cornelison, Joseph 392, 480

Cornelison, Robert 1231

Cotner Family 697

Cotner, George P 697

Cotner, Hiram E 697

Crawford, Clinton 1091

Crawford Family 1091

Creasy Families

...614, 620, 652, 676, 982, 1004

Creasy, Francis P 614

Creasy. Dr. George E 620

Cioasy, Harvey Lewis 982

Creasy, Joseph A 052

Creasy, William E 1004

Creasy, Hon. William T 676

Creveiing, Daniel H 773

Creveling Families 774, 984

Creveiing, Herman G 1210

Crispell, Chester F 978

CVispell Family 978

Ci'ispin, Hon. IBenjamin 533

Crispin, Benjamin F., Jr 534

Ci'ispin, Clarence G 536

Ciispin Family 528

Crispin, M. Jackson 535

Croop, Allen B 1064

Croop Family 1176

Croop, George 1063

Croop. Milton H 1176

Crosslev, Daniel F 708

Ci'ossley Families. .708, 1069, 1232

Crosslev, Robert 1069

Culp, Cliarles 819

Gulp, Reuben 819

Cummings Family 713

Cummings, John W 713

Currin Family , 767

Currin, Percival C 767

Curry, Daniel M 453

Curry, Edwin A,, M. D. . .323, 453 Curry Families. .394, 400, 453, 792 Ciury, John R. M 7U3

Daniel, L. H 1080

Daniel, L. L 1080

Davenport Family 734

Davenport, Ray H 734

Davis Families... .583, 1054, 1175

Davis, John J 1054

Davis, William T 1175

Davis, William W 712

Dean Families 701, 991

Dean, Joseph 991

Dean, Mrs. ilargaret B 991

Deen Familj' 557

Deen. John, Sr 284. 557

Deily Family 1219

Deil'y, John 1319

Deitrick, Elmer F 815

Deitrick, William 815

Delanty Family 853

Delay, Emmanuel 1115

Delay Family 1115

Delay, Mrs. Mary 1115

DeLong Families. . .592, 668, 1233

DeLong, Frank E 592

DeLong, .lerome B 668

DeLong, Perry 668

"De Mott. Cyrus 740

De Mott Family 740

Dengler Family 848

Dentler Family 955

Dentler, Frank D 955

Depew, Jonathan 1244

Derr, Cliarles F 1098

Derr Families. .554, 753, 863, 1098

Derr, F. C 554

Derr, J. Miles 753

Derr, Mont 863

Deutsch Family 920

Deutsch, AVilliam L 919

Dewald, John B 787

DeWitt Families 641, 1003

DeWitt. William 0 641

Dice Family 1144

Dice, .Joseph C 1144

Dickson, Clark L 845

Dickson, Conway W 579

Dickson, David C 580

Dickson Families 580, 845

Dickson, Sterling W 579

Dieffenbach Family 833

Dieffenbach. Hervey E 833

Diefl'enbacher, Benjamin S...1116

Dieffenbacher, Daniel N 545

Diefl'enbacher Families. .545. 1116

Diehh Charles H 1058

Diehl Family 1058

Dietrich Families 866, 1185

Dietrich, Karl L 1185

Dietrich, Peter M 866

Dietterick, Bruce C 1074

Dictterick Family 1074

Dietz Family . ." 733

Dietz, John'H 732

Dildinc, Charles H 1053

Dildine Families 1005, 1053

XVI

BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX

Dildine, John A

Dillon. Jolni L

Dirk, iliss Clara Belle

Dirk, William J

Divel Family

Divel, Judge Henry

Dixon Family

Doan Family

Dodson, Boyd H

Dodson Familj'

Dodson, John

Donnel, Judge Charles G. . .G6,

Doster, Jacob

Doster, John

Doster, .John, .Jr

Doster, Theodore

Dreibelbis, Amos W

Dreibelbis Families 81S,

Dreisbach, Benjamin F

Dreisbach Families 749,

Drinker, Edward R

Drinker Family

Drinker, Jliss Lydia W

Duggan, .John J

Dutt Family . . . Dutt, Nelson S. Duy, Albert W. Duy Family . . .

East Family

East, Harry R

Eaton, Clark D

Eaton Family

Eaton. Frederick H 162.

Eck. Miss Anna E .'

Eck Family

Eck, Reese M

Eckman, Col. Charles W. .298,

Eckman, ilrs. Sophia G

Eckroth Family

Edgar Family

Edgar, Thomas

Edmondson Family

Edmondson. George D

Edwards Families ...

654, 821, 1182,

Edwards, Henry J

Edwards. .James S

Edwards, Jesse 0

Edwards. Thomas E

Eisenhauer Family

Eisenhauer. John H

Elliott. .Tohii F

Elliott. Samuel

Ellis, Mrs. Annie E

Ellis Families 565, 591,

Ellis, James F

Ellis, .James .J

Ellis. John D

Elmes Family

Elmes, William E

Elwell Family

Elwell. George Edward

Elwell, George Edward. .Jr. . . Elwell. .Judge William

66, 312

Emmet. .John

Emmett, Andrew .1

Emmett Family

Ent, Charles B

Ent. Edwin H

1005

728

1065

1064

548

748

626

462

1134

313

1185

1184

1185

818

1239

1060

596

597

1218

1058

760

1198

680

512

, 512

812

811

812

, 454

455

1021

1085

490

1187

821

654

1187

1182

797

HOG

1106

886

, 886

591

885

565

816

673

675

676

, 673 284

1095

1095 536

1073

Ent Families 536, 1073, 1254

Ent, Gen. Wellington H 426

Enterline Family 898

Enterline, W. G 898

Ervin, Barton E 1090

Ervin, Stephen 1090

Eshleman, Benjamin L 948

Eshleman Families 948, 1096

Eshleman, Harold 949

Evans, Andrew J 742

Evans, Judge Charles C

70, 314, 432

Evans, David 875

Evans Families 432,

574, 578, 742, 983, 1151, 1155

Evans, James L 574

Evans, John D 875

Evans, John W 1151

Evans, Oliver E 983

Evans, Mrs. Sarah E 743

Evans, William W 135, 577

Everett, Edward, M. D 587

Everett Family 587

Evert Family ' 1099

Evert, George H 1099

Eves, C. Scott 553

Eves, E. Tmman 758

Eves Families. .553, 733, 759, 1047

Eves, Joseph C 733

Eves, John Emery 1047

Eyer, Luther 594

Ever, Rev. William J 594, 619

Fahringer Family

Fahringer, Harry

Fairchild Family

Fail-child. Wesley B

Fallon, Ed. F

Fallon Family

Fallon, William

Farley Family

Farley, Robert M

Faiver Family

Farver. George

Faus Family

Faus, Frank

Faust Families 937,

Fedorco Family

Fedorco, .John

Fegley, Daniel E

Fegley Family

Fensteniaker Family

Fenstemaker. George C

Fensterraacher Family

Fenstermacher, Grant

Fenstermacher, Michael W. . .

Fenstermacher. Scott E

Fergerson Family

Ferris, Courtney E

Ferris Families. . .736, 1034,

Ferris, Olaf F

Fettorman, David F

Fetterman Family

Field Family

Field. Henry P

Field. Mrs. Katharine J

Fielding Family

Fielding. Wilfred G

Fiester Family

Fiester, Henry A

Fitield, Benjamin P

Fifield Family

1189

847

688

687

688

906

1077

849

1087

1256

1213

1158

993

1234

993

992

1115

1034

1241

736

1043

579

.579

1108

1114

1112

Finnigan, .James C 877

Finnigan, William 877

Fisher, Charles J 495

Fisher Families

: . ..464, 495, 756, 1083

Fisher, George A 465

Fisher, Horace M 465

Fisher, John L 466

Fisher, William C 466

Fisher, William H 756

Fisher, William S 464

Fister Family 1135

Fister, Ranslo 1125

Fleckenstine Family 616

Flick Families 709, 727, 931

Forney Family 907

Fornwald, Cliarles S 964

Foinwald Family 964

Foniwald, George A 965

Fortner Family 1251

Foster Family 695

Foster, John G 695

Foulk, Benjamin F 889

Foulk, Charles L 868

Foulk Family 889

Foust Family 915

Foust, Philip H 915

Fowler Families

569, 1104, 1159, 1208

Fowler, Jeremiah R 569

Fowler, Lillian D 569

Fowler, Theodore B 1104

Fowler. Willard G 1208

Fox, Charles S. W 499

Fox Families 428, 499

Fox, Dr. James T 428

Fox. Dr. .John C 429

Frank, John 1047

Frazer, Daniel 282

Frazier, Daniel H 718

Frazier Family 718

Freas, Barton D 503

Freas Families 503, 1074

Freas, Rush T 1074

Freeze, Col. John G 424

Freeze Family 425

Frey Families 788, 1196, 1212

Frey, Freeman W 788

Frey. Henry 0 1196

Frick, A. J 317

Flick, Arthur W 317

Frick, Dr. Clarence H 321

Frick. George A 314

Fritz. Hon. Andrew L 513

Fritz Families 513, 822

Fritz, Rush M 823

Fritz. Verner E 822

Fry Family 1200

Fry. George A 1300

Funk, Rev. Henry 466

Funk, Nevin U 467

Furman. Chester S 521

Furman Family 521

Furman, Miss Julia H 522

Gaertner, Emil 942

Galbraith, Thomas J 318

Gallagher, Michael 1128

Gallagher, Miss Rose A 1128

Garrett. William H 851

Garrison, Aaron 810

Garrison, Calvin D 959

BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX

xvu

Garrison Families

539, 752, 810, 1087, 1251

Garrison, Mrs. Lydia S 959

Garrison, William 0 752

Gaskins, Thomas 284

Gearhart, Bonliam R., Jr.... 519

Gearhart, Cliarles P 320

Gearhart, Mrs. Cordelia E. . . . 451

Gearhart, Edward S 319

Gearhart Families

449, 455, 517, 638

Gearhart, George M 449

Gearhart, M. Grier 638

Gearhart, Robert Y 517

Geisinger, Mrs. Abigail A. . . 480 Geisinger, Mrs. Abigail A.,

Birthplace and Home

(Views) 480

Geisinger, David 1211

Geisinger, George F 481

Geisinger, Mrs. Margaret R..1210

George Family 1029

George, William J 1029

Gernert, John H 925

Gibson Families ...396,544,901

Giger Family 775

Giger, Josiah H 775

Gilbert Family 468

Gilbert, Rev. Richard H 583

Gilds, Charles J 747

Gilmore Family 989

Gilmore, W'illi'am H 989

Girton Families 599, 667

Girton, Prof. Maurice J 667

Girvan Family 1023

Girvan, John A 1022

Glenn, Edwin A., M. D 1072

Glenn Family 1072

Gordner, Jonathan R 1217

Gotshall Family 1101

Gotshall, Heniy 1101

Gotwalds. Francis M 692

Graham Families 611, 1229

Graham. Marks 611

Gresh Family 1236

Gresh, Joseph D 1236

Grier Family 412

Grier, Rev. Isaac ...383, 338, 412

Grier, Isaac X 317, 412

Grier, Rev. John B 413

Grier. Hon. Robert C 314

Grotz Family 664

Grotz, John K 664

Grove Family 540

Grove, Herbert S 540

Grozier Family 764

Grozier, Prof. "Harry .... 184, 764

Gruber, David L 1081

Gniber Family 1081

Guest, David" L 918

Guest Family 919

Guie, Edwin B 1097

Guie. James 1097

Gulics, John C 283

Gulliver Family 994

Gulliver, James H 994

Hagenbuch. Charles W 1188

Hagenbuch. Emory D 1190

Hagenbuch Families

749, 1036, 1150. 1188, 1190

Hagenbuch, Frank W 1087

Hagenbuch, Franklin W 1150

Hagenbuch, Frederick 749

Hagenbuch, Mrs. Sarah K...1189 Hagenbuch, Miss Sarah M... 752

Hagenbuch, William A 1026

Hager Family 656

Hager, William M 656

Hagerman Family 935

Hagerman, Joshua 935

Hall, Horace A 575

Hancock, Charles P 410

Hancock Family 410

Harder, Charles M 765

Harder, Clark F 581

Harder Families

581, 589, 765, 1230

Harder, Mrs. Sarah B 582

Harder, Thomas E 589

Harder, Thomas R 1320

Harding Family 737

Haring, David E 564

Haring Family 564

Harman Families 435, 514

Harman, James Lee 435

Harman, Samuel H 514

Harmon Family 794

Harpel, Francis E., M. D.322, 549

Harris Families 961, 1209

Harris, Levi 888

Harris, William J 888

Harter Family 976

Harter, Theodore C, M. D... 976

Hartjine, Prof. Daniel S 872

Hartline Family 872

Hartman, Charles L 772

Hartman Families

771, 995. 1030, 1035, 1072, 1123

Hartman. Frank S 1123

Hartman, Frederick B 772

Hartman, George A 1020

Hartman, John F 1035

Hartman, Nelson C 995

Hartman, William 283

Hartman, William E 1020

Hartzell, John B 853

Hassert Family 471

Hassert. George E 471

Hauck, Charles E 461

Hauck Families 461, 1259

Hauck, William H 1259

Haupt, Clarence E 516

Hauser, Dr. Raymond J.. 334, 938

Hayden Family 916

Hayden, .James 918

Hayden, Nicholas 916

Hayman Families 1038, 1094

Hayman, James P 1038

Hayman. William H 1094

Heacock Family 1243

Heacock, Jeremiah R 1243

Heim, Joseph 719

Helm. .Julius 719

Heller Family 1174

Heller, Samuel K 1174

Helwig Family 781

Helwig, Noah" 781

Hendershott. Mrs. Mary M. . . 664

Hendershott. Norman J 663

Hendricks Family 1311

Hendricks. George M 1211

Hendrickson Family 881

Hendrickson, John F 881

Henkel, Rev. David M 618

Henkel Family 618

Henkel, Mrs. Susan E 619

Henkelman Family 1005

Henkelman, George 1005

Heurie Family 635

Henrie, William H 635

Henry Family 986

Herr Family 543

Herr, John N 543

Herring, Alexander B 584

Herring Families 506, 584

Herring, George A 506

Herring, Judge Grant 70, 313

Herrington Family 690

Herrington, Frank M 691

Hertz Family 836

Hertz, William J 836

Hess, Bruce A 1174

Hess, Charles M 1243

Hess Families . . . 437, 600, 803,

957, 971, 975, 1173, 1193, 1243

Hess, Hany F 971

Hess, Harvey W 438

Hess, Isaiah J 1173

Hess, .John 1 920

Hess, Leslie E 930

Hess, Dr. Milton J 436

Hess, Orion M 1193

Hess, Reuben H 1244

Hess, William H 600

Hetler Family 1024

Hetler, Mahlon C 1024

Hicks Families

636, 648, 812; 1257

Hicks, Joseph S 636

Hicks, Millard W 1357

Hidlay Families 751, 1153

Hidlav. William J 1153

Hildebrand. Camden W 1049

Hildebrand Family 1049

Hile Family ". 1136

Hile, William H 1136

Hill Family 750

Hinckley, .judge Henry M...

■ 68, 313, 318, 448

Hine, Daniel E .' . . .1133

Hine Family 1123

Hixson, John F 870

Hock Family 1304

Hock, Michael B 1304

Hockman Family 1172

Hoffa Family 892

Hoffman Family 747

Hoffman, Lewis 700

Hoffman, Simon K 747

Holdren Family 876

Holdren, Phineas 876

Hollingshead, William 546

Holly, Daniel W 822

Holly Family 822

Hoppes. Clarence .J 1216

Hoppes, Elias 967

Hoppes Families 1157, 1217

Hoppes, George T 1157

Hortman Family 1199

Hosier Family '. 1138

Hosier. Georg'e B. W 1139

Houck Family 1143

Housenick Family 953

Houtz F.amily . . ". 839

Houtz, 0. V 839

XVlll

BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX

Hove Family 923

Howe, Fred \V 923

Hower, Charles E 52-t

Hower Families. . .534, 1045, 1106

Hower, Hiester V., M. D HOG

Hower, Dr. Hiram C 1090

Hughe.*, Chester K 630

Hughes, Ellis 282

Hughes Families

768, 910, 1169, 11T6

Hughes, George M 768

Hughes, Mrs. Harriet 630

Hughes, Walter A 1169

Hull, Charles E 823

Hull Family 823

Hunsinger Family 103T

Hunsiuger, .Josiah F 1037

Hunt, George W 873

Hunt, John H 873

Hyde Family 896

Hyde, Thomas E 896

Hyssong, Austin L 973

Hyssong, Elisha B 973

Ikeler, Judge Elijah R.69, 313, 420

Ikeler Families 421, 958, 990

Ikeler, Frank A 422

Ikeler, Fred T 419

Ikeler, Mrs. Helena 422

Ikeler, Roland R 958

Ikeler, Samuel W 990

lies Family 852

lies, William 853

Irland, James M 459

Ivey, Edward W 590

Ivey Families 590, 1185

Ivey, George A 1185

Ivey, Ricliard 590

Jackson, Col. Clarence G

161, 184, 464

Jackson Families 416, 1168

Jackson, Frank R 456

Jackson. Mordecai W....161, 416

Jackson, Jlorrison E 624

Jacobs Families 541, 1152

Jacobs, George B 1152

Jacobs, John R 1153

Jacobs, William F 541

Jacoby Family 643

Jacoby, Guy 643

Jaeoby, John G 819

Jacoby, Legrand S 819

James, B. J 916

James Family 916

Jarrard, Clemuel L 1021

Jarrard Families 1021, 1147

Jan-ard, Merton L 824

Jarrard, William E 1147

Jayne, Samuel C 696

John Families

346, 632, 833, 1040, 1354

John, J. Stacey, M. D 1040

John, Ralph R 632

Johnson, Bartlett H 527

Johnson Families

527, 744, 807, 936

Johnson, George W 807

.Johnson, James 1123

Johnson, .Joseph R 744

Johnson, Dr. Ralph E 324

Johnson, Reagan B 999

.Johnson, Samuel B

Johnson, Stephen C

•Johnson, William S

.Johnston, Charles M

.Johnston Family

.Johnston, William C

Jones, Mrs. Catherine (Maus)

.lones, Evan

.Jones, Horatio C

.Jones, John L

Jordan, Judge Alexander. . . .

.Jordan, Francis

Jordan, Mrs. Jennie B

998

998 936 860 860 317 447 939 448 939 312 903 903

Karchner, Charles Franklin. . 1016 Karchner Families ....1016, 1018

Karchner, George E 1018

Kase. Simon P 289

Kaufman, Mrs. Anna M 905

Kaufman, Oliver 1 905

Keck Families 1027, 1213

Keck, Henry S 1313

Keifeit Family 1118

Keifer, Henry H 1118

Keiner, .Jolm F 997

Keiner, William 997

Kelchner Family 1113

Kelchner. John 1113

Keller Family 1126

Keller, William 1126

Kellev. Bruce C 559

Kelley Families 559, 1062

Kelley, James 1062

Kellogg Family 1034

Kepner, Bruce A 974

Kepner Families

974, 997, 1203, 1355

Kepner, John A 1255

Kepner, Samuel F 1303

Kerswell Family 733

Kerswell. Thomas F 731

Kester, Benjamin F 663

Kester, E. Ross 1113

Kester Families 663, 1113

Ivile Family 1333

Kile. George B 1223

Kimble Family 1124

Kimble, Frank 1124

Kindig Family 1181

Kindig, Michael E 1181

Kingsbury, Adelbert R 996

King.sbury Family 996

Kirk Family 550

Kirk, Rev. James W 341, 550

Kirkendall Family 1026

Kirkham, Samuel 383, 306

Kisner Families. . .880, 1199, 1303

Kisner, Ralph 330, 880

Kisner, Samuel 703

Kistler, Benjamin 1080

Kitchen Family 775

Kitchen, Frank R 775

Klase Family 699

Klase, Jesse 699

Kline, Abraham 813

Kline, Cliarles B 1235

Kline, Cliarles S 467

Kline, Edgar E 1107

Kline Families. .415, 438, 467.

631, 705, 813, 962, 1107, 1225

Kline, Harry H 962

Kline, Isaac 813

Kline, Jacob L 705

Kline, John J 1064

Kline, John L. C 622

Kline, Luther B., M. D 415

Kline, Riley L 438

Klinetoh, Dr. Dalbys B 652

Klinetob, David G 1186

Klinetob Families 651, 1186

Klinetob, Harvey L 651

Kling Family 1086

Klinger, Elmer 1209

Klinger, Gideon 1309

Knapp, Christian F 741

Knecht, Jacob 817

Kiieeht, Mrs. Martlia E 817

Knepper Family 1147

Knittle, Daniel F 665

Knittle, Miss Ella 645

Knittle Families 645, 665

Knittle, .Joseph B 645

Knorr Families 786, 793, 985

Knorr, Harvey E 785

Knorr, Henry T 793

Knorr, Samuel M 985

Knouse, Ehvood 1107

Knouse F.amily 1107

ICoeher, Edwin M ] 001

Kocher Families

867, 1001, 1038, 1057

Kocher, Thomas C 1038

Koons Family 779

Koons, Julius C 779

Kostenbauder Families

1011, 1100

Kostenbauder, Jesse J 1011

Kostenbauder, Oscar P 1100

Kramni Family 905

Krebs Family 413

Kreischer Family 1204

Kreischer, William H 1204

Kreisher, Clarence E 660

Kreisher Family 660

Kressler Family 1014

Kressler, Samuel P 1014

Krumm Family 1206

Kuhn, Isaac S 848

Kuhn, Mrs. Susan 848

Kunkel, Charles 1163

Kunkel Family 1163

Kurtz Family 720

Kurtz, Hon. .Jennings U..121, 720

Landis, David E 571

Landis, John B 571

Laiib Families 757, 1117

Laub. George A 757

Laub, Jacob A 1117

Daubach Fam.ilies 552, 1031

Lazarus, Charles E 940

Lazarus Families 940, 958

Lazarus, Henry 959

Learn, Alexander J 844

Learn Family 844

Lechleitner Family 804

Lechner, .Joseph F 868

Le Due, Emile J 870

I^e Due Family 870

Lee Families 911, 1101, 1177

Lee, George S 1101

Lee, Isaac C 911

Lee. James 1177

Lee, Thomas M 1224

BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX

XIX

Lefller, Mrs. Carrie (Russell) .1259

Legien Family 1214

Legien, Herman R 1214

Lehmau Family 942

Lehman, Frank 942

Leiby Family 1114

Leiby, Simon 1114

Leidy Family 933

Leidy, John H 933

Leidy, Paul 317

Lemon, Michael 842

Lemon, William M 842

Lenhart, C. Fred 526

Lenliart Family 526

Lenhart, George W 988

Letteer Family 1255

Letteer, Oscar E 1255

Levan, CD 878

Levan (Le Van) Families. 501, 878

Levan, Joseph 1078

Levan, Wilson 1078

Lewis, Judge Ellis 66, 311

Litchard Family 655

Litcliard, James H 655

Little, Mrs. Deborah T 419

Little Family 418

Little, Judge Robert R

69, 313, 418

Livziey, Harvey C 930

Livziey, William 930

Lockard Family 1030

Lockard, James S 1030

Lockhart, Charles C 1143

Lockhart Family 1143

Long, Charles C 846

Long Families 707, 952

Long, Jolin F 952

Longenberger Family 1260

Loreman Family 962

Loreman. .Jonathan 962

Lormer Familv 1128

Lormer. Scth C 1128

Lovett, William 997

Lovett, William T 997

Lowry, William F. ._ 162, 744

Lundy, John 286

Lundy, Rev. John P 286

Lutz, Charles B 754

Lutz Family 754

Lyman Family 486

McAnall, Charles K 1031

McAnall, John 1030

McAnall, John R 1030

McBride. Charles G 1080

McBride Family 1089

McBride, Hugh' D 1080

McBride, .James D 717

McBride, Miss L. Rachel 1090

McBride, Oscar E 10S9

McCollum, Alfred F 1096

McConnell Family 593

McConnell. George 593

McCormick, James 292

McHenry, Abram L 1148

McHenry, B. Frances 320

McHenry Families

657, 814, 1148, 1160, 1194, 1235

McHenry, Ira R 1160

McHenry, James B 1235

McHenry, John G 212, 657

JIcHenry, Dr. Montraville ....

322, 1161

JXcHeniy, Oliver S 814

iloKiUip, Harvey A 573

Mcilahan I'amily 1225

JlcMahan, Capt. James 1161

McJlichael, James 1149

McMichael, William F 1149

McNeal, Ann 583

McVicker F'amily 655

McWilliams Families ...583, 864 MaoCrea, Alexander B., M. D. 516

MacCrea Family 516

ilacdonald Families. 609, 668, 1156 lAlacdonald, John T., M. D...1156

Jlacdonald, John L 609

Maclntyre Family 668

Madden Family 693

Madden, William T 692

Magill, Dr. William H

287, 321, 372

Magreevy Family 1241

aUllery, Garrick 162, 461

Maloney Family 1241

Jlanning Family 1039

Manning, William H 1039

Mansfield Family 1131

Mansfield, William J 1131

Jlarkle, Daniel R 1169

Markle Families . 1043, 1140, 1170

Marks Family 634

Marks, Robert L 634

Marr. Alem 314, 325

Martin Family 583

Martin, James 941

Martin, Patrick 941

Martz, Ambrose 925

Martz. Charles N 1062

Martz, David B. F 1042

Martz, Edward S 1154

Martz Families 810,

908. 924, 1042, 1050, 1002, 1154

Martz, Henrv 924

Martz, Jacob 90S

Martz, Jacob W 929

Martz. Jolm 924

Masteller Families 478, 1097

Masteller, William 1097

Masters Family 619

ilasters, Francis P 619

Masters, Mrs. Orpha L 620

Maus Families

17, 274, 282, 400, 407, 445

Maus, Philip E 407

Mauser, Alonzo A 1191

JIauser, David 1305

Mauser Families. .938, 1191, 1305

JIauser, Jlrs. Sarah J 1306

Jlelick, Henrv W 1082

Jlelick Families 1055, 1082

Mensch Families

586, 630, 781, 1224

Menseh, Frank 1324

Mensch. John S 586

Mensch, Lewis C 630

Mensch, William 781

Jleredith Familv 544

Meredith, Hugh'B., M. D

323, 363, 544

IMericle. Theodore 815

Merkel Familv 1071

Mcrkel. William A 1071

Messersmith Family 787

Messersmith, Jesse B.... ... 787

Michael Families. .511, 1139, 1215

Micliael, Obediah 1140

Milheim Family 1179

milliard Family 521

Millard, William H 520

Miller, Daniel H 801

Miller, David M 1125

Miller Families

801, 1084, 1125, 1163

Miller, George W 1084

Miller, Harry D 801

Miller, James N 776

Miller, Reuben J 1163

Mills Family 684

Mills, .Samuel A 684

Milnes F-amily loiQ

Molyueaux Family iiys

Molyneaux, Walter R 1195

Monroe, William R 491

Montgomery, Ditniel 280

Montgomery, Gen. Daniel

274, 280, 337, 360

Montgomery Families 17, 278

Montgomery, John C 318

Montgomery, John G 310

Montgomery, Gen. William . .

378, 327

Montgomery, Judge William. 281 Montgomery, Rev. William B. 284

Moomey Familj- 849

Moomey. George iS 849

Moore, Evan B 1141

Moore Families

525, 631, 1141, 1194

Moore, John E 631

Moore, William H 1194

ilordan Family 1166

Mordan, Harman L 1166

Morgan Family 989

Morgan. John L 989

Jloser Family 682

ilourcr, L. K 321

Mowery Family 1105

Mowery, George 1105

Mowrei-, Mrs. Annie S 867

Mowrer, .John 867

Mowrer, William K 867

Jlowrey, Mrs. Eleanora 1216

Mowrey Family 1216

Mowrey, George Y 1316

Mowrey, Isaac 1216

Munson, David 1122

Munson Family 1123

Munson, ilrs. Louisa 1132

Murray, David E . 658

Murry Family 1307

Muriy, Miles 1207

Musselman, Beverly W., Sr.. 855 Musselman, Beverly W., .Jr.. 719 Musselman, Mis.-B Elizabeth L. 850 Musselman. Miss Sarah C. . . 856

Myerley. George W 850

Myerlcy, Mrs. Harriet S 851

Myers Families 976, 1025

Newbaker Family 640

Newbaker. Dr. Philip C..332, 640

Xewman Family 777

Newman. -lohn H 777

Xevhard Familv 840

XX

BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX

Neyhard, Samuel 110, 840

Noss Family 1037

Nuss Family 1032(

Nuss, Jeremiah B 1032

Oglesby Family 498

Oglesby, George 498

Oglesby, Dr. James 333, 498

Oglesby, William V 330, 499

Ohl, Boyd T 1007

Ohl Families 1007, 1111

Ohl, Michael T 1111

Oliver Family 1166

Oliver, William 0 1166

Oman Family 1110

Oman, Thomas C 1110

Orth, William H 869

Oswald, Mrs. Anne 6 634

Oswald Family 636

Owen, Hudson 955

Oxley Family 1332

Oxley, Lewis 1322

Oyster Family 887

Oyster, George N 887

Paden, Claud C 994

Paden, David F 995

Parker Family 1244

Parker, Theodore 1344

Patrick Family 1347

Patrick, Gus 1247

Patten, Robert S., M. D. .325, 855

Paules Family 1008

Paules, William R., M. D . . .

324, 1008

Peckham, Aaron K 66

Pentz, E. D 1259

Peters, Edward W 542

Petrovits Family 603

Petrovits, Rev. Joseph J. C. . 602

Petty Family 945

Pfahler Family 600

Pfahler, James F 599

Pfahler, John E 1059

Pliillips Families 788, 1353

Phillips, Lewis S 788

Phillips, Ralph G 1353

Ploch. Frederick 831

Poe Family 615

Pohe Family 1120

Pohe, Stephen C 1120

Polk Family 414

Polk, Rufus K 414

Pollock Family 700

Pollock, Judge James 66, 312

Pollock, James B 700

Price Families 496, 947

Price, Thomas J 496

Price, William R 947

Purpur, Edward 459

Purpur Family ■ 459

Pursel Families 433,

505, 555, 560, 820, 1079, 1109

Pursel, Frank P 432

Pursel, Henry J 1079

Pursel, Jasper N 555

Pursel, Jonathan 1109

Pursel, Norman S 505

Pursel, William G 560

Pursell Family 738

Quick Family 783

Quick, John G 783

Quick, William G 783

Quigg, Thomas 678

Quigg, William 678

Randall, Charles E 585

Randall Family 585

Rank, Daniel VV 318, 854

Rank Family 854

Rank, Isaac 288

Raseley, Charles A 573

Raseley Family 573

Raup, Abraliam L 1061

Raup Family 1061-

Rcagan, George L., M. D 597

Reagan, Mrs. Tillie E 598

Rebman, Samuel C 871

Reed Families 691, 1083

Reed, Guy A 1083

Reed, J. Orville 941

Reed}', Daniel 791

Reedy Family 791

Reese, Charles R 809

Reese Family 809

Reifsnyder Family 789

Reifsnydcr, Karl P 789

Reiter, Augustus 1183

Reiter Family 1183

Remley, David 1036

Renilcy Family 1180

Reynolds Family 927

Reynolds, Theodore 926

Rhawn Family 481

Rhawn, William H 481

Rhinard Family 1226

Rlioads Family 834

Rhodes, B. K 317

Rhodes, .John 393

Riciiard. Frederick J 493

Richard, Jacob F 494

Richardson Family 483

Richardson, John L 483

Richie, C. W 1127

Rieketts, Edward 930

Ricketts, George E 930

Rider, Lloyd T 537

Rinard, Abraham L 608

Rinard Family 607

Rinard, Joseph H 607

Ringrose. Aaron 971

Ringrose, William R 971

Rishel, Dorance R 434

Rishel Family 434

Rishel, James P 863

Rishel, John R 862

Rittenhouse Family 1171

Rittenhouse, MarkE 1171

Ritter Family 1337

Ritter, FoiTcst N 1237

Robbins Family 547

Robbins, James E., M. D. .334, 547

Robinson, Edwin H 1132

Robinson Family 1132

Robinson, .John M 1133

Robinson, .Joseph J 1134

Robinson, Thomas C 902

Robinson, William M 1132

Robinson. William R 902

Robison Family 566

Robison, .James B 566

Robison. Miss Martha E 568

Rockefeller, .Judge William M. 313 Rodenhoffer Family 943

Rodenhoffer, George 943

Roderick, David M 883

Roderick Family 883

Rogers, David J 1230

Rogers, Thomas J 694

Rogers, William J 694

Roiirbach Family 1315

Rohrbach, Lorenzo D 1215

Rook Family 1028

Rote Family 551

Rote, George L 551

Roup Family 1144

Roup, William 1144

Rowe Family 869

Rowe, George L S69

Rowe, John 790

Rowe, Riciiard W 790

Rowe, Mrs. Sarah 790

Ruch Families 843, 1090

Ruch. Henry 574

Ruch. William F 574

Ruhl, Robert J 602

Runyan, Mrs. Ann Maria 1189

Runyan, Elmer W 1189

Rupert Family 506

Russell Family 1258

Russell, William M. C 1258

Rutter Family 441

Rutter, John C, Jr 441

Ryan Family 871

Ryan, James 871

Sandel, ,John H., M. D. . .323, 694

Sands Family 1122

Sands. William E 1121

Savage Family 1045

Savage, George N 1045

Savidge Family 1221

Savidge, Ralph A 1331

Scarlet Family 440

Scarlet. James 318, 440

Schlee, Frederick 1063

Schlee, Peter 1063

Schott Family 1237

Schott, Thomas A 1336,

Schram Family 784

Schram, Martin H 784

Schultz Family 439

Schultz, Dr. Solomon S. . .333, 429 Schweppenheiser, Abram.806, 817 Sehweppenheiser Families . . .

805, 817, 1337

Schweppenheiser, William C. .1237 Sechler Families .... 717, 867, 870

Sechler, H. B. D 288

Sechler, Jacob 385

Sechler, Mrs. Mary C 582

Sechler, M. De La'fayette 717

Sechler, Mrs. Rosanna 716

Sechler, Samuel 582

Sechler, William A 718

Seely, Col. Andrew D 856

Seely Families 739, 856

Seely, S. Britt 739

Seidel, Alfred F 858

Seidel. Arren E 393, 859

Seidel, Clarence W 859

Seidel Families 714, S5S

Seidel, Joseph B 714

Seidel, Mrs. I^ucy C 859

Seiple Family 1085

Seiple, Stephen C 1085

BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX

XXI

Seybert Family 1189

Shaffer, Alfred C 1186

Shaffer, Hon. Charles A 704

Shaffer, Edward 1210

Shaffer Families

704, 1186, 1210, 1246

Shaffer, Rev. Theodore B 1246

Shalter, Edmond H 893

Shalter Family 891

Shalter, John 891

Shambach, Jesse Y 643

Shannon, Qark W 1093

Shannon Families 760, 1093

Shannon, Hun. William W.. . 760

Sharpk'ss, Arthur W 835

Sharpless, Benjamin F 970

Sharpless Families 835, 969

Sharpless, George H 970

Shelhart, Jacob 289

Sheriff, John W 858

Sheriff, Mrs. Matilda A 858

Sherman, Nathan 1167

Shew Family 791

Shew, John'W. E 791

Shires, Charles E 874

Shires Family 874

Shive Family 842

Shoemaker, David C 1100

Shoemaker Families

834, 888, 1075, 1100

Shoemaker, William 1258

Shoop, Gideon M 289

Shugars Family 1135

Shugars, Jolm H 1135

Shnltz, B. F., M. D 290, 333

Shultz, Charles W 724

Shultz Families 662,

734, 830, 903, 936, 1065, 1093

Shultz, Glen L 1065

Shultz, Philip G 663

Shultz, R. M 1092

Shuman, Ambrose, M. D 512

Shuman, Mrs. Angeline 511

Shuman, Cliarles S 541

Shuman Families

509, 541, 1077, 1245

Shuman, Franklin L 510

Shuman, John T 512

Shuman, .John W 1345

Shuman, Paris H 511

Sidler, Emanuel 548

Sidlcr Families 548, 686, 875

Sidlor, William L 686

Sidler, William S 875

Simington, Dr. R. S 333

Sitler, aiarles E 1016

Sitler Families 648, 796.

972, 1016, 1032, 1161, 1175, 1182

Sitler, .James W 1161

Sitler, Reuben H 796

Smethers, Miss Amy B 957

Smethers, Edward H 985

Smethers Families

957, 961, 985, 1243

Smethers, Hurley K 1242

Smethers, Jacob C 957

Smethers, John A 1343

Smethers, John H 1301

Smethers, Miss Katlierine. . .1242 Smethers, Philip McClellan.. 961

Smith, Adam 1103

Smith, Allen E 1104

Smith, Charles H 790

Smith, David 933

Smith Families

520, 804, 932, 934,

944, 1081, 1103, 1118, 1165, 1249

Smith, Fred K 1248

Smith, Frederick B 193, 595

Smith, George W 790

Smitli, H. Montgomery 520

Smith, James E 944

Smith, John B 936

Smith, Joseph 925

Smith, Lloyd E 1081

Smith, Miles W 934

Smith, Robert M 1165

Smith, Stephen 926

Smith. Theodore L 804

Smithers, Benjamin F 932

Smithers Family 922

Snyder, Allen L 1052

Snyder, Charles W 1096

Snyder Families . . . .614, 687, 761, S85, 909, 1052, 1096, 1322

Snyder, H. Alfred 885

Snyder, Prof. Harlan R 761

Snyder, John 755

Snyder, Joseph H 909

Snyder, Mrs. Sarah M 615

Snyder, Stephen E 687

Snyder, William H 614

Snyder, W. L 755

Sober Family 711

Sober, Dr. Harry M 711

Sones Family 1146

Sponenberg, Edward J 807

Sponenberg Families . 646, 807, 987

Sponenberg, James E 987

Sponenberg, Philip 646

Stackhouse Family 637

Stackhouse, Milton E 637

Startzel Family 560

Startzel, William B 559

Stees, Harry R 748

Steinman, Andrew J 681

Steinman Family 683

Sterner Families 463, 832

Sterner, Harry 463

Sterner, Prof. Lloyd P 833

Stifnagle, Philip 784

Stifnagle, William 784

Stiles, .John J 1188

Still. Adoniram J 556

Still Family 556

Stine Family 1111

Stine, Michael E 1111

Stock, George A., M. D 684

Stone Family 610

Stout, Mrs. Elleretta 1086

Stout Families 761, 1025

Stout, Sheridan W 1087

Stout. William T 1025

Strawbridge, Dr. James D... 331

Stuart Family 1205

Stver, Cyrus F 893

Stver Family 893

Suit, Alonzo ■ J 1010

Suit Families 1010, 1094, 1197

Suit, Headley 1094

Siilt, .Jacob N 1197

Suplee (Supplee) Families...

740, 1033

Sutliff Family 850

Swank Families

504, 685, 853, 1208

Swank, Joseph G 504

Swank, Thomas J 853

Sweutek, Mrs. Amelia 939

Swentek, Paul P 940

Sweppenheiser, Dr. Claude E. 949 Sweppenheiser Family 949

Taylor Families 864, 927, 950

Taylor, Frank M 950

Taylor, John H 166, 168, S64

Taylor, William H 937

Teple Family 477

Teplc, James E 477

Tewksbury, Eugene D 632

Tewksbury Family 622

Thomas Families. 1040, 1164, 1250

Thomas, Martin L 1164

Thomas, Miss Mary il 1153

Thomas, Samuel R 1151

Thompson Family 960

Thompson, Hugh 960

Tliornton Family 913

Tilley, Rodman E 1061

Tilloy, William 1061

Tooey, James 933

Tooey, John 933

Tooley, John 683

Tooley, John F 683

Townsend, Mrs, Elizabeth. . .1057

Town.scnd Families 1056, 1102

Townsend, John R 468

Townsend, Jonah H 1103

Townsend, Louis J 1056

Traugh Family 773

Traugh, Henry F 773

Trego Family 839

Trego, William H 829

Trescott, Boyd 508

Trescott Family 508

Trowbridge, Harry M 1046

Trumbower, Mrs. Mary S . . . . 870

Trumbower. Samuel M 870

Tubbs Family 1027

Tubbs, William E 1027

Turner, William 938

Turner, William G 938

Umstead, David M 1133

Um.stead Family 790

Umstead, Mrs. Harriet E 1133

Unangst Family 826

Unangst, George B 836

Updegraff Family 1149

Utt Family 1093

Utt, William S 1092

Van Alen, T. 0		390
Vanderslice, Charles T		497
Vanderslice Family . .		498
van Fossen. George W.		321
Van Horn Families . . . .	.780,	1082
Van Horn. Robert W. .		1082
Vannan Family		453
Vannan, Forbes H....		453
Vannan. Irvin, Sr		1348
Van Natta Family ....		741
Van Natta, Sade		741
Vastine Families	..443	, 603
Vastine, George H., M.	D.. .	444
Vastine, Dr. Jacob H.	. .322	. 444

XXll

BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX

Vastino, Jacob M, M. D 445

Vastine. William 60C

Vastine, William M 445

Vincent Familiesi 659, 9G8

Vincent, Henry 31S

Vincent, Thomas G 9GS

Vincent, Walter J 659

Voris, Charles E 725

Voris Family 725

Voris, James 2S7, 725

Vought Families 594, 1029

Vought, Peter H 594

Vought, William C 1029

W^agenseller Family 1067

Wagenseller, George 1067

Wagner Family 938

Wagner, Harvey G 938

W^alker, Silas N 731

Waller, Eev. David J., Jr . . . .

127, 143, 560

Walp, Charles 1' 826

Walp Family 826

W'alter Family 895

Walter, Mary Emma 196, 648

Walton Fami'lies 539, 837

W'alton, Harry E 837

Walton, Rev. Morris 539

Waters, Dennis 858

Waters Family 1206

Waters, George W 1206

Watson Family 879

Watson, John F 949

Watters Family 984

Watters. William A 984

Watts Family 698

Watts, James S 698

Weikert Family 903

Weller, John " 910

Welliver. Charles E 538

Welliver Families

539, 1001, 1015, 1057, 1078

Welliver, George W 1001

Welliver, John E 1078

Welliver, Samuel J 458

Welliver, Warren W 459

Welliver, Wilbur C 1057

Wells, Mrs. Lemuel E 407

Welsh, Abner 954

^V'elsh, Isaac 954

Welsh, James 682

^^'elsh, Jayne G 955

Welsh, Robert G 1041

Welsh, Thomas C 320, 682

Weniier Familv 1002

Weiiner, Frank E 1002

Wertnian Familv 923

Wertmaii. Felix P 923

W'ertman, Henry D 929

West Family . .■" 492

West, Isaac "D 493

West, William Kase 319, 492

W'halen, Daniel J 1240

Whalen Family 1240

Wheeler, Edward 1041

Wheeler, H. C 1041

White, Alem B 967

White, Bruce M 795

White, Jbs. Esther E 967

White Families 469,

795, 967, 1009, 1068, 1192, 1229

White. Frank B 1229

White, Harry E 1009

White, Hiest'er V 409

W'hite, John P 1068

White. Leslie H 1192

Whitmire Families ....1162, 1179

Whitmire, Morris J 1179

\Vigfall Family 423

Wigfall, Samuel 423

Williams, David C 545

Williams Families

666, 912, 982, 988, 995

Williams, George C 546

Williams, Guy 988

Williams, J. J 1128

Williams. William E 912

W"illits Familv 623

Wnilits, Isaiah W^, M. D 623

W^ilson Family 1108

W'ilson, Nathaniel 382

Wilson, W. P 1108

Wintersteen, Andrew J 900

Wintersteen Families

702, 882, 900

Wintersteen, Henry 702

\Vintersteen, Joseph H 1232

Witman, Rev. Edwin H 460

Witman, Franklin A 768

Wolf Families 617, 1127

Wuodin, Clemuel R 162, 489

Woodin Family 488

Wuodin, William H. (de- ceased) 161, 488

Woodin, William H 489

Woodward, \Varren J 66

Wyatt Family 913

Yagel, Charles J 1053

Yagel Family 1053

Yerrick, John 863

Yorrick, Rush 863

Yetter, Clyde C 753

Yocum Family 623, 1137

Yorks Family 292, 683

Yorks, Miss "M. Ida 684

Yorks, William 683

Y'ost Family 1201

Yost, Isaac'E 1201

Young, A. Philip 570

Young, Dr. Benjamin F 282

Young Families

570, 935, 1051, 1168

Young, Herman T 1051

Young, Jeremiah W 1168

Young, Dr. Jesse B 417

Young, Mrs. Mary B 1168

Young, Omer F 935

Youngman, Maj. John C. . . . 449 Y"oungman, M. Grier 448

Zarr Family 956

Zarr, Frank P 956

Zarr, Robert R 956

Zehnder. Cliarles H 162, 460

Zehner Family 800

Zehner. William P 800

Zerbe Family 799

HISTORY OF

COLUMBIA COUNTY

CHAPTER I

THE INDIANS

Civilization struck the native savages of this continent hke a bhght. The great and pop- ulous tribes and their strong bands of war- riors and hunters, fiercer than any wild beast and as untamable as the eagle of the crags, have faded away, and the remnants of the once powerful and warlike nations are now huddled upon reservations, and in stupid squalor are the paupers of our nation, begging a pitiful crust of bread, or in cold and hunger awaiting the allowances doled out by the government for their support. The swiftness with which they are approaching ultimate extinction, the stoicism with which they see and feel the in- evitable darkness and destiny closing upon them and their fate, forms one of the most tragic epics in history. Soon their memory will be only a fading tradition. To real history they will give no completed chapter, because they did nothing and were nothing as factors in the grand march of civilizing forces. They gave the world no thought, no invention, no idea that will live or that deserves to be classed with the few things born of the human brain that live and go on forever. As a race they had no inherent powers of self -development or advancement. Like the wild animal they had reached the limits of their capacity, and had they been left here undisturbed by the white race they would have gone on indefi- nitely in the same circle — savages breeding savages.

Such are nature's resistless laws that the march of beneficent civilization is over a great highway paved with the bodies and broken

bones of laggard nations, nations who pause within the boundary line separating the ig- norant savage from intelligent progress. Nature tolerates none of this sentimental stuff of "Lo, the poor Indian." It wastes no time in futile tears over the suft'erings of ignorance and filth, but "removes" them and lets the fittest survive, and to them belong the earth and the good things thereof. And yet even the poor Indian had rights that civilization should have been bound to respect; and civili- zation had it within her power to help rather than rob the red men of the forest.

The one characteristic that will ever redeem the memory of the Indian race from contempt is his intense love for his wild liberty and his unconquerable resolution never to be enslaved — a menial, drawing the wood and water and receiving the blows of the lash from a mas- ter's hand. He would sing his death song and die like the greatest of stoics, but he would not be yoked. When penned up as a criminal, he beat against the iron bars like the caged eagle and slowly perished, but died like an Indian brave, and rejoicing that thus he could escape the further tortures that to him were far be- yond death itself.

The treatment of the red men by the govern- ment has not been wise and often unjust. Not only were they cruelly robbed of their lands at times, but government traders swindled them of their pelts, furs and game, and gave them the worst evils of our civilization — whiskey, powder, lying, deceit and hypocrisy. Govern- ment agent.= and missionaries preached and

COLUMBIA AND MONTOUR COUNTIES

enjoined upon them our splendid Cliristian code of morals, but the busy traffickers robbed, swindled and debauched and murdered them without hindrance or rebuke.

William Penn and Lord Baltimore were more than a century ahead of their age. Their treatment of the Indians is the fairest page in the history of American settlement. In their dealings with the savages they leaned to the side of charity and paid them their own price for the lands purchased, respecting their rights and keeping the compacts made with them. In this respect they earned the unfaltering regard and trust of the natives, the only injuries ever done to the members of the Society of Friends being perpetrated by the renegade allies of the French.

ORIGIN OF THE INDIANS

It is probable that the aboriginal inhabitants of the territory within the limits of this county belonged mainly to the Lenni Lenape, who held that they were the original people and of Western origin. The Delawares claimed that their ancestors lived, many hundred years ago, in the far distant wilds of the West, and were the progenitors of forty other tribes ; that after many years of emigration towards the rising sun, they reached the Mississippi river, where they met the Mengwe, who came from a very distant region and had reached that river high- er up towards its source; that they found a powerful nation east of the Mississippi, who were called Alligewi, and from whom origi- nated the name of the Allegheny mountains; that the Lenape wished to settle near the Alli- gewi, which the latter refused, but allowed them to cross the river and proceed farther to the East; that when the Alligewi discovered how multitudinous the Lenape were, they feared their numerical strength and slew the portion that had crossed the river, and threat- ened to destroy the rest if they should attempt to cross ; that the Lenape and Mengwe united their forces against the Allegewi, and con- quered and drove them out of that part of the country ; that the Lenape and Mengwe lived together in peace and harmony for many years.

Their tradition relates further that some of the Lenape hunters crossed the Allegheny mountains, the Susquehanna and Delaware rivers, and advanced to the Hudson, which they called the Mohicannituck river; that on their return to their people they represented

the country which they had discovered so far towards the rising sun to be without people, but abounding in hsh, game, fowls and fruits ; that thus the Lenape were induced to emigrate eastward along the Lenape-zvhittuck, the river of the Lenapes, also called Mack-er-isk-iskan, which the English named the Delaware, in hon- or of Lord de la Ware, who entered Delaware bay in 1610 and was governor of the Colony of Virginia from about that time until 1618. The Dutch and Swedes called it the South river to distinguish it from the North river, which bears the name of Hudson.

That such was the tradition preserved by the Delawares is truthfully stated by Rev. John Heckewelder, a Moravian missionary, in his "Account of the History, Manners and Cus- toms of the Indian Nations who once Inhab- ited Pennsylvania and the Neighboring States," published, in 1819, under the auspices of the historical and literary committee of the Ameri- can Philosophical Society. The passing re- mark may here be made that Indian laws and historical events were not preserved on parch- ment, paper or in books, but were handed down by tradition from one generation to an- other.

DIFFERENT TRIBES

The Iroquois have a tradition that the val- ley of the Susquehanna was first inhabited by the Andastes, a branch of the Lenni Lenape, whose local tribal name was Susquehannocks. These the Iroquois drove out and possessed themselves of the lands.

The Shawnees were driven out of Georgia and South Carolina, and came to the mouth of the Conestoga, within the present limits of Lan- caster county, Pa., about 1677, and spread thence over what was afterwards Cumberland county, along the west branch of the Susque- hanna, in the Wyoming valley, and thence to the Ohio. As early as (if not earlier than) 1719 Delaware and Shawnee Indians were settled on the Allegheny. About 1724, says Bancroft, the Delaware Indians, for the con- venience of game, emigrated from the Dela- ware and Susquehanna rivers to the branches of the Ohio; in 1728 the Shawnees gradually followed them, and they were soon met by Canadian traders, and loncaire, an adopted citizen of the Seneca tribe, used his eloquence to win them to the side of the French.

Over the whole country watered by the

COLUMBIA AND MONTOUR COUNTIES

Susquehanna the Six Nations, composed of the Mohawks, Oneidas, Cayugas, Onondagas and Senecas, and later the Tuscarora Indians, claimed the right of conquerors and reigned supreme, and with them all of the treaties between the whites and red men were nego- tiated. To these savages we owe the musical and romantic names borne by the diiTerent streams and sections of these two counties. Here was the home of the famous chief, Tamenund, whose name is perpetuated in the Society of Tammany in New York and by a county in the State of Louisiana.

The names of Indian origin in Columbia and Montour counties are Susquehanna, mean- ing river of the winding shore ; Chillisquaque, derived from "Chilisuagi," an Indian word meaning a place frequented by snowbirds (Conrad Weiser crossed it March 8, 1737; he called it "Zilly Squache" in his diary) ; Muncy, from the Monsey tribe; Wyoming, Maughwauwama — large plains ; Catawese, pure water; Loyalsock, middle fork; Mahon- ing. The Indian name for Briar creek was Kawanishoning, for Pine creek, Tiadaghton and for Roaring creek, Popemetung. William Penn was called Miquon by the Indians with whom he had dealings.

INDIAN P.^THS OR TR.MLS

The valley of the Susquehanna was at one time thickly populated by the Indians and the remains of many villages and burying grounds have been uncovered in the last centurj-. The most important legacy from these savage predecessors is the foundation they laid for subsequent exploration and development by means of the numerous trails or paths they made through an otherwise trackless wilder- ness. Through the dense forest, over the hills and amidst the morasses ran these trails, scarcely fifteen inches wide, but worn to the depth of a foot by their constant use from the feet of generations of savages and savage beasts, and patted to the density of rock by this soft yet resistless pressure.

The Shamokin path began at Sunbury and continued up the West Branch to the mouth of Warrior run, where an Indian town was located, and thence through the gap to the town of Muncy, the home of the Monseys.

The Wyoming path left Muncy on the West Branch, ran up Glade run, thence through a gap in the hills to Fishing creek and across the creek, passing into Luzerne county through the Nescopeck gap, and up the North Branch to Wyoming.

The Wyalusing path was traced up Muncy creek to near where the Berwick road crosses, then to Dushore, thence to the Wyalusing flats.

The Sheshequin path ran up Bowser's run, thence to Lycoming creek, near the mouth of Mill creek, thence up the Lycoming to the Beaver dams, thence down Towanda creek to the Susquehanna river, thence up the river to the Sheshequin flats.

The Fishing Creek path started on the flats near Bloomsburg, ran up Fishing creek through Rosemont cemetery to Orangeville, on to or near Long pond, thence across to Tunkhan- nock creek. It was on this path that Moses \'anCampen was captured.

One of the most frequently traveled trails passing through the county was that leading from Wyoming to Aluncy. It followed the river from Wilkes-Barre to Shickshinny; thence through the notch at the eastern end of Knob mountain and along the northern base of that ridge, entering Columbia county near Jonestown, in Fishingcreek township, following thence down Huntington creek to the Forks and down Fishing creek to near the mouth of Green creek ; thence up that creek to a point below Rohrsburg; thence along the northern base of the Mt. Pleasant hills to Little Fishing creek at a point between Mill- ville and Eyer's Grove ; thence over the divide between the waters of Fishing creek and the Chillisquaque, and thence northwestward un- til it joined the path up Glade nm from Muncy. It must have been a prominent path or trail, as frequent mention is made of it in the old surveys of 1769 which cover the west- ern part of Columbia and the northern part of Montour county. It made a short and direct route from the North Branch to the West Branch and was -free from any steep hills, in fact, the grades were so easy that when the time came to locate the Wilkes- Barre & Western railroad, from near Wash- ingtonville to Shickshinny, there was no place in a distance of nearly twenty-five miles where this railroad was more than a half mile from this old trail over which the Indian traveled ages before. Near the mouth of Green creek above Orangeville this trail joined the trail from Nescopeck to the Great Island, which was at what is now Jersey Shore, in Lycoming county.

All these trails found their outlet towards the settlements by way of Shamokin and the river, and when first seen by the whites bore evidence of constant use. There was only one important trail to the southeastern settlements

COLUMBIA AND MONTOUR COUNTIES

—the one from Wyoming to the forks of the Delaware, at Easton. To all other pomts the trail along the Susquehanna was not only the great Indian thoroughfare for the natives of the valley, but for the whole Iroquois con- federacy.

MADAME MONTOUR

From authentic sources the story of Madame Montour is as follows : She was the daughter of a French gentleman named Montour and an Indian woman of the tribe at that time inhabiting Canada. Her first marriage was to an Indian of the Seneca tribe. She was at Albany in 171 1 and acted as interpreter. In 1744 she again acted as interpreter m a treaty held at Lancaster, Pa. Her second hus- band was Carondawana, a chief of the Unei- das and she had altogether four sons and two daughters, but by which union they were born is not positively known. She seems to have been a friend of the proprietaries, for large erants were given to her sons, Andrew, Henry, Robert and Lewis, on the Chillisquaque, near Montoursville and at Shade Gap, in Hunting- don county. In 1745 she resided at Shamokin, where she died, but the date is not known.

Madame Montour's daughter Margaret had several children, three of them daughters. She it was who was termed "French Margaret One of her daughters, Esther, married Ech- eohund, a chief of the Mousey clan. She was accused of complicity in the Wyoming mas- sacre although no direct evidence could be cxathered to prove the fact. Tradition ascribes to another daughter of Margaret the founding of the famous Catherinestown, the home and temple of the sorcerers of the Cat Clan ot the Senecas, who were the enemies alike of the whites and the other tribes of Indians.

INDIAN VILLAGES AND SETTLEMENTS

Any attempt to locate the sites of Indian villages in this part of Pennsylvania must de- pend entirelv upon tradition. It is accepted as fact that the sites of Bloomsburg, Berwick, Catawissa and Danville were at one time oc- cupied bv large Indian settlements, as the remains and relics continually found at these points indicate the presence in the remote past of large and thriving communities. Most ot the first settlers encountered these natives on their arrival and were for some time after- wards frequently terrorized by the return of occasional bands of Indians who camped on the sites which had from time immemorial bee;i their favorite stopping places.

The nearest large village of which accurate record has been left us, in this portion of the State, is that of Shamokin, now the site of Sun- bury, Northumberland county. In 1728 Shi- kellamy, a prominent Cayuga chieftain, was governor of the village, which was populated principally by the Delawares. He governed in a wise and judicial manner until his death in 1749. The natives after that date were gradu- ally forced out by the whites, who in 1756 built the fort called Augusta at this point. From this nucleus grew up the present town of Sun- bury.

More than a century and a half has passed since the withdrawal of the Indians from the territory of Columbia and Montour counties, and the history of the Indian customs and habits would soon be lost if not revived by the historian of each decade. It is well, therefore, to review in brief the manner of life of our aboriginal predecessors as a reminder of the contrasts between those days and the present age of wonders and achievement.

The towns and villages of the Indians in- habiting the valley of the Susquehanna and its tributaries were located immediately upon the banks of the streams, on ground high enough to be out of reach of floods. But little atten- tion was paid to location for defensive pur- poses, except that a spot free of timber and usually on a point jutting out into the stream was selected, in order that canoes could be easily landed and the squaws have ready access to the water.

Wigwams were constructed in a substantial manner to resist wind and storm, and to keep the inmates comfortable during the winter. Some were nearly twenty feet in diameter, large and roomv, while others were smaller; mott of them either oval or round in shape; of bark or matting laid over a framework of poles stuck in the ground, bunched together at the top and tied with thongs. _ The winter wigwams were covered with skins, with an opening at the top to allow the escape of smoke, and flaps at different points arranged to be used for entrance, according to the direction of the wind. Even in 'these modern days it is quite an art to erect a "tepee" that will be weatherproof and at the same time not suf- focate the occupants with the smoke of the fire. In winter these wigwams were lined with matting, woven of rushes, grasses and reeds ; bunks were built of poles, with skins and furs for bedding. The clay cooking pots were hung from the center over the ever-burning fire.

In the larger settlements the Indians built loo- cabins, roofed with bark and sod, a hole

COLUMBIA AND MONTOUR COUNTIES

being left in the center to let out the smoke. These were often fitted up in a very comfort- able manner, and formed the model after which the white settlers built their first habitations. The whites, however, far exceeded the savages in craftsmanship and design, and their homes were fitted with that highest evidence of superior civilization — the chimney.

Many persons have read of the Indian "lodge," yet few are familiar with its construc- tion. Lodges were not used for permanent habitation, but mostly for camping and war purposes. Saplings were stuck in the ground in the form of a bow, something like a series of croquet hoops set in a row, only about five feet in height. A "lodge-pole" was lashed along the tops of the hoops and over all were thrown skins or matting, thus forming a long hut, in which the sleepers lay. Cooking was done outside at the camp fire.

The agricultural operations of the savages were crude and their tools still more primitive. Hoes were made from sharpened sticks and the earth was simply scratched to receive the seed. Corn, beans, pumpkins and tobacco were the crops, and the tilled spots remained unfenced, the horses being pastured at a dis- tance to prevent depredations. After the coming of the whites seeds were purchased from the traders and the -variety of crops was more extensive, some fruit trees being also set out and tended. The rude implements were replaced by others better fitted for the cultivation of the soil, and better tools were introduced into the wigwams. Steel traps took the place of "deadfalls" and pits ; muskets replaced the bow and arrow ; awls and needles made from the bones of birds and animals were no longer used in sewing the skin cloth- ing and fitting together the matting coverings of the wigwam; and the iron hoe made culti- vation easier for the overburdened squaw. Before the introduction of the pots and pans of civilization food was prepared by roasting on twigs stuck over the fire or, in the absence of clay pots, boiled in skin kettles, heated by dropping hot stones in them.

MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF THE INDIANS

The squaws bore the burden and toil of life in an Indian camp. There was no "sufifragette" propaganda then. While the male members of the village hunted, fished, went on foraging and warlike expeditions, or slumbered before the fire, the females did the heaviest and most degrading labor. They cut poles and built the wigwams and cabins, performed all the vil-

lage drudgery and cooking, cared for the ponies, gathered fuel, cultivated the soil, planted the seed and harvested the crops, cut up and preserved the meat brought in by the hunters, tanned the skins and made the cloth- ing for the entire family, bore and nursed the children, and when on a journey carried great bundles of camp equipage. They were un- demonstrative and patient, bearing up under their eternal burdens with much fortitude, and when in the pain of childbirth uttered not a sound. The squaw who cried or groaned was forever disgraced. It was believed that her sons would grow up to be cowards. Not- withstanding all these hardships the squaws were loyal and divorces were unknow-n, while the custom was for a warrior to have but one wife, except in rare cases.

The warrior was the head of the wigwam; his wishes were obeyed without question and his word was law. The papooses were taught from infancy to be quiet and scarcely ever cried. The only occasion in which the writer ever heard an Indian baby cry was when he as a child wandered down to the river and found half a dozen papooses suspended on boards from the branches of a tree. They were facing each other and making a queer cooing sound, but as soon as they caught sight of the strange white face they set up a chorus of howls that quickly brought the squaws to the spot. They set upon the trespasser with canes and chased him crying from the vicinity.

In the winter the babies were allowed to roll around over the dirt floor of the wigwam, and in summer along the lanes between the tepees. When carried they were lashed to a forked stick or rough hewn board, with ample wrappings of skins and blankets. When a halt was made they were sometimes suspended from a tree if the parents were likely to be absent, thus protecting them from animals : but if the stop was short the tightly bound infant was simply stood against a convenient tree, and not always in the shade; yet the little one would blink in the glaring sun without a whimper.

As they grew older the children were given all the training that would fit them for their savage life. The boys were early turned over to the men, who gave them instructions in fishing, hunting and woodcraft, while the girls were soon forced into the dreary routine of the squaw's life of drudgery. The young of both sexes developed early; at the age of fifteen the boys were free to come and go without restraint ; two years before that the girls had budded into womanhood, and it was

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a rare thing for a maiden to reach the age of fifteen without being appropriated by some buck.

Courtship and marriage were not attended with much ceremony or delay. When a buck cast his eye on a maiden he went to the father and offered a price for her, usually in ponies. The main ceremony consisted in the settlement of her value between the contracting parties, the after-ceremonies of the medicine man being brief and simple. Yet these unions were seldom broken except by death.

In moving from place to place the squaws, as usual, had all the work to do. The wig- wams and household goods were made into large bundles and packed on the backs of the ponies, or on "sweeps" made of poles lashed to each side of the animal and connected be- hind with crosspieces. The squaws also car- ried some of the burdens, while the bucks stalked ahead smoking their pipes. When a halt was made for meals the ponies were not unloaded, except at night. Sometimes there were spare ponies enough to permit the squaws to ride, but only after the bucks had been pro- vided with a mount. Riding or walking, the squaws carried the papooses on their backs. All rode astride, with but a blanket beneath, and no bridle was used, the animals being guided by slaps on the side of the head or by words.

On arrival at a suitable location it was the duty of the squaws to unload, erect the wig- wams, cut the firewood and perform all the heavy work without assistance. When their work was over they retired to the depths of their skin robes, simply removing their clothing, with the exception of the skirt, while the war- riors retained only the breechclout.

COSTUMES

Indian dress in the earlier times was ex- clusively made of skins. Great taste was shown in the manufacture of these costumes, which were trimmed with fur, and ornaments made of fish scales, shells, beads, colored grasses and feathers. The designs were beau- tiful and artistic, and the material thoroughly finished. Indian tanned skins have always, even to the present day, commanded high prices.

After the coming of the whites cloth began to be used by the squaws in the manufacture of clothing; the brighter the colors the more popular the pattern — red being a favorite. The squaws dressed in the gayest costumes their tastes could devise ; beautifully worked and

beaded moccasins, soft deerskin leggings, rich- ly decorated and fringed with the brightest colored beads, ornaments and pendants ; and their plump busts and arms were almost covered with the many strings of ornaments, shells, beads and stone pendants. In winter an e.xtra skirt was worn, and furs wrapped around the'neck and head.

Warriors, old and young, were most particu- lar as to their appearance. Their hair was pulled out by the roots after the age of pu- berty had been reached, and but a "scalplock" was allowed to grow. To this was fastened a plume of feathers or horsehair. Nose and ears were pierced for rings ; the bodies were left bare to the waist, with many handsome belts of wampum thrown across the shoulder. The face and body were profusely painted with colors made from clays and simple woodland flowers, and a belt around the waist bore the knife, warbag of charms, and other tools of the chase or warfare, and served to hold the leggings up. Through this belt was passed the ends of the breechclout, made of linen or other cloth, in early times of skin. It was eight or nine inches wide and nearly a yard long, and the manner of wrapping it around the body denoted the clan or tribe to which the wearer belonged.

Moccasins of many kinds were worn, and in all cases the ankles were covered to protect the feet from snakebites and thorns. On long expeditions a fringed skirt was worn to protect the body from bushes and briars, the leggings being then exceptionally heavy. The differ- ence between the hunters and the warriors on the warpath consisted in the lack of paint on the faces of the former and the lack of cloth- ing of the latter. On marauding expeditions the warrior greased himself all over to make the hold of his adversary insecure.

There was general pride in the skill of the hunters and the achievements of the warriors. The taking of the first scalp by a young war- rior was an occasion of special excitement and rejoicing. The return of a party from the warpath or a hunting expedition was always attended with a public reception in the village ; but after the expedition ended the lazy life of the heroes began, and when winter set in they had nothing to do but lie around until the spring should come, smoke their pipes and relate their deeds of prowess. On bright days they sometimes got up a little excitement over a game of football or a footrace ; occasionally there was a dance or a feast, but as a rule the winters were passed in idleness. Smoking was their chief comfort under all conditions,

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whether half asleep in the wigwams, or loll- ing in the sunshine outside. Their pipes were made of corncobs, clay, stone or wood, and upon them were expended all their taste and capacity for decoration.

GOVERNMENT

The Indian government was distinctly social- istic in character. In the wigwams and vil- lages, with the warriors and hunters, between the young and old, in all situations of life, there was perfect equality; in their character and conduct were seen a strong sense of inde- pendence, a great aversion to anything that savored of caste or subjugation. They gloried in their native liberty, and for one to show a feeling of superiority was an effective barrier to all further success. A chief being asked if his tribe were free, replied: "Why not, since I myself am free, although their chief?" The chief of a tribe was not a ruler but a coun- selor; he could neither make peace nor war, and except as others were guided by his ex- ample he had no control of tribal affairs.

A brave was chosen war chief upon his own merit as a warrior, after having demonstrated exceptional bravery or skill ; the village chief was selected as one possessing administrative ability, commanding address and great elo- quence, and well versed in the traditions of the tribe and their relations to neighboring tribes. Possessing these distinguishing traits of character and influence enough to be chosen leader, it was equally necessary for each to maintain his standing as a hunter and warrior.

For purposes of consultation, and as a place to assemble the chiefs and braves, a council house was usually built near the center of the village. There all met on an equal footing to determine questions of common interest ; the calumets or pipes of peace and war were placed side Ijy side, the choice of each to be made by the signal taps of the war club. There the Indian warriors gave vent to bursts of native eloquence, for which they were so justly fa- mous. Although an Indian seldom spoke under ordinary circumstances, when he did break the silence he said something of import. It was at these councils that opportunity was afforded to acquire that popularity and influ- ence which would promote the speaker to posi- tion and authority.

RELIGION

Personal pride was the controlling influence in the Indian's religion. He believed that the

Great Spirit was ruler over all, and that spirit was an Indian. Manitou was the name most generally given the Great Spirit. The Indians believed that they were the first of the human race created; that they sprang from the brain of the Great Spirit; that they possessed all knowledge, and were under the special care of their creator. Their traditions were vague, but their religious sentiments were clear. They had no fixed days or manner of worship. They believed in a future state of reward and punishment in the "happy hunting grounds" beyond the grave; that all who did well would be happy, but all who did ill would be mis- erable; they justified their barbarous outrages and savage warfare, their cruel torture of men, women and children, upon the precept of "blood for blood," and among themselves, as one of their famous chieftains said, they let each individual "paddle his own canoe."

What principles of religion they had they followed closely. They believed in a good spirit and an evil one, and a number of lesser deities that were active in managing the affairs of the universe. To these they made sacrifices to avert calamity, to secure blessings and suc- cess, and in the way of thanksgiving for bene- fits received. They also believed firmly in pun- ishment and reward in this life.

Their medicine men, who had the care of the sick and were in charge of all religious feasts and observances, were held in great re- spect as possessors of supernatural powers. By the practice of their magical arts they were supposed to have close relations with the Great Spirit. Their medicines, made from roots and herbs, were in their use surrounded with all mystery possible, and all the arts of the conjurer were solemnly practiced.

Indian burials were conducted with as much form as any of their ceremonies. In the grave with the corpse were buried the rifle and trap- pings of the warrior or hunter, his pipe and tobacco, and sufficient provisions and parched corn to last him on his journey to the happy hunting grounds of the future life. There was no common place of burial, each grave being located in the forest or on the hills, to suit tlie wishes of the surviving friends. When an Indian or his squaw died the survivors would remain in mourning for a year, being afterwards at liberty to marry again.

FE.\STS AND SPORTS

The regular times for feasts were when the green corn could be first used, when the first game of the season was killed, and when a vie-

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tory was celebrated. Notices of these feasts were sent to the wigwams and to the friendly tribes by means of a runner, who bore small pieces of painted wood. He would give the date and program verbally. When the feast occurred the bucks, squaws and young Indians would sit around the fires, on which were boil- ing the kettles of green corn, juicy venison, bear meat, fat coon and hominy. Warriors and squaws dressed in their best, and the occa- sion was one of vast ceremonial. Each was provided with a wooden bowl and a spoon of bone or metal, and they helped themselves whenever the food had been cooked to their notion.

None but the warriors participated in the wild excitement of the war dance, but the youths were allowed to look on in order to prepare for their later initiation, which was severe and nerve-testing. There were other dances in which the young and old joined with loud shoutings, the clangor of tomtoms and other rude instruments ; winding dances with intricate figures ; wild square dances, in which the maiden might show her preference for the favorite hunter ; and these dances often were continued all night by the light of the blazing camp fires.

The sports and pastimes of the savages were in character more in the way of preparation for and incentive to the objects and pursuits of their life, and consisted of running and canoe races, jumping, wrestling, shooting, throwing the tomahawk, and, in the days be- fore the introduction of firearms, of practice with the bow and arrow. Football was a very" popular game, the excitement lasting some- times for days and involving the entire village in the sport.

FISHING .^ND HUNTINn

The Susquehanna and the streams flowing into it were the favorite spawning and feeding waters for the choice varieties of the different fishes native to this section, and during the cool months the Indians speared them and trapped them in wicker baskets and nets. The younger people had great sport in following the larger fish in the shoals and rapids and killing them with spears and arrows; and in winter they cut holes in the ice and through them speared the finny denizens of the stream.

Trapping of animals was the most profitable pursuit followed. It was a good school for the youths, furnished employment for the old or disabled men, and gave the braves the means wherewith to supply themselves with neces-

saries and finery from the traders. It some- times happened, when the season was favorable and game was plenty, that the whole tribe would devote the winter to the traps, which were located at all favorable points along the trails and streams, sometimes occupying a ter- ritory of thirty miles in circumference. Bea- ver, otter and bear skins were the most val- uable, but the skins of muskrats, mink, weasels and other small game also were not rejected. The great abundance of game in the woods, the rich soil of the valleys in which were located the villages, provided an unfailing source of supply to the savages. Knowledge of woodcraft and of the habits of the birds and beasts of the forest was the first requi- site for existence in savage life, and in this the Indians excelled. They had expedients for every emergency. One great accomplish- ment was the ability to imitate the notes and calls of the birds and the cries of the beasts of the forest. Warriors used these calls in their forays, and the first white settlers soon learned to suspect the cry of a bird if sounded at an unusual time.

WARS AND FORAYS

The war party was the most carefully organ- ized band that left a village, the numbers of which it was composed depending upon the character of the expedition. One or two braves might start on a bushwhacking or scalping expedition of their own, or a band of five or six might start out to destroy some isolated cabins and massacre the inmates. Larger parties were made up to attack the settlements. When starting out all the braves donned the warpaint and oiled their bodies, then formed into a single line and marched through the village singing war songs. Just before leaving the limits of the village a salute would be fired, but from that time until the attack was made not a sound broke the still- ness of the forest. A war party of Indians could pass within a few feet of the camp of the whites or the cabins of the settlers and make not a sound or leave a single trace of their passage.

The Indians' method of fighting, which has survived even to the present day, vvas a sys- tem of rapid attacks and retreats. They would lie in wait for the enemy and after a sudden attack would fall back to some other ad- vantageous point. In the fight the whole force was formed in an irregular line, covered by anything that the topography of the country afforded. Thev seldom met the enemv in a

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stand-up fight, but would strike suddenly and retreat, yet there was not a drop of cowardly blood in an Indian. When parties were sent out on a raid it was customary to send as sup- port in case of reverses a band of hunters, with squaws and camp equipage, to locate an ad- vanced supply camp not far from the scene of battle. From this center the hunters would go out after game and act as a rear guard, awaiting the retreat of the war party.

The return of the successful warriors was the occasion of much rejoicing and excitement. They came in with shouts of victory, waving the bloody scalps and driving before them the captured victims that had been preserved for the sacrifice, their hands tied behind them and their faces blackened as a sign that they were to be burned at the stake. First the victims were made to run the gauntlet. Indians of all ages, squaws and children, stood in a long double line, between which the prisoner was compelled to run, sometimes blindfolded and bound. The savages were armed with any weapons that came to hand, sticks, clubs, switches, whips, knives and tomahawks, with which the unfortunate was struck and slashed, often to death. Sometimes sand was thrown in the eyes to impede progress. In most in- stances the captive was allowed to live long enough to be lashed to the stake and burned.

The hardy pioneers of this country became inured to these acts of rapine and reprisal and in many instances returned the debt with interest. It would be impossible to overdraw the horrible pictures of death and torture that were the experiences of many of the pioneer settlers of this country. An Indian would not hesitate to dash out the brains of a family of children in the presence of the father and mother, and then scalp the parents and burn the home. In return, there was no quarter given the savages when captured. No prison- ers were taken by either side in the latter days of the warfare between the whites and In- dians. A good Indian was usually a dead one. Chapter after chapter could be filled with the stories of the hardships and cruelties suffered by our forefathers, but space will not permit their repetition.

It sometimes happened that prisoners were spared by the Indians through superstition or intent, and in these cases the captive was care- fully guarded against escape while being in- itiated into the life of the savage. Some of the captives married squaws, became satisfied with the mode of life and remained with the Indians. Children sometimes were preserved from death and adopted into the tribe, in later

years becoming as much attached to their foster parents as if they had been born into the life. These seldom were reclaimed to a life of civilization. Interpreters for the tribes were usually selected from these captives, and it was often found they had grown to like the savage existence and attained positions of trust and responsibility. However, some of the white men who voluntarily entered the Indian tribes became more fiendish and inhuman than the natives themselves. With the names of Butler and Brandt are associated all that the human mind can conceive that was cruel and devilish. They seemed to revel in carnage and blood.

As a contrast to this, instances are to be found where the native sense of honor of the Indian caused him to withhold his hand from the destruction of those who had befriended him and to warn them of the attacks of other tribes. In this respect the Quakers were singularly exempt from attack and murder, through their fixed policy of dealing in a just manner with the Indians. Few instances are recorded where a member of the Society of Friends suiifered from the depredations of the savages, who had learned of their high sense of humanity and justice.

FRONTIER FORTS, COLUMBI.\ .XND MONTOUR COUNTIES

The treaty and purchase of 1754 between the Penns and the representatives of the Six Nations caused great dissatisfaction among the Shawanese, Delawares and Monseys, who considered that they had been defrauded of their lands, which had been guaranteed to them by the Iroquois. They therefore pro- ceeded to go on the warpath, and the settle- ments were raided, the settlers scalped and their homes destroyed.

This being brought to the attention of the proprietaries, preparations were made for the protection of the settlers, and Benjamin Franklin ordered the construction of Fort Augusta, at what is now the site of Sunbury. This was followed by the erection of many other forts along the valleys of the North and West Branches of the Susquehanna, viz. : Fort Jenkins, in Briarcreek township, Colum- bia county; Fort Wheeler, on Fishing creek, about three miles above its mouth; Fort Mc- Clure, on the Susquehanna within the limits of the present town of Bloomsburg; Fort Rice, on the headwaters of Chillisquaque creek, thirteen miles from Sunbury; Mont- gomery's Fort, twelve miles below Muncy on

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the West Branch; Bosley's Mills, on the Chillisquaque, now the site of VVashington- ville, Montour county; Fort Freeland, on Warrior run, four miles above its mouth ; Fort Meninger, at the mouth of Warrior run; Boone's Mill, seven miles from Fort Freeland, at the mouth of Muddy run; and Fort Swartz, about one mile above Milton.

These old forts were mainly designed to afford temporary shelter to the settlers from the raids of the Indians. In time of war they were regularly garrisoned by rangers. One of the methods of defense, which had been brought to America by natives of Europe, and formerly one of the weapons of the Romans, was the use of the "caltrop" or "crowsfoot," an iron instrument having four barbed points, which projected in all directions, so that when thrown on the ground at least one point stood upright. These implements were a great deterrent to the barefooted or moccasin-clad savage, and the unfortunate who stepped on one of them soon gave evidence of his pres- ence. After the cessation of hostilities the settlers frequently complained of the presence of these barbs in their pastures, where cattle would get them fastened in their feet, the rusty iron often causing inflammation and death.

It is unnecessary to describe the forts out- side of Columbia and Montour counties, as they have little bearing on local history, so we will simply detail the origin, history and ultimate fate of the forts which were erected within the present limits of the two counties. In relating the history of these forts the nar- rative would be incomplete without a brief sketch of Moses Van Campen, the builder of two of them. He grew to manhood and first came into prominence as a member of Col. John Kelly's command on Big Isle, on the West Branch of the Susquehanna, in 1777. In 177S he had been promoted from orderly' ser- geant to lieutenant, and in that year built Fort Wheeler. In 1779 he did scouting duty for Sullivan's army near Tioga. In 1780 he was captured by Indians, his father, brother and uncle killed, and he, Peter Pence and Abram Pike carried into captivity. One night they rose, and after killing nine of their captors and wounding the remaining one made their escape. In 1781 Van Campen spent the sum- mer in scouting and the winter in guarding British prisoners. In 1782 he marched with Robinson's rangers, of which he was a lieu- tenant, back to Northumberland, and after a few days' rest was ordered to build Fort Muncy. Later he was sent to Big Isle, where he was attacked by a large body of Indians

and captured. He was sold to the English and remained in captivity for some time, but at last exchanged, returned home to recuper- ate, and then was sent to Wilkes-Barre, where he remained until the close of the war. He removed to New York State in 1795, and there, after an active life as surveyor and engineer, he died at the advanced age of ninety- two.

FORT JENKINS

This fort was erected in the fall of 1777, or during the winter and the early spring of 1778, and was simply a stockade around the home of a Mr. Jenkins, one of the first settlers. Its size was 60 by 80 feet and it stood on the North Branch of the Susquehanna in Centre township, midway between Berwick and Bloomsburg. The old canal passes between its site and the river. A heavily wooded island stood in the river directly opposite, but re- peated floods have long ago destroyed it.

Soon after the building of the stockade the fort was garrisoned by thirty men, under Colonel Hartley. Col. Adam Hubley, who succeeded him, marched the garrison away, and County Lieutenant Colonel Hunter fur- nished sufficient men to hold the fort until the arrival of Col. Ludwig Weltner and the Ger- man battalion. The latter held the post until 1780, when they departed to assist in the de- fense of Forts Rice and Augusta. Soon after- wards a party of Tories and Indians came by way of Knob mountain, and finding the fort deserted set fire to it and the surrounding buildings.

After peace had been declared Mr. Jenkins sold the land on which the fort had stood to James Wilson, one of the signers of the Decla- ration of Independence, who sold it to Capt. Frederick Hill. The latter moved onto it, built a dwelling on the site of the fort and kept a tavern there, calling it the "Fort Jenkins Inn." His son Jacob succeeded him and conducted the tavern for a time, but was converted at a Methodist revival and aban- doned the sale of liquor to take up farming. Charles F. Hill, the son, followed as owner. Charles S. Yorks is the owner of Fort Jenkins in 1914.

FORT WHEELER

In April, 1778, Lieut. Moses Van Campen began the building of Fort Wheeler, on the farm of Isaiah Wheeler, on the banks of Fish- ing creek, about three miles above the present

COLUMBIA AND MONTOUR COUNTIES

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town of Bloomsburg, on the Bloomsburg & Sullivan railroad, in Scott township, near the site of the Paper Mill. It was built of logs and surrounded by a stockade sufficiently large to accommodate the families of the neighbor- hood. They had hardly completed the fort before the Indians arrived and attacked it, but the defenders soon put them to flight.

Van Campen made this fort his headquarters when not engaged in scouting. One of the attractions to him was the daughter of Wheeler, for whose hand Van Campen and Col. Joseph Salmon, another scout, were rivals. Salmon finally married the girl. Van Campen's father also for a time lived near the fort.

Fort Wheeler was the only one of the long line of defenses in this section of the State that was never abandoned or destroyed by hostile hands. Time alone did the work of disintegration. Peter Melick, one of the com- mittee of safety for Wyoming township, lived near here. The old graveyard where the soldiers were buried is still recognizable, and the spring that supplied the fort with water is still running. The land is now owned by the Creveling family. John Crawford, grandfather of Joseph Crawford, an old citi- zen of Orangeville, was the second child born in this section, his birth taking place inside the stockade of the fort soon after its com- pletion, in 1778. No vestiges of the fort are now to be seen, but the site is known to most of the residents of that section.

FORT MCCLURE

At the time of the destruction of Fort Jen- kins there was a line of forts reaching from the West Branch to the North Branch of the Susquehanna, comprising Forts Muncy, Free- land, Montgomery, Bosley's Mills, Wheeler

and Jenkins. The loss of the latter fort left the right flank exposed to the marauders, so on Van Campen's return from captivity he stockaded the home of Mrs. James McClure, on the bank of the Susquehanna, one mile above the mouth of Fishing creek, and on the later site of the house of Douglas Hughes, be- low Bloomsburg. This fortihcation took the name of Fort McClure, and became the head- quarters for stores and expeditions as long as the defense of the frontier was necessary. This fort was never seriously attacked, though the near residents often fled to it for security. It was never more than a stockade and further fortifications were not built. A residence now stands on the site. A marker has been placed here by the Fort McClure Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, Bloomsburg.

FORT BOSLEY

This only fortified work in Montour county was really the stockaded stone mill of a Mr. Bosley, in the forks of the Chillisquaque, at Washingtonville, Derry township. The mill was built in 1773, and stockaded in 1777. When the Indians became troublesome it was gar- risoned by about twenty men and became a place of importance in the lines of defense. Captain Kemplon was in command here in 1780, and assisted in repelling many attacks of the savages.

The site of the old mill is easily recogniza- ble by the race and dam at the lower end of the town of to-day. The headrace has been con- tinued across the road, and the old dam site has been used as a location for the more mod- ern mill of Snyder Brothers.

The land on which the fort or mill stood was the property in past years of Jacob Hartman and Jesse Umstead.

CHAPTER II

FOUNDING OF PENNSYLVANIA

Two hundred and seventy years ago was born in the city of London the subsequent founder of the Province of Pennsylvania. He was the son of WiUiam Penn, of the County of Wilts, a vice admiral in the time of Cromwell, whom Charles II knighted for his successful naval services against the Dutch. The son, William, was a studious youth, and receiving religious impressions in his twelfth year was converted to the tenets of the Society of Friends by the preaching of Thomas Lowe, a Quaker leader. While in Oxford College he continued his religious practices, which the authorities condemned and for which they finally expelled him.

Young Penn's father vainly endeavored to turn him from his views on religion, hoping to persuade him to follow the profession of arms, but finding him obdurate gave him a severe beating and turned him from his home. His mother prevailed on the father to reinstate him and he later took up the study of law, gradu- ated, and under the Duke of Ormond served as military aide in Ireland. There occurred the turning point of his life. He again came under the influence of Thomas Lowe, joined the Quakers, and was imprisoned for attending their meetings.

Again he disagreed with his father, the cause being his refusal to remain uncovered in the presence of the king and others. This rupture was permanent until just before the father's death, when they became completely reconciled. The entire estate being left to the son he was now in position to devote his life to the cause of the persecuted sect, and such was his influence with the king that he obtained the patent for the Province of Pennsylvania, in consideration of his father's services and a debt of f 16,000 due the estate from the crown. After a long and searching course of proceed- ings, lasting from June 14, 1680, till March 4, 1681, the charter was granted, in which the boundaries of the Province are thus prescribed : "Bounded on the east by Delaware River, from

twelve miles distance northward of New Castle town (Del.) unto the three and fortieth degree of northern latitude, if the said river doth ex- tend so far northward, but if the said river shall not extend so far northward, then by the said river so far as it doth extend ; and from the head of said river the eastern bounds are to be determined by a meridian line, to be drawn from the head of said river unto the said forty- third degree. The said land to extend west- ward five degrees in longitude, to be computed from the said eastern bounds, and the said lands to be bounded on the north by the begin- ning of the three and fortieth degree of north- em latitude, and on the south by a circle drawn at twelve miles distance from New Castle, northward and westward, unto the beginning of the fortieth degree of northern latitude, and then by a straight line westward to the limits of longitude above mentioned."

By a calculation of the contents of those charter boundaries the Province contained 35-361,600 acres. The present area of the State of Pennsylvania, according to the census of 1910, is 45,126 square miles, or 28,880,640 acres. The area was diminished by the sub- sequent adjustment of the boundaries between this and the States of Maryland, Virginia and New York. The impossible southern line, men- tioned in the charter, caused much dispute be- tween Penn and Lord Baltimore, which was at length permanently fixed by Mason and Dixon, who were eminent mathematicians and astrono- mers, between 1763 and 1766.

In December, 1774, the boundary line be- tween Pennsylvania and New York was ascer- tained and fixed by David Rittenhouse on the part of the former, and Samuel Holland on the part of the latter, to be north latitude 42°, with a variation of 4° 20'. (This was the declination in 1790. It is now about 10°. ) The forty-third parallel of north latitude, men- tioned in the charter, extends through central New York. Messrs. Rittenhouse and Holland placed a stone on a small island in the western

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COLUMBIA AND MONTOUR COUNTIES

13

branch of the Delaware river as a monument on the northeast corner of Pennsylvania, vkfith the words and figures New York, 1774, and the above-mentioned latitude and variation cut upon the top. They also placed another stone, four perches due west from the former, cutting on the top thereof the word Pennsyl- vania and the same latitude and variation as on the other. The extension of that line farther west was postponed until 1786-87, when it was completed by Andrew EUicott, on the part of Pennsylvania, and James Clinton and Simeon Dewitt on the part of New York.

By act of March 27, 1790, ^300 were granted to Reading Howell for delineating on his map all the lines of this State, as established by law or otherwise ascertained.

Penn sailed in the ship "Welcome" Aug. 30, 1682, for his newly acquired province. He arrived after a long passage at New Castle, Del., where the colonists, English, Dutch and Swedes, assembled to welcome him as their beloved proprietor. He wished the province to be called New Wales, but the king persisted in naming it "Pensilvania." In reference thereto Penn wrote to his friend, Robert Tur- ner, on the 5th of January : 'T proposed, when the secretary, a Welshman, refused to have it called New Wales, Sylvaiiia, and they added Penn to it, and though I much opposed it, and went to the king to have it struck out and al- tered, he said it was past and would take it upon him ; nor could twenty guineas move the under-secretaries to vary the name ; for I feared lest it should be looked on as a vanity in me, and not as a respect in the king, as it truly was, to my father, whom he often men- tions with praise."

Notwithstanding his rights under that char- ter, Penn, with his characteristic sense of jus- tice, purchased the territory from the Indians at a fair price. It is sad to relate that later owners of land in the State did not follow in his footsteps in their dealings with the natives and settlers.

Before leaving England Penn drafted what he called the "Fundamental Law and Frame of Government of Pennsylvania," from which we cite the thirty-fifth section : "All persons liv- ing in this province who confess and acknowl- edge the one Almightv and Eternal God to be the Creator, L^pholder and Ruler of the world, and that hold themselves obliged in conscience to live peaceably and justly in civil society, shall in noways be molested or prejudiced for their religious persuasion or practice in mat- ters of faith and worship, place or ministry whatever." Herein was granted a greater de-

gree of religious liberty than had been allowed elsewhere in the colonies.

INUI.AN TREATIES AND AGGRESSIONS

More than a hundred and fifty years elapsed from the date of the settlement of Jamestown, Va., ere the more venturesome of the pioneers came to the portion of the Commonwealth in- cluded in the boundaries of Columbia and Mon- tour counties, and eighty-six years had elapsed since William Penn made his first bargain with the Indians. Before detailing the settlement of this section we will review the diflierent in- cidents which occurred previous to that time which had tlieir effect upon the history of the counties of Columbia and Montour.

The first treaty between Penn and the In- dians took place in July, 1682, at Shackamaxon, and was negotiated by William Markham, the former's representative. In the following November Penn arrived with a party of col- onists and cemented the former treaty, proba- blv also making another one. Various other purchases were made by the Penns in the years 1696, 1700, 1718, 1732 and 1736. The pur- chase of 1749 came to within a few miles of the territory now included in the counties of Columbia and Montour.

At that time few of the white leaders had any idea of the vast extent of the country, and the Indians could eive them no definite descrip- tion of the boundaries or extent of the tracts that they had disposed of. Connecticut at this time was seeking to enlarge its boundaries, and cast envious eyes on the rich Wyoming valley, part of which is located in the northern end of Columbia county. In a conference held with the Indians at Albany in 1754, the Connecticut delegates made a large purchase of land in this valley and formed the Susquehanna Company, to promote the settlement of the lands. The proprietaries of the State of Pennsylvania had also made a purchase of these identical lands at an earlier date, the savages having little re- gard for the letter of their obligations and be- ing actuallv ignorant in many instances of the real location of the several tracts sold. The Connecticut company at once began to sell the lands thus purchased, and a few venturesome settlers came to the portion now included in Fishingcreek township.

The success of the French in 1754 and Brad- dock's defeat in the following year brought the Indian war into this section and it resulted in the depopulation of the country in 1763. It was not until the purchase of 1768 that the country was finally permanently opened to set-

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COLUMBIA AND MONTOUR COUNTIES

tlement. As soon as the Connecticut authori- ties heard of the Penn purchase they sent a small party of settlers to reoccupy the lands abandoned in 1763. This brought on a bitter controversy between the two parties who claimed the land. Forts and blockhouses were erected bv both sides, and some blood was shed.

The dispute was taken to the London Coun- cil, which decided against the Penns. In 1775 the matter was brought before the Continental Congress, who also decided in favor of Con- necticut. This decision was rejected by the Pennsylvania Assembly, and it was not till 1802 that Congress finally gave the titles to the Penns.

Settlers from Connecticut had come to what is now the eastern part of Columbia county and entered upon the land under the Connecticut claim, and the grantees from the Penns came to the same region and made claim to the lands under surveys made in 1769 and 1772. This led to much friction between the settlers and it was finally settled by the Decree of Trenton, which awarded all the lands in the "Seventeen townships of Luzerne county" to the Connecticut claimants and all outside of Luzerne county to the Penns, with a pro- viso that any lands in the seventeen townships which had been sold by the Penns to settlers should be ceded to the State and the purchase money refunded. From that time on the rival claimants lived in peace with their neighbors.

The Penn treaty made with the savages in 1768, at Fort Stanwix, was the primal incen- tive to the settlement of the land of which this history is written. The whites, secure in a clear title to the country, took peaceable pos- session of their purchases and the Indians re- treated to the fastnesses of the hills, but few remaining in their old villages of Nescopeck, Catawissa, and the one on the Mahoning creek, the site of Danville.

The Revolutionary war brought with it a renewed fear of the savages, and after many forays and minor attacks the terrible massacre of Wyoming occurred, July 3, 1778. This caused a general flight of all the settlers in this section, most of them taking refuge at Sunbury and Northumberland.

The authorities took prompt measures to pro- tect the settlers. Colonel Hartley and a regi- ment of the line were at once sent to the scene, built a fort at the home of a settler named Jen- kins, six miles below Nescopeck falls, pursued the Indians and drove them from that sec- tion. That winter the savages were not active, owing to the extreme cold. The following April they attacked the fort, but were repulsed.

the whites losing three and having four wounded. Again in May the Indians attacked a party of settlers at Mittlinville, killing and scalping four of a family. These ravages con- tinued through the entire year, the troops being too few to make adequate return. In 1779 the campaign of the whites was begun in earnest, and by the end of the year the country was in a more tranquil state. This resulted in the withdrawal of some of the soldiers, and in 1780 most of the defense of the frontiers devolved on the poorly equipped and hard-worked militia. In that year the savages made a con- certed attack on Fort Jenkins and destroyed it, carrying off the stock and burning the stores of grain. The garrison had got wind of the attack and retreated.

The following June a company of rangers was organized, with Thomas Robinson as cap- tain and Moses Van Campen as ensign. Later Van Campen was made lieutenant, the com- mand devolving on him, as Robinson was not experienced in scouting. In the spring of 1781 this company built a fort on the plantation of the Widow McClure, the farm now included in the limits of Bloomsburg, and there stored their supplies.

The close of the Revolution brought about a cessation of hostilities, and the treaty of 1784 removed the last barrier to settlement.

NATIONALITY OF THE IMMIGRANTS ,

The first settlement in Columbia county was made by an Irish Quaker. Next came the Diitch, from the Minisinks; the Welsh, from Uwchland; the Germans, from Berks county; and the Scotch-Irish, from New Jersey. The available lines of travel had much to do in determining the location of the pioneers, who followed the line of the Susquehanna and its tributaries.

The Quakers settled at Catawissa and Green- wood, but the poor character of the soil at the former place caused these thrifty farmers to pass on to Ohio and Canada. Those at Green- wood, finding the soil satisfactory', remained, and their descendants are scattered through- out the county.

The German immigration set in about 1788, these people coming mostly from Berks county, although many were from the Fatherland. They were more persistent and plodding than the Quakers, and most of them remained in their adopted homes. This nationality forms the greater part of the present population.

The New Jersey immigrants were mostly English dissenters. They occupied the coun-

COLUMBIA AND MONTOUR COUNTIES

15

try north of the river and their posterity com- prises the bulk of the population in the northern townships. There are also a large number of the descendants of the Connecticut settlers to be found in that locality.

In Locust township a considerable portion of the population is of Welsh descent, and they are among the best of the farmers of the county. In Conyngham township there is a large population of foreigners of many nation- alities, the predominating race being Slavonic. These are employed principally in the coal mines.

FIRST SETTLERS OF THE COUNTY

The evolution of the present prosperous com- munity from the raw material of the past is a story of romantic and enthralling interest. The casualties in the founding of an empire by war are not more numerous than those endured by the founders of a community in the wilderness, peopled by savages and wild beasts.

The different members of Columbia county's piSneer society came from widely separated localities ; they were led to emigrate by a vari- ety of motives, and they differed as much in social prejudices, habits and conditions as in nationality. The common object of all was the planting of a new home, where patient, persevering toil would gain a moderate compe- tence for old age and provide greater advan- tages for the growing families. There was no established rule for success in this venture, and the unbroken forest contained enough dif- ficulties to develop the individuality of the pio- neer to the fullest.

The selection of a home site was determined largely by accident. The chance acquaintance with a speculator, or the story of a friend or relative who had emigrated to the new pur- chase, led to the removal of the listener to the same section. Very often, as is the case in present days, the purchase was made before examination ; in some cases a careful tour of inspection was made ; while in other instances the fever of immigration to new territory seized the head of the family, and without ade- quate preparation the household was broken up, property sold at a loss, the few portable household goods placed on the backs of horses, and the trip begun without definite aim or des- tination.

With the difficulties of travel, the amount of goods brought narrowed down to only the nec- essaries that were easily carried. Carts and wagons were taken only as far as Sunbury. Beyond there, and in other routes into the

county, the packhorse was the only means of transporting goods. Sometimes oxen and cows were taken, and their ownership was an evidence of wealth. One man was offered all the land he could see from a considerable emi- nence for one cow, but refused to make the deal.

The locations were determined by the con- dition of the ground and the class of trees upon it, and its nearness to water. Many grievous mistakes were thus made, as the forest growth in this vast empire of the west bears little rela- tion to the character of the soil. Some of the best land in the county was left to the wild denizens of the forest, while poorer soil in apparently better locations was eagerly seized upon. The location once settled upon the fam- ily was to be provided with shelter, and for this the abundant timber supplied the materi- als ready to hand. But the hewing and shap- ing of the trees into the form of a home was the work of men, and few of the present gen- eration would voluntarily take up the labor of constructing a log house with the crude and simple implements of their pioneer ancestors. Each family was a company of architects in itself, and but little aid was needed to erect the first rude home. When more pretentious struc- tures came into being they were the result of the united labors of the entire neighborhood, expended during one of the famous old "log rollings." With willing hands to assist the house was built one day and occupied the ne.xt. "Setting to rights" was not a laborious process. A few wooden pegs driven into the logs suf- ficed to hang a scanty wardrobe, and two larger ones over the fireplace supported the rifle and powder horn. A puncheon floor — a later lux- ury— and a loft were deemed unnecessary until the long winter evenings and stormy days pre- vented outdoor labor.

The most important part of the home was the ample chimney of stone, which in this cli- mate was placed at the end of the house, with a broad mouth surmounted by a wide mantel, upon which accumulated most of the visible treasures of the household. This great wide fireplace was found in every home, some of the more pretentious having one at each end of the house. In it were hung the pot-hooks and hangers, and the "spit" of the old country would sometimes be found there also. Upon the massive and ofttimes artistic "firedogs" rested the heavy logs that threw out a glorious blaze and served for both warmth and light. Here stood the "tin oven" and the older "Dutch oven," within which were baked the corn pone and johnnycake. In the ashes were put the

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COLUMBIA AND MONTOUR COUNTIES

potatoes and roasting ears, and while the meat was trying in tlie skillet the cottee pot sim- mered among tne coals, is there a picture of comfort more alluring in these days of restau- rants and fiats ?

Cooking stoves did not make their appear- ance until 1835, the old "ten-plate ' stove serv- ing as a lieater, if such a luxury could be af- forded.

The careful housewife had brought with her from their former home the homespun bed- ticks, as well as bedclothing, and until the hrst crop of corn supplied the "shucks" the forest was resorted to for dried leaves for the bed- ding. The simple methods of transit precluded the carrying of furniture, so this lack was sup- plied from the forest also. The ax and the drawing-knife were all the tools at hand, but with these the pioneer fashioned the needed articles. Rough benches with sapling legs sup- plied the seats and tables, but the bedstead literally had but one leg to stand on. The head and one side were the walls of the cabin, while the poles forming the other sides were supported by a post set into the ground at the proper distance. Cords or deerskin thongs were laced across from the walls to the side pieces, supporting the shuck-filled tick.

It was not an uncommon thing to find a fam- ily consisting of father, mother and six or more children living in a house about twenty-two feet square, with two rooms, and a loft reached by a ladder. In the bedroom were two beds (not counting the "trundle-bed," which slid under the larger one), a "chest of drawers," a table and a chair or two. In the kitchen were the beds of the older children, surrounded with boxes, barrels and the many bins of grain and sacks of necessaries. Yet limited as the space was, there was room for all.

But little support could be expected from the land at first, so dependence was had upon the surplus stores of the neighbors who had come previously, and in instances where the family were the pioneers there was much suft'ering until the fields had yielded their harvests. For- tunately the wild game and fish were abundant, and there was never recorded a case of actual starvation.

There was no opportunity for the pioneers, even had they the knowledge, to carry on "in- tensive" farming. The land had to be cleared, and the newcomer devoted all of his energies to this end. The more industrious families worked far into the night burning the logs and brush heaps. The soil was filled with unde- cayed roots of the herbage, so that the rude plows simply tickled the land ; and it laughed

forth abundantl)- in response. Except for a lew simple vegetables, corn alone was culti- vated, and supplied all the wants of man and beast. Every part served some useful purpose.

As the resources of the land were gradually developed the support of the family became a less serious problem. The stock found sup- port in the forest and scarcely needed the fod- der stored in the log barns. Hogs fattened in the forests upon the abundant mast. With milk, pork, meal, game, fish and wild berries there was small chance of famine in the house- holds. A patch of flax was sown after a time, spinning wheels and looms fashioned, and each home soon became a factory which turned out clothing for the whole family. Buckskin formed the wear of the men, but the women's chief de- pendence was upon "linsey-woolsey," a combi- nation of flax and wool, in the manufacture of which much skill and taste were employed. In those days there was no thought of the "high cost of living," neither was there any struggle for the cost of high living. Most of the wants of the household could be supplied from ma- terials at hand, and the outside world was almost a sealed book to them.

In those days amusements were few and were allied closely to some useful occupation, the result of a night's frolic being an addition to the store of clothing or food. The women organized woolpickings, quilting and spinning bees, while the men reveled in log-rollings, house raisings and husking bees. The lack of quick communication caused these affairs to be strictly local, and the isolated settlements of the past were really farther apart than com- munities now separated by thousands of miles.

The religious sects of the time formed their own communities and developed customs of their homes in the "old country" into many of the habits that are now ingrained in their de- scendants. The influence of these customs was on the whole beneficial, and the religious en- thusiasm of the immigrants was slowly modi- fied by contact with others of dififerent views than those of the communities in which they had been born. This mixture of nationalities is one of the wonderful causes of the develop- ment of the present great American nation — a nation without racial or religious prejudice.

ADVENTUROUS PIONEERS OF THE PAST

As far as can be ascertained the first actual white settler in the territory comprised within Columbia and Montour counties was Robert McWilliams, who with three sons, Hugh, John, and Robert, and a daughter, Jane, wife of

COLUMBIA AND MONTOUR COUNTIES

17

Robert Curry, came from Ireland in 1771 and settled in that part of this section now known as Liberty township, Montour county. His complete history, as well as that of the other pioneers mentioned further on in this chap- ter, will be given in the separate sketches of the diiTerent divisions.

James McClure, a Scotch-Irishman from Lancaster county, Pa., settled in 1772 near where the town of Bloomsburg is now located. About the same time Evan Owen (founder of Berwick) and John Doan bought land and located near him. Another later settler here was Samuel Boone, a Quaker, in 1775.

Moses Roberts, the builder of the first house at Catawissa, is next in order of coming. He was a Quaker, from Maiden-creek, Berks county.

John Eves, the famous Quaker ancestor of all the members of that name in this section, locateil permanently at Millville in 1774. The same year Alexander AIcAuley, whose mysteri- ous disappearance later on aroused the entire community, settled temporarily in Beaver town- ship, on Scotch run.

In the year 1775 Michael Billheimer and Daniel Welliver, both from New Jersey, lo- cated amid the headwaters of Chillisquaque creek, now in Madison township, Columbia county.

On Nov. 26, 1774, William Montgomery pur- chased from J. Simpson 180 acres of land on Mahoning creek, on the north bank of the east branch of the Susquehanna, called "Karkaase," and on which the town of Danville was laid out in 1792 by his son Daniel Montgomery. In the fall of 1776, or early in the spring of 1777, William Montgomery moved his family to this section and occupied their recently built stone house. There, Oct. 8, 1777, was born his youngest son, Alexander. This house still stands in the town of Danville and is occupied by the descendants of William Montgomery in 1914. It is still in a good state of repair.

The year after the settlement of the Mont- gomerys was not one of general exodus to this section, owing to Indian depredations, but in 1779 an unfortunate family, whose name is un- known, were exterminated by the savages soon after they arrived at the site of Mifflinville.

Valley township, Montour county, was the next scene of new arrivals, in the persons of Philip Maus and family, who came in 1782. The year following was the date of the settle- ment of the county above Orangeville, the leader of the party being Daniel McHenry.

Abraham Kline, whose name is a household word in that section, came from Germany in

1785 to establish himself and his large family on Fishing creek, around Orangeville. Three years later Leonard Rupert established his home at the mouth of Fishing creek and fixed upon that point a name which will forever cling to it.

These were the leaders of the immigration to this county and their names will stand forth upon the pages of history beside those of others of this great nation who have made smooth the way of the present generation by conquering the wilderness and the savages who shared its sovereignty with the wild beasts.

REMINISCENCES

The conditions of society, the modes of liv- ing and the methods of business in Columbia county a hundred years ago and for twenty- five years thereafter were quite different from those of this brisk and prosperous age. Mr. I. W. Hartman, a former mer- chant of Bloomsburg, living in 1914, re- called many interesting things by which comparison may be made of the past with the present. Mr. Hartman said that if the average merchant of today was obliged to do business handicapped as they were in those days he would consider it almost an impossibil- ity. When the everpresent commercial drum- mer was an unknown quantity, the only means the merchant had of replenishing his stock was by personally going to Philadelphia, which he did semi-annually, spring and fall. And as there was no railroad nearer than Pottsville the trip was not only costly but consumed a great deal of time. In those days there was only little cash business, all goods being sold on six months' time. Prior to his going to Phila- delphia to purchase the stock the merchant would call upon his customers, collect from them what was coming, and taking the money with him would pay for the goods he had pur- chased six months previously. This was re- peated twice a year, yet notwithstanding this crude financiering many of them amassed what in those days was considered an ample fortune. Of course a few goods were purchased in the interim, but owing to the cost of transporta- tion and the time consumed in their delivery this was the exception.

The mailing facilities were as crude as others. There was a mail route from Williams- port to this place passing through Jerseytown. The mail was usually carried by a man on horseback, but in inclement weather he used a covered wagon. The postage at that time was five cents and subsequently reduced to three

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COLUMBIA AND MONTOUR COUNTIES

cents, at which sum it remained for many years, until within the recollection of many it was reduced to two cents.

The only bank in this section of the State was at Northumberland, and William McKelvy, a resident of Bloomsburg, who was one of the directors, drove down every Monday morn- ing to attend a meeting of the board. Mr. Hart- man remembers going down on horseback one time and making a deposit of $500 for his em- ployers, Eyer & Heffley, returning the same day. The merchants did but little bank busi- ness— scarcely any at all. The principal busi- ness was the making of deposits for safe keeping.

In the "good old days of the past" few of the present conveniences were even dreamed of. As a rebuttal to the claims of the surviv- ors of those times that the old days were the best, let us review some of the details of life in those times.

In the good old times of the early years of the eighteenth century every gentleman wore a queue and powdered his hair. His clothes were more elaborate than now, more unsan- itary, and of brilliant colors which often faded badly. There was only one hat factory in America, and that made "cocked" hats. Dry goods consisted of "men's stuff" and "women's stuff," and was limited in character and quality.

Stoves were unknown and all cooking was done before open fireplaces. China plates were a great luxury, and were generally objected to because they dulled the knives. It seems that the only habit left us from the past is the one prevalent in some classes of society of eating with the knife. A girl was not permitted to marry till she could bake a loaf of bread and cut it while warm into even slices. When a person had enough tea the spoon was placed across the cup. Pewter spoons and steel knives were highly prized and were handed down from one generation to the other. Wooden bowls, platters and trenchers were the usual table utensils.

Books were very expensive, many small vol- umes costing $15 each. There was not a pub- lic library in America, and most of the books in private libraries came from Europe.

Virginia contained one fifth of the popula- tion of the United States, and the Mississippi valley was not as well known as the heart of Africa is now. Two stagecoaches bore all of the travel between New York and Boston, and the trip required six days. Two days were occupied in the trip from New York to Phila-

delphia, while the journey from New York to Charleston by land occupied twenty days.

In those good old days there was no regu- lar post office department, all letters being car- ried by private post, the cost of the letter vary- ing from one to three shillings. There was not a mile of railroad in the country, no steamboats, no street cars, no telephones, no telegraph lines, and the news in the papers was usually about ninety days old when it was printed.

There were then no kerosene lamps, no elec- tric lights, and the chief method of illumination was by tallow candles. Matches had not come into general use, so flint and steel were car- ried by all who went on a journey, while the housekeeper kept a coal of fire lit all the time. Sometimes when the fire went out it would be necessary to mount a horse and go to the near- est neighbor for a light, the coals being carried in a wooden bucket filled with ashes.

The church collections were taken by means of a bag on the end of a pole, with a bell at- tached to awaken the sleepers whom the par- son's prosy and long-drawn-out sermons had lulled into slumber. If the sermon did not suit the hearer he dare not criticise it lest he be heavily fined.

Imprisonment for debt was a common prac- tice, and the whipping post and pillory were means of punishment. An old copper mine in Connecticut was then used as a prison, and many of the inmates died from the effects of their incarceration in it. Yes, these were the "good old days" we sometimes hear about.

Another important event in those days was court week. The county seat was at Danville, subsequently removed to Bloomsburg, and peo- ple from ail over the county attended. The hotels for days were busy making preparations for the entertainment of the crowd, and as newspapers were scarce it was a time when information was exchanged as well as the busi- ness which brought them transacted. Mr. I. W. Hartman frequently saw men walking from the upper end of the county at the present loca- tion of Jamison City, to Danville to attend court. The first day they would walk as far as Orangeville, stay over night, and finish their walk the next day. This was necessary, as there was no other way of getting there except by driving down and many did not keep a horse.

There were no bridges to cross the river and the only one along Fishing creek was at the site of the present double bridge at the Lazarus farm below town. At that time it was a single track affair and very primitive in its construc- tion. There was a foot bridge over the creek

COLUMBIA AND MONTOUR COUNTIES

19

at the red rock on which people crossed in going to and from the Foulk mill.

Going to Catawissa in those days was not an easy matter by any means. The only way of getting there was by going around by what is now the Aqueduct mill and fording the river at the site of the Rupert railroad bridge, or

being pushed in a flat, there being no rope ferries at that time. Or one could go down the valley to the Deimer farm, then over the hill and cross the river at Catawissa in the same

CHAPTER III

TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY— IRON— COAL

Separated from the earlier settled portion of Pennsylvania by the Kittatinny range of hills, and defended from the storms of the northwest by the AUeghenies, the portion of the State in which lie the counties of Columbia and Montour is particularly blessed in the possession of both natural beauty and mineral wealth. Few of the elevations reach the dig- nity of mountains, although they rise in grace- ful curves to the height of over 1,500 feet in some instances. From their summits may be obtained a view of the beautiful and fertile valleys, clear streams and gently rolling hills of as fair a land as that written of by the Irish poet, who said :

Bounteous nature loves all lands, beauty wanders

everywhere. Footprints leaves on many sands, but her home is

surely there.

The community in general is distinctly agri- cultural. On every hand are to be seen the re- sults of men's efforts to gain a support from the willing soil. Upon the basis of the pro- ductiveness of the land is built the success of the two counties, and almost every man of affairs can trace back to three generations of agricultural progenitors.

Montour county bears in her center the pro- ductive Limestone ridge, from which much of the ore and stone of the past have been taken. On her southern boundary is the famous Mon- tour ridge, like a wall between it and North- umberland county. In the eastern end is the first rise of Catawissa mountain, which passes down through Columbia county, forming the division between Main and Locust town- ships. At Catawissa the Susquehanna has forced a passage through the range, showing all the strata of the rocks of this section in all their odd and interesting forms. Dividing Locust and Conyngham townships is Little

mountain, with a parallel ridge south of it, separating the fertile regions from the anthra- cite coal fields, the only evidence of whose existence is the black waters of Catawissa creek.

Between Mifflin and Beaver townships lies Nescopeck mountain, which extends from the Luzerne county line to Mainville. McAuley and Buck mountains, with their small deposits of hard coal now almost worked out, complete the list of elevations in the southern part.

North of the Susquehanna the most impor- tant elevation is Knob mountain, at the site of C)rangeville, a clear cut, green-clad elevation of great scenic beauty. Eastwardly this ridge is called Huntington and Lee mountains, after a division at the edge of the county. The most picturesque portion of the county lies in the extreme northern part, where a spur of the AUeghenies forms the lofty North mountain, the source of Fishing creek and its branches. This is the home of the trout and the paradise of the summer boarder.

Elsewhere in the counties the surface is constantly broken by a succession of hills of varying height, the fertile slopes of which are cultivated entirely to the top. Around these hills meander the numerous streams of this well watered country.

Fishing creek and its tributaries afford the sole drainage of that section of Columbia county north of the river, with the exception of a small portion in the extreme east drained by Briar creek. On the south of the river the country is drained by Catawissa creek. Roar- ing creek and Ten-Mile run.

Montour county is drained almost entirely by Chillisquaque creek and its many branches. This stream flows through Northumberland county and empties into the West Branch of the Susquehanna. The portion of the county around Danville is drained by Mahoning creek.

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COLUMBIA AND MONTOUR COUNTIES

GEOLOGY OF THE WYOMING VALLEY

Columbia and Montour counties lie wholly within the Wilkes-Barre and Scranton basins of the anthracite region, known as the Wyo- ming Valley. This section was part of the ter- ritory claimed by Connecticut and afterwards awarded to Pennsylvania. It gains the name of Wyoming from the Indian title of Maughwau- wama, a Delaware word, meaning large plains. Although broken by lofty hills, the term applies very appropriately to this section of the State, owing to the broad and comparatively level valleys that lie between the hills. Few of these hills attain the dignity of mountains, the high- est being but i ,600 feet, but they afford charm- ingly varied views of a prosperous and pictur- esque country from their different summits.

The general geological structure of the rocks of these counties includes the Pocono or Potts- ville Conglomerates in the higher elevations, the Catskill and Chemung rocks in the lower hills, and in the valleys the outcrops of the Hamilton, Lower Helderberg and Salina for- mations. These rocks are only included in the Older Secondary system and comprise the vari- ous strata Nos. \' to XI, inclusive, classihed by the second geological survey of the State.

Columbia and Montour counties are just outside of the mining region of the anthracite fields, although many mines have been opened and operated continuously for years in the ex- treme southeastern part of Columbia county. The anthracite veins are usually above the high- est layers of