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CONTENTS.
VOLUME XXxXI.
. QUEENSLAND Fosstz Fioras, by A. OB.
Walkom, D.Sc. Issued March 31st, 1919
. A PRELIMINARY List OF PLANTS OF THE NATIONAL ParK, MACPHERSON RANGE, by
John Shirley, D.Sc. Issued March 3lst, 1919
Notes ON AUSTRALIAN CHAETOGNATHA, by Professor T. Harvey Johnston, M.A., D.Sc., and B. Buckland Taylor. Vssued April 30th, 1919
ON THE OCCURRENCE OF ABORTIVE STYLES IN BUCKINGHAMIA CELSISSIMA, F.v.M., by C. D. Gillies, M.Sc., and C. T. White. Jssued June 26th, 1919
. ALTERATION OF GENERIC Names, by J. Douglas
Ogilby. Issued 4th August, 1919
. Tor LINGULIDAE OF THE QUEENSLAND COAST,
by Professor T. Harvey Johnston and Otto S. Hirschfeld. Issued August 8th, 1919 Marine MOLLusca, COMMON TO AUSTRALIA AND SoutH ArFrica, by John Shirley, D.Sc., F.M.S. Issued August 8th, 1919 ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS ON THE QUEENSLAND Coast, by Heber A. Longman, F.L.S. Issued August 8th, 1919
. THE Strut PrRosuem, by Rk. W. H. Hawken,
BAS UME ON Sydney oti sinshwe Com: Issued October 8th, 1919
i) CO
46
90
94
iv.
No.
CONTENTS.
by <A. Jefferis Turner, MOD FE. Issued December 30th, 1919
No. 11. Tick RESISTANCE IN CATTLE: A REPLY TO
Criticism, by Prof. T. Harvey Johnston, M.A., DSc.,, and, M. J., Bagero ese Issued December 30th, 1919
No. 12. Tue Lire Histories or Musca AUSTRALIS
ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS
List OF PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED
Maca., and M. vVETUSTISSIMA WALKER, by Prof. T. Harvey Johnston, M. A., D.Sc., and M. J. Bancroft, B.Sc. Issued January 10th, 1920
List of MEMBERS
INDEX TO VOL. XXXT.
10. THe AUSTRALIAN GELECHIANAE (LEPIDOPTERA),
108
18f - XVli XxX
Xxlil
(PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS).
QUEENSLAND FOSSIL FLORAS.
By A. B. Watkom, D.Sc. (Delivered before the Royal Society of Queensland, 24th March, 1919).
The past year has been one of great activity amongst the members of the Society engaged in research work, as evidenced by the fact that Volume XXX. of the Proceedings contains no fewer than seventeen papers. That we have been able to publish a volume somewhat larger than usual is due to the financial assistance rendered by the University of Queensland and the Walter and Eliza Hall Fellowship Fund towards the publication of certain papers, and also to the continuance of the Government grant. We have to express our gratitude for this assistance, and especially to the Queensland Government, which, in a time of rigorous financial economy, has seen its way to recognise in a prac- tical manner the value of the publication of the results of original scientific research work.
The membership of the Society remains about the same, and now that conditions may be expected to return gradually to normal, it is hoped that the number of members will show a steady increase. The attendance of members at the ordinary meetings of the Society has been far from satisfactory. As a result, a scheme has been brought before the Council whereby at certain meetings during the year lectures on popular subjects will supplement the papers, which are usually on more specialised branches of science. The object of this scheme is to make the meetings of more general interest. The Council has expressed its approval, and it is hoped to bring the scheme into operation during the coming ‘year.
We are fortunate in being able to report that, as far as we know, those members of the Society who have been ‘on active service during the past year are all safe, one of
2D, QUEENSLAND FOSSIL FLORAS
them, W. H. Bryan, M.Se., having gained the Military Cross. We extend our hearty congratulations to him on this award.
Death has passed the Society by very lightly during the past year, and we have to record the loss of only one member, Percy Leonard Weston, by whose death in August, 1918, at the age of 38 years, a brilliant career was cut short. Mr. Weston obtained the degrees of B.Sc. and B.E. of the Svdney University in 1901 and 1904 respectively, gaining first-class honours with each degree, and in 1905 he was awarded the P.N. Russell gold medal for post-graduate engineering research, his thesis being ‘The mechanical production of ruled surfaces.” Coming to Queensland in 1906, he entered into a consulting practice in partnership with Mr. A. C. F. Webb, in Brisbane, and during the succeeding eight years he designed and super- vised the installation of numerous electric light and power plants in Southern Queensland. In 1914, he was appointed Lecturer in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering in the University of Queensland, which position he held at the time of his death. In 1917, he invented a steel belt drive on a magnetic pulley, and this invention has already been favourably commented on in Britain. He was closely associated for a number of years both with this Society and with the Queensland Institute of Engineers. He was a member of the Council of the former from 1910 to 1914, being Vice-President in 1911, and President in 1912, and has also occupied the position of President of the Queensland Institute of Engineers. His only contribution to our Proceedings was his presidential address, entitled ‘* The internal combustion engine as a factor in national progress.” Those of us who were privileged to know him well mourn the loss of a sincere friend, whose innate cheerfulness and readiness to help made him so many friends.
QUEENSLAND FOSSIL FLORAS.
For the scientific portion of my address I propose to give a short account of the fossil floras found in the stra- tified rocks in Queensland, with the object of making a contribution to the study of the distribution of floras during past geological periods.
BY A. B. WALKOM 3
This particular study—the geographical distribution of the floras of the past—is one of the most interesting aspects of the subject of paleobotany, and a treatment of even the Queensland fossil floras from this point of view could only be very inadequately carried out within the limits of such an address as this. My main object is, therefore, to indicate as concisely as possible, the extent to which our fossil floras aré known. With regard to Queensland the time is opportune for the preparation of such a summary. Within the past few years a systematic examination of the Mesozoic floras has been carried out, revealing their variety and enabling them to be correlated, with some degree of certainty, with floras in other parts of the world. Earlier examinations had, in some cases, proved inconclusive and in others, largely as a result of paucity of material, erroneous correlations were made. Some of the latter have become so firmly established that it is a matter of some difficulty to eliminate them. The most notable example is with regard to the age of the Burrum Series which was formerly believed to be older than the Ipswich Series, mainly on account of the plants which were available at the time. It has been known definitely since 1912, and has repeatedly appeared in print, that the Burrum Series is much younger than the Ipswich Series, yet as late as 1917 such a_ well-known geologist as Professor Gregory still retained the old classification. *
The following account is intended to indicate the most recent opinions regarding the fossil-plant contents and the correlation of the strata, and to assist in clearing away any confusion which may still exist regarding the ages of the strata in Queensland.
Before proceeding to the details regarding the various floras I may be permitted to offer a few general remarks on the subject of Paleobotany and the difficulties with which the student has to contend. It must not be for- gotten that fossil plants may be regarded from two distinct
*Report on Nomenclature of the Carboniferous, Permo-Carboniferous, and Permian rocks of the Southern Hemisphere. Brit. Ass. Ady. Sc., 1917 (p. 14 of report).
4 QUEENSLAND FOSSIL FLORAS
points of view, viz.: that of the botanist and that of the geologist.
From the purely botanical point of view only those remains in which structure is preserved are of value, and these are decidedly in the minority. Where conditions have been favourable, however, the preservation of structure is often very perfect, and the material exhibits detail of cell structure comparable with that of present-day plants. To illustrate this, it is sufficient to mention the completeness of our knowledge of the organisation of numerous extinct genera such as Calamites, Lepidodendron and Lyginopteris amongst Paleozoic forms and_ the Bennettitee from Mesozoic strata. The degree of preservation is often truly remarkable, amongst the most striking examples being (a) the flowers of the Mesozoic genus Cycadcoidea ; (b) leaves of Alethopteris and Neuropteris from the Carboniferous, in which the cell contents after treatment have taken up certain stains differentially ; and (c) the recognition of the embryo in numerous Paleozoic and Mesozoic seeds.
These extinct forms throw considerable light on the problem of the evolution of the flora of to-day, and without a knowledge of them a satisfactory solution of this problem could hardly be expected.
Geologically, plants are important for stratigraphical purposes, and it is very often useful to have distinctive names for plant remains which are of little value from a purely botanical point of view. Many botanists are apt to forget the value of fossil plant fragments in this connection, but provided the fragments represent a distinctive. and recognisable type, there is no doubt of their value to the geologist, whether they show detailed structure or not.
Formerly, fossil plants were not relied on to any great extent in fixing stratigraphical horizons, and, as a result, there has been a tendency to regard them as being much inferior to fossil invertebrates for this purpose. The amount of paleobotanical work that has been carried out within the past two or three decades, however, has shown that plants are of very considerable value in fixing the age of beds in which they occur.
BY A. B. WALKOM 5
That the study of fossil plants may have a definite economic value has been shown by the late Dr. Arber, whose application of paleobotany to the geology of coal resulted in an extensive consulting practice in that - connection.
The greatest difficulty in dealing. with fossil plants lies in the fact that usually the material is fragmentary, and, therefore, in the great majority of cases, it is not possible to obtain an accuracy comparable with that obtainable in the examination of recent plants. Never- theless, even from the fragmentary material available, useful and reliable results may be obtained by careful observation and deduction. Unfortunately for the subject of Paleobotany, care has not always been exercised either in the choice of name or in the selection of specimens for naming. As Professor Seward has said :—** Worthless fossils are frequently designated by a generic and specific title ; an author lightly selects a new name for a miserable fragment of a fossil fern-frond without pausing to consider whether his record is worthy of acceptance at the hands of the botanical paleographer.”’ Sir Joseph Hooker's remark in his Introductory Essay to the Flora of New Zealand, that “the naturalist has to seek truth amid errors of observation and judgment and the resulting chaos of synonymy which has been accumulated by thoughtless aspirants to the questionable honour of being the first to name a species,’’ may be applied equally well to fossil floras. More recently, and nearer home, Mr. J. H. Maiden, speaking of the Australian Cainozoic flora, says :— ‘In the opinion of the most experienced botanists in Australia the botanical determinations and deductions built by some paleobotanists upon mere leaf impressions are to be regretted.”
In the earlier stages of paleeobotany there was undoubt- edly a tendency to propose new names with too little reason, but it must be borne in mind that research work to-day is carried out under conditions which lend themselves far better to the production of accurate results than thirty years ago. And though such criticism as that by Mr. Maiden may be warranted in some few cases, I am pleased to be able to say that during some years of close study of Australian fossil floras, I have found that cases to which
6 QUEENSLAND FOSSIL FLORAS
such criticism might be applied are the exception rather than the rule. The careful and detailed work of a large and increasing number of paleobotanists in the present century raises the hope that we have seen the last of even such exceptions, for there is no longer any excuse for. inaccurate work.
In Queensland fossil plants occur in greater or less abundance on a number of horizons, and, in general, the assemblage of forms in each Series is sufficiently character- istic to enable it to be distinguished as belonging to that Series.
There are representatives of two floras of Paleozoic age, five of Mesozoic age, and possibly a number of Cainozoic, but we are unable, at present, to separate the Cainozoic flora into groups representing different horizons. The following table, representing portion of the Geological Reeord for Queensland, will serve to indicate the horizons on which fossil floras occur :-—
SERIES.
Cainozoic.
Burrum Series (freshwater) = Winton Series (freshwater)
Styx Series (freshwater) Lower Cretaceous
oLantearGratacaers qin eee Series (marine)
=Rolling Downs Series (marine)
Mesozoic.
Jurassic se a Walloon Series (freshwater)
Triassic ws ae ?Bundamba Series (freshwater) Ipswich Series (freshwater) e
Upper Coal Measures ite : ee she tema pnp: NES Beles Lower Coal Measures | Lower Marine Series Star Series (marine)
f = Drummond Series = Rockhampton Series =? Herberton Series = ?Lawnhill Series = ?Lower Gympie Series
Carboniferous. .
Upper Palaeozoic.
Series in italics in the above table are those from which fossil plants have been obtained.
BY A. B. WALKOM 7
QUEENSLAND PaL2zozoIc FLorRas.
The Paleozoic floras in Queensland fall into two distinct groups representing the widely-distributed Carboniferous flora with Lepidodendron and the Permo-Carboniferous (or perhaps Permian) flora characterised by the abundance of Glossopteris.
(a) The Carboniferous flora. The oldest fossil flora yet described from Queensland is of Carboniferous age, occurring in the Star Series and its probable equivalents, the Drummond, Rockhampton and Herberton Series, respectively. The Star Series, from which members of this flora were originally described, was at the time believed to belong to the so-called Permo-Carboniferous System, and so, in the older descriptions, we find the flora of the Star Series described along with members of the typical Glossopteris flora. No work has been done on this flora for many years, and no attempt has yet been made to revise the older determinations and bring them into line with modern paleobotanical work.
The species which have been described or recorded from Carboniferous strata in Queensland are :—
| | | Star | Drum- | Rock- | Her- || Series. | mond jhampton| berton Series. | Series. “Series, | Series. Series. Archeocalamites scrobiculatus x Calamites varians ie x Calamites sp. ; 44 ays Sn Lepidodendron australe = Ae Se x > || Fe veltheimianum .. x x | on sp. x x Stigmaria 3 Cyclostigma australe ap 3 “Cyclostigma sp... ot a x x Aneimites austrina Me x Rhacopteris sp... a: Efe | x
? Cordaites australis oe He | x
Of the species in this list there is a good deal of doubt with respect to the determination of the specimens referred to Cyclostigma and Cordaites. Apart from these, the general aspect of the flora is distinctly Carboniferous and the presence of a species of Aneimites in the Drummond Series and of Rhacopteris in the Herberton Series suggests
8 QUEENSLAND FOSSIL FLORAS
the possibility of a correlation with the beds in New South Wales in which Rhacopteris is very abundant, and which are usually classed as Upper Carboniferous.
The number of definitely-determined species is very small and the preservation is, in general, so poor that we know very little of the structure of the Queensland specimens; it is, therefore, not possible in the present state of our knowledge, to make any detailed comparison with Carboniferous floras outside Australia. It is not even possible to make reasonable comparisons between the different Series in Queensland in which these plants are present. They may all represent approximately the one horizon within the Carboniferous, but it must be borne in mind that they may represent distinct horizons, and there is the possibility that one or more of the Series mentioned may be older than Carboniferous.
As matters stand at present we have to'rely. on the general Carboniferous facies of the flora and the fact that in some cases the plants are associated with marine fossils which also indicate a Carboniferous age.
aX . —* Sa ine
Fic. 1—Map showing approximately the distribution of floras of Upper Carboniferous Age. (Mainly after David White).
BY A. B. WALKOM 9
That better-preserved material does exist is shown by the specimens collected by Daintree and presented by him to the National Museum in Melbourne; these were described by Mr. F. Chapman in 1904.* Future collecting may bring to light further well-preserved specimens.
The approximate distribution of floras of similar general character to this Queensland flora is indicated in figure 1.
(b) The Permo-Carboniferous flora. In Queensland there are many localities where typical members of the Glossopteris flora are found, but, as with the Carboniferous flora, little work has been carried out for many years past, and it is probable that a revision of the accumulated material would result in numerous alterations and additions. The widespread genus Glossopteris is typical of these occurrences, and there is at present no evidence of this genus transgressing the limits of the so-called Permo-Carboniferous System in Queensland, though it has been found in Triassic rocks in South Africa and Tonkin. Gangamopteris, which is usually associated with Glossopteris in this flora, has not yet been recorded in Queensland, but I have had the privilege of examining specimens of this genus obtained from near Warwick by Mr. J. Harward.
The following is a list of the species known in this flora in Queensland :—
Phyllotheca dustralis Glossopteris communis Archeocalamites scrobiculatus * elegans Sphenophyllum speciosum of indica Sphenopteris alata es linearis
5p crebra 5. parallela
ae flexuosa As Wilkinsona
» sp. Vertebraria sp.
oe (Mertensia) lobifolia Cycadospermum Dawsoni Gangamopteris sp. Cordaites australis Glossopteris ampla Noeggerathiopsis sp.
‘ Browniana Araucarioxylon Daintreei
An indeterminable fragment recorded from Bett’s Creek as ¢ Alethopteris is not included in the above list.
In the Permo-Carboniferous System there are two series in which this flora is present, viz. :—The Lower
*Proc. Roy. Soc. Vic., xvi (ii), 1904, p. 306.
10 QUEENSLAND FOSSIL FLORAS
Coal Measures and the Upper Coal Measures, the two being separated by a series of marine deposits. It does not seem possible at present to separate the two series of Coal Measures by their floras, nor can we say just which forms occur in each Series, but there is no doubt of the presence of the typical Glossopteris Flora in each.
® Fic, 2—Map showing approximately the distribution of the Glossopteris flora. (Mainly after David White).
The name Permo-Carboniferous in Australia arose under a misapprehension, and there has been considerable discussion during the past few years as to the advisability of discarding it. There is a more or less general agreement that the term is not a good one, but the difficulty lies in fixing the dividing line between Carboniferous and Permian. It is possible that the lower portion of the so-called Permo- Carboniferous System may be Carboniferous, but the faunas of the Lower and Upper Marine Series are very similar to one another, and both are very different from the Carboniferous fauna in Eastern Australia; in addition, the floras of the Lower and Upper Coal Measures can
BY A. B. WALKOM ll
hardly be separated from one another, and there is reason to regard the Upper Coal Measures as Permian in age. To abandon the term ,Permo-Carboniferous before a satis- factory solution is obtained would probably cause much confusion, and in a recent paper I have followed the method of writing the name Permian (Permo-Carboniferous).
The distribution of the typical Glossopteris flora is indicated approximately in figure 2.
QUEENSLAND Mesozoic FLORAS.
When we pass on to rocks of Mesozoic age there is very abundant evidence of the plant life of the time in the presence of five distinct floras. The earliest of these is quite distinct from the Upper Paleozoic floras, and is indeed separated from the latest Paleozoic flora in Queensland by a considerable time interval. In New South Wales, there is an apparently conformable passage in places from the Upper Coal Measures to the Narrabeen Series and in places there is a slight mingling of the two floras. But in Queensland there are no Lower Triassic sediments, and consequently there is a distinct break between the floras of Paleozoic and Mesozoic age. Between the various Mesozoic floras, however, there is no such distinct break, but the floras themselves are distinct from one another. There are certain species which are present in more than one of the floras, but there are quite sufficient forms characteristic of each one to make them distinct. In addition, we can also take into account the general aspect of the flora and the proportions of the larger plant groups present.
These Queensland Mesozoic floras constitute a very good example of the value of a careful examination of fossil plants in stratigraphical geology. The whole of the Mesozoic Strata, from the Ipswich Series below to the Burrum Series above, appear to be quite conformable, but the floras of the different Series are distinct, and sufficiently so to enable their positions in the Geological Record to be fixed with a fair degree of certainty. They show the Ipswich Series to be Upper Triassic in age, the Walloon Series Lower Jurassic, and the Burrum Series Lower Cretaceous.
1494 QUEENSLAND FOSSIL FLORAS
(c) The Triassic flora. The only series definitely Triassic in age in Queensland is the Ipswich Series, whose flora, as at present known, comprises some thirty-six species, as follows :—
Equisetites rotiferum Stenopteris elongata Equisetites sp. Bennettites (Williamsonia) sp. Phyllotheca australis Pterophyllum multilineatum Neocalamites hoerensis Tenopteris Tenison-Woodsi Neocalamites cf. Carrerei Teniopteris Carruthersi Schizoneura ct. africana Teniopteris Dunstani Cladophlebis australis Teniopteris lentriculiforme Cladophlebis Roylei Teniopteris wianamattee Coniopteris delicatula Teniopteris crassinervis Dictyophyllum rugosum Ginkgo antarctica Thinnfeldia Feistmanteli Ginkgo digitata
Thinnfeldia lancifolia Ginkgo cf. magnifolia Thinnfeldia odontopteroides Baiera Simmondsi Thinnfeldia acuta Baiera bidens
Daneopsis Hughesi Baiera ipsviciensis Sagenopteris rhoifolia Baiera ginkgoides Sphenopteris lacunosa Stachyopitys annularioides Sphenopteris swperba Stachyopitys Simmondsi
In addition, gymnospermous seeds and coniferous woods are abundant.
The presence of a number of species whose systematic position is uncertain makes it inadvisable to state here the proportions of the larger plant groups. There may be noted, however, a relative abundance of ferns, cycads and ginkgos. A remarkable feature is the apparent absence of coniferous remains, with the exception of large silicified trunks which are probably coniferous, and are of rather common occurrence. Forerunners of Mesozoic conifers have been found in the Upper Paleozoic rocks in New South Wales, but have not yet been found in Queensland.
The flora of the Ipswich Series shows in general a resemblance to floras in various parts of the world, which have been regarded as of Rhetic age, and there seems little ‘doubt that the position of the Ipswich Series in the Geological Record may be fixed as Upper Triassic. |
‘The flora which shows the closest resemblance to the Ipswich flora is that of the Stormberg beds in South Africa, there being at least nine species which are identical or
BY A. B. WALKOM 13
very closely allied in these two Series. In- the Rhaetic strata of Sweden, Tonkin and North America there are also certain species which are identical with or very closely allied to species in the Ipswich Series.
The approximate distribution of Upper Triassic and Rhetic floras is shown in figure 3.
(d) The Jurassic floras. Floras of Lower Jurassic age are of widespread occurrence in the Walloon Series and
Fie, 3—Map showing approximately the distribution of floras of Upper Triassic (including Rhetic) Age.
its equivalents. The typical Walloon Series occurs in south-eastern Queensland; on the west of the main divide the series of sandstones, etc. extending from Cape York to the New South Wales border often referred to as the Artesian Series is the equivalent of the Walloon Series, as also is the Tiaro Series occurring to the west and south- west of Maryborough.
The plants known from these Series include some thirty-seven species, as follows :—
14 QUEENSLAND FOSSIL FLORAS
Equisetites roliferum Ptilophyllum (Williamsonia) pecten Equisetites cf. rajmahalensis Pterophyllum abnorme Schizoneura sp. a Pterophyllum contiguum Schizoneura sp. Pterophyllum Nathorsti Cladophlebis australis Pseudoctenis eathiensis Cladophlebis Roylei Otozamites queenslandi Phlebopteris alethopteroides Otozamites obtusus
Dictyophyllum rugosum Otozamites Feistmanteli Dictyophyllum Daridi » Otozamites Mandelslohi Hausmannia (?) Buchir Teniopteris spatulata
Thinnfeldia Feistmanteli Teniopteris spatulata var. major Thinnfeldia odontopteroides Teniopteris Tenison-Woodsi Thinnfeldia lancifolia Teniopteris Carruthersi Sagenopteris rhoifolia Ten iopteris lentriculi forme Sphenopteris superba Teniopteris crassinervis Stenopteris elongata Araucarites polycarpa
Ginkgo magnifolia Brachyphyllum crassum
Baiera Simmondsi Elatocladus planus
Phenicopsis elongatus
é ® oe. |
Fic. 4—Map showing approximately the distribution of floras of Jurassic Age. (Mainly from the works of A. C. Seward).
This flora is distinct in a number of features from the earlier Ipswich flora. The more outstanding distinctions are the great increase in variety of the Cycads and the
BY A. B. WALKOM 15
presence of coniferous remains other than silicified wood, in the form of vegetative shoots and portions of cones.
There is no doubt that the age of this flora is Lower Jurassic ; it shows a general agreement with typical floras of that age in various parts of the world, particularly as regards the type of plant present and also in the percentage representation of the various plant groups.
Floras of Lower and Middle Jurassic age are of world- wide distribution and they form the subject of a voluminous literature. A prominent feature is the very widespread occurrence of certain specific types and a general uniformity in the characters of these floras in regions which are subject to very different climatic conditions to-day. The approximate distribution of Jurassic floras is shown in figure 4.
(e) The Cretaceous floras. These are represented by plants from three Series of different ages, viz. :—the Maryborough Series, the Burrum Series and the Styx Series. The two latter are in all probability both of Lower Cretaceous age, but there is a distinct possibility that the Maryborough Series may be of Upper Jurassic age since the Burrum flora undoubtedly belongs to the lowest portion of the Cretaceous. This point is further discussed with the Burrum flora (see below, p. 17).
(i) The flora of the Maryborough Series. This series is of marine origin, and contains abundant marine fossils. Associated with these, however, a number of plant remains have been found. Although the number of actual speci- mens of the plants is small, we are particularly fortunate in that they show a considerable range of forms, the thirty- four specimens in the collection representing the following fourteen species :—
Equisetites cf. rajymahalensis Ptilophylium (Williamsoniay pecten Sphenopteris sp. Pterophyllum sp.
Teniopteris elongata Araucarites polycarpa
Temopteris Tenison-Woodsi Araucarites mesozoica
Teniopteris sp. Araucarites sp.
Ginkgo digitata Pagiophyllum Jemmetti
Ginkgo sp. ? Elatocladus. sp.
16 QUEENSLAND FOSSIL FLORAS “
These plant remains have been carried down to the sea probably by river action and deposited along the shallow-water coastal belt; plants and marine shells (Nucula, etc.) have been found on the one specimen.
There is to be noted in this small collection a very decided increase in the proportion of Gymnosperms, and there is no doubt that the flora is distinctly newer than that of the Walloon Series.
The Maryborough Series is regarded as the equivalent of the Rolling Downs Series of Western Queensland, but so far no plant remains have been obtained from the latter. The Rolling Downs Series has generally been considered as of Lower Cretaceous age, but the determination of the age of the Burrum Series from its contained fossil plants throws some doubt on this (see below, p. 17).
(it) The flora of the Burrum Series. An examination of the plant material from the Burrum Series has been completed, and the descriptions are now being published
by the Queensland Geological ‘Survey as Publication No. 263. This flora includes now thirty-five species, as follows :—
? Neocalamites sp. Cladophlebis australis ?Thinnfeldia lancifolia 7 Dictyophyllum sp. Sphenopteris flabellifolia Sphenopteris erecta
Sphenopteris burrumensis, sp. nov.
?Chiropteris sp.
Phyllopteris lanceolata, sp. nov. Phyllopteris expansa, sp. nov. Microphyllopteris gleichenioides Microphyllopteris acula sp. nov., Baiera bidens
Araucariles polycarpa Araucarites Arberi, sp. nov. Brachyphyllum crassum Hlatocladus planus
? Elatoclddus sp.
Stenopteris elongata Stenopteris laxum Ptilophyllum (Williamsonia) pecten Zamites takuraensis, sp. nov. Nilssonia schaumburgensis Otozamites sp. Tamopteris spatulata Teniopteris howardensis,
sp. mov. Teniopteris sp. Ginkgo digitata Nageiopsis zamioides (2) Pagiophyllum Jemmetti Pagiophyllum peregrinum (?) ?Sphenolepidium sp. Podozamites Kidstoni Podozamites lanceolatus Podozamites sp.
Nilssonia mucronatum occurs in Western Queensland
in the Winton Series which is regarded as the equivalent of the Burrum Series, so it should perhaps be included in the above list.
BY A. B. WALKOM 17
The general proportions of the various groups and the
affinities of the majority of the species in this flora point to its being of Lower Cretaceous age. It agrees in greatest detail in this respect with the American Kootanie and Patuxent floras and with the German Wealden flora, and we have little hesitation in pronouncing it a typical Lower Cretaceous flora equivalent to the Neocomian-Barremian or Wealden stages.
If the fossil plants can be relied upon in fixing the age of the Burrum Series—and I believe they can—an important question is raised concerning the age of the
oe uN
Fie, 5—Map showing approximately the distribution of floras of Lower Cretaceous Age. (Mainly after E. W. Berry).
Maryborough and Rolling Downs Series. The Rolling Downs Series has generally been regarded as Lower Cretaceous in age, but paleontologists appear to have been loth to refer it definitely to Upper Jurassic or Lower Cretaceous in spite of the fact that an extensive invertebrate
fauna had been described. If we are correct in placing B
18 QUEENSLAND FOSSIL FLORAS
the Burrum Series at the base of the Cretaceous, then the Rolling Downs Series would be Upper Jurassic. A critical revision of the fauna of the latter would help in the solution of this problem.
This affords an excellent example of the advance in the study of fossil plants during recent years, and shows that they must now be ranked as of considerable importance in determining geological horizons.
(iit) The flora of the Styx Series. From the Styx Series a collection of fossil plants has been obtained by the Geological Survey, and the results of the examination of this material are being published with the description of the Burrum flora. The flora of the Styx Series comprises, as at present known, fourteen species, as follows :—
Equisetites sp. Teniopteris howardensis Cladophlebis australis Araucarites sp.
Nathorstia (?) Willeoxi, sp. nov. 2Sphenolepidium sp. Phyllopteris lanceolata _ Podozamites sp. Microphyllopteris gleichenioides ?Celastrophyllum cf. Hunteri Otozamites cf. queenslandi ?Celastrophyllum sp. Temniopteris spatulata Phyllites sp.
The combination here of certain species characteristic of typical Mesozoic floras with a few undoubted Angiosperms stamps this flora at once as of Cretaceous age. In the field the Styx Series occupies a small isolated area, and field evidence gives little indication of its age. The determina- tion of the contained fossils is, therefore, important in fixing the age of the Series.
There is a considerable degree of resemblance between the Styx flora and the Patapsco flora of North America, which has been referred to the Albian Stage of the Cretaceous by Professor E. W. Berry. Nearer home, there is a scanty Cretaceous flora’ occurring at Waikato Heads in New Zealand which Arber has referred to the Neocomian Stage on rather meagre evidence. The Styx flora also shows considerable resemblance to this Waikato Heads flora.
The predominance of typical Mesozoic (Triassic and Jurassic) forms in this flora indicates a Lower Cretaceous
BY A. B. WALKOM 19
age, and the presence of a number of dictyledonous remains is sufficient to indicate that it is newer than the flora of the Burrum Series.
QUEENSLAND CaINozo1c FLORA.
Remains of plants in rocks of Cainozoic age are not uncommon in Queensland. They consist mainly of isolated dicotyledonous leaves, associated with which are stems and occasionally fern-fragments. As regards our present method of dealing with these remains they form, perhaps, the most unsatisfactory part of paleobotany. It is well known that in recent floras it is impossible to determine dicotyledons with anything like accuracy by merely studying isolated leaves, the same type of leaf in many cases occurring in widely-different familes.
Attempts have been made to compare these Tertiary leaves with present-day genera, but often the comparisons have been carried further than was justified, and this partly accounts for the hostile attitude of some botanists towards paleobotany.
There is no reason to suppose that these remains would not prove of some value in separating horizons within the Cainozoic, but it would seem necessary to adopt some arbitrary method of naming them. It is suggested that for purely stratigraphical purposes it might be worth while devising a conventional scheme for these remains, based on such characters as the type of venation, general dimensions of the leaf, nature of the margin, etc. The names used should not, in general, indicate relation to recent genera, and it would be clearly understood that such a scheme would be of no value botanically.
In addition to the plant remains already mentioned, there are abundant diatoms in the diatomaceous earths among the Cainozoic strata of Queensland.
From this account it will be seen that there is no lack of evidence as to the vegetation which has flourished in this part of the world during different geological periods ; it will also be observed that we have still much to learn before our knowledge of these floras is complete. I cannot conclude this address without expressing my appreciation
20 QUEENSLAND FOSSIL FLORAS
of the efforts which Mr. B. Dunstan is making to clear up the paleontology of this State, and of my personal indebted- ness to him in connection with the examination of the fossil floras. Although not.doing any paleontological work himself, Mr. Dunstan is doing invaluable service to the geology of the State in having the various groups of fossils examined by scientists who are making a special study of
these groups.
A PRELIMINARY LIST OF PLANTS OF THE NATIONAL PARK, MACPHERSON RANGE.*
By JOHN SHIRLEY, D.Sc.
(Read before the Royal Society of Queensland, 24th March, 1919.)
During a holiday of five weeks, spent in the National Park at heights of 3,000-3,600 feet, the following native plants were collected. For the determination of a few of the rarer species, and of two climbing plants not hitherto found in Queensland, I am indebted to Mr. J. H. Maiden, F.R.S., Government Botanist of New South Wales. My companion during this trip was Mr. H. Tryon, Government Entomologist, who was indefatigable in assisting in plant collection, and at the same time added largely to the store of insect specimens in the cabinets of the Department of Agriculture.
Most of the species indicated were gathered in the dense scrubs of Roberts Plateau, one of the highest parts of the Macpherson Range. The collection involved many difficulties, as the scrub trees are of enormous size. The flowers of these trees had first to be found with field glasses, and then by various ingenious means specimens were secured. The trees supported a wealth of climbing plants, whose enormous cables, and masses of foliage made observation of the flowers and fruits of their hosts a difficult task. Some of the climbing cables are the stems of plants of the grape family; one is a very prickly blackberry,
*[After this list had been handed to the Royal Society it was pointed out that a list of plants of the National Park had been published by the late F. M. Bailey. The two lists, however, do not overlap to any considerable extent.—Ed. ]
bo
2 LIST OF PLANTS OF THE NATIONAL PARK.
which takes the place of the lawyer cane of the coastal scrubs and lower ranges; another, strange to say, is the plant with the large yellow flower, Hibbertia volubilis, well known for its unpleasant odour, and common along our beaches. Here it climbs to heights of 40 feet and over, and has stems eight to ten inches in diameter.
These high tablelands are very rich in ferns, and more than sixty species, including four kinds of treeferns, were observed.
TREES OF THE NATIONAL PARK.
(Found in flower or fruit, December, 1916, and January,
1917.) No. Species. Family. Local Name (if any). 1. Acacia longifolia, Willd. Leguminose .. lLong-leaved wattle. 2. Ackama Muelleri, Benth. Saxifrageze .. Corkwood of N.S. Wales. 3. Akania Hill, Hook... Sapindacee .. Turnip-wood. 4. Acronychia levis, Forst. Rutaceze Dy oe 95 V- pur-
purea, Bail. Rutaceze 6. Actephila Mooreana, Bail. Euphorbiacee 7. Alphitonia excelsa, Reiss. Rhamneze .. Red ash ; Leather Jacket of N.S. Wales. 8. Alyxiaruscifolia, R. Br. Apocynacee .. Necklace fruit. 9. Amoora nitidula, Benth. Meliacez .. Jimmie Jimmie; Bog
; Onion (One of). 10. Anopterus Macleayanus,
F.v.M. che .. Saxifragee .. Bridal Bells. ll. Archontophenix Cunning- hamu, W.and D... Palme .. Piccabeen or Bangalow Palm. 12. Baloghia lucida, Endl. Euphorbiacee Scrub Bloodwood. 13. Bosistoa supindiformis, F.y.M. a3 .. Rutaceze .. Union Nut.
14. Cadellia pentastylis, F.v.M. Simarubez 15. Callicoma serratifolia,
Andr. ae .. Saxifragee .. Black Wattle of N.S.W. 16. Cleistanthus Cunninghamit,
Mull. Arg. .. .. Euphorbiaceze 17. Codonocarpus australis,
A, Cunn. .. .. Phytolaccacee Bell-fruit. 18. Croton Verreauxi, Baill.. Euphorbiaceze 19. Cryptocarya glaucescens,
R. Br. i .. Laurinee .- Brown Beech and Black
Sassafras of N.S. Wales.
20. Cryptocarya obovata, R.Br. Laurines .. Nucarn of N.S. Wales. 7A 3 triplinervis,
R. Br. a .. Laurinez
22. Cupania pseudorhus, PAR ECC Ohara .. Sapindacee .. Cowitch tree.
BY
Species.
. Decaspermum paniculatum,
Baill.
. Diploglottis pL
Hook.
. Doryphora sassafras, Endl.
. Duboisia myoporoides,* R. St
Br.
. Dysoxylon Frazerianum,
Benth.
. ELleocarpus grandis, F.v.M.
. Eleodendron australe, Vent.
Embothrium Wickhami, F.v.M.,var. pinnata, M. and B.
. Evodia accedens, Blume
> littoralis, Endl. 3 micrococca, F.v.M.
. Bucalyptus eugenioides,
Sieb.
. Bugenia brachyandra,
M. and B.
. Bugenia paniculata, S.
and B.
. Lupomatia laantnd: R. Br . Luroschinus falcatus, J. D.
Hook.
. Fagus Mooreiy, F.v.M.
. Flindersia Schotltiana,
F.v.M.
. Grevillea Helmsie, Baill.
5 Hilliana, F.v.M.
. Harpullia alata, F.v.M. . Halfordia drupifera, F.v.M. . Homalanthus populifolius,
Grah.
JOHN SHIRLEY.
Family. Myrtacez Sapindacee Monimiaceze Solanaceze Meliacez Tiliacez
Celastriner Proteaceze Rutacee
Rutacee Rutacese
Myrtacez
Myrtacez
Myrtacez Anonacez
Anacardiacee. .
Cupuliferee
Rutacez
Proteacez Proteacez Sapindacez Rutaceze
Euphorbiace
Local Name (if any).
Native Tamarind.
Sassafras; Black Sassa- fras,
Pencil Cedar ; Rosewood of N.S. Wales.
Brisbane Quandong ; Blue Fig of N.S. Wales.
Olive-wood.
Red Silky Oak
Soapwood.
Small-leaved White
Stringybark.
One of the Scrub Cherries Native Custard Apple.
Maiden’s Blush Queensland.
Mountain Beech ; Negro- headed Beech.
of
Cudgerie and Ash of
N.S. Wales.
White Yiel Yiei Wing-leaved Tulipwood.
Bulli poison plant.
*A shrub on the coast, a tree with a diameter of two feet on the plateau. This plant is a close relation of that supplying the western blacks with Pituri.
This species seems to be dying out.
The main trunk is usually dead ;
its base has spread out laterally, and from it as many as 20 or 30 other stems
may rise.
The roots are often lifted in part above the ground, and form
archways under which one can walk. The timber is red and very durable. Pieces long buried, and rotted on the outside, were found still red and unchanged within.
LIST OF PLANTS OF THE NATIONAL PARK.
Species.
. Hymenospermum Lic F.v.M.
. Hypsophila Halley es F.v.M. :
. Laportea gigas, Wedd. . Litsea dealbata, Nees. .. 33 reticulata, Benth.
Marlea vitiensis, Benth.
52. *Melicope pubescens, Bail.
= Acronychia melicopoides v. laciantha F.v.M...
53. Myrsine crassifolia, R.Br.
7 variabilis, R.Br.
. Myrtus rhytisperma, F.v.M.
v. grandiflora, Benth. . Orites excelsa, R. Br.
. Panax elegans, F.v.M.
Es Murrayi, F.v.M.
. Pennantia Cunninghami, Miers
. Pentaceras australis, Hook f.° 3
. Pittosporum Hamelin, A. Cunn. AE
2. Piltosporum undulatum,
Vent.
. Psychotria Si ricuonitiierniy, Bail.
ps v. glabrescens, Bail. x . Quintinia Sieberi, D.C.
ss Verdonti, F.v.M 7. Rhodomyrtus said
Benth. 38. Rhodosphera sodinifioind
B.v.M.
. Saccopetalum Bidwillii, Benth. Ze
. Sambucus xanthocarpa, F.v.M.
. Sarcopteryx stipitata, Benth.
. Sideroxylon australe, Benth.
. Sloanea australis, Benth.
Family. Pittosporee
Celastrinez Urticacee Laurine Laurinee
Cornacez Rutacez
Myrsine Myrsinee
Myrtacee Proteaceze
Araliacez Araliacez
Olacinex Rutacez
Pittosporece
Pittosporez Rubiaceze Rubiaceze Saxifrageze
Saxifragece
Myrtaceze
Anacardiacee. .
Anonacez Caprifoliacez Sapindacez
Sapotacee
Tiliacese
Local Name (if any).
Bag Fruit.
Large Stinging Treo.
Bally Gum; The Beech of N.S. Wales.
Lofty Silky Oak;
Prickly Ash of N.S.W. Mowbulan Whitewood. Celery Tree.
Scrub White Cedar.
Diamond-leaved Mock Orange
Mock Orange.
Opossum Wood of N.S.W
Native Guava.
Deep Yellow-wood ; Yel- low Cedar of N.S.W.
Native Elderberry.
Panunpin Plum; Serub Crab; Scrub Apple; Scrub Plum.
Maiden’s Blush of N.S. W.
*Has a large fleshy acid fruit, yellow when ripe.
BY JOHN SHIRLEY.
25
Local Name (if any). Beetwood ; Silky Oak of N.S. Wales. Wheel of Fire. Sycamore ; Hat-tree.
Bastard Rosewood ; Red- wood of N.S. Wales.
Stavewood ; Ironwood.
Peach-leaved poison plant.
Ironwood of Canungra ; Beech and Swamp Mahogany of N.S.W.
Cogwheel Fruit.
Lignum-vite.
Red Carrabeen of N.S.W. Pigeon Berry of Tam- bourine.
Prickly Yellow-wood.
Native Dutchman’s Pipe Virgin’s Bower of N.S.W.
Bushman’s Sarsaparilla.
Blood Vine.
Native Wistaria
No. Species. Family. 74, Stenocarpus salignus, Proteacex R. Br. vy. Moorei Nop 55 sinuatus, Endl, Proteaceze 76. Sterculia discolor, F.v.M. Sterculiacee .. fide Be quadrifida, R.Br. Sterculiacere .. 78. Synoum glandulosum, Juss. Meliaceze 79. Tarrietia actinophylla, Bail. .. Sterculiacee .. 80. Trema aspera, Bane 3 Urticaceze 81. Tristania laurina, R. Br. Myrtacez 82. Trochocarpa laurina, R.Br. Epacride 83. Vitex lignum-vite, A. Cun. Verbenacee 84. Weinmannia Benthami, F.v.M, Saxitrageze 85. Wilkica macrophylla, D. C. Monimiacez 87. Xanthoxrylum brachyacan- thum, F.v.M. Rutaceze VINES OF THE NATIONAL PARK. 1. Arisiolochia preevenosa, F.v.M. Aristolochiaceze 2. Clematis glycinoides, D. C Ranunculacez 3. Deeringia altissima, F.v.M. Amarantaceze 4. Hibbertia volubilis, Andr. Dilleniacez 5. Hardenbergia Le os Benth. ; Leguminose . 6. Legnephora Sree Micts Menispermacez 7. Lettsomia Souttert, Bail. Convolyulacee 8. Lyonsia a Lahey: F.v.M. Apocynacere . 9. Lyonsia dafotia: Barth. Apocynacee .. 10. » straminea, R. Br. Apocynacee .. ll. Lonchocarpus Blackii, Benth. Leguminose . 12. Marsdenia Fraseri, Benth. Asclepediacez 13. Melodinus acuti “gy US; F.v.M. : Apocynacee .. 14, Milletia australis, F. Vv. M. Leguminose .. 15. Morinda jasminoides, A. Cunn, Rubiaceze 16. Muhlenbeckia gracillima,
Meiss.
F.v.M.
Polygonacee .
. Panax cephalobotrys, F.v. M Araliacez = Aralia Panes
. Parsonsia lanceblata: R. Be Apocynace ..
26 LIST OF PLANTS OF THE NATIONAL PARK.
-
No. Species. Family. Local Name (if any). ‘
19. Parsonsia Leichhardtii, F.v.M. .. Apocynacee ..
20. > velutina, Roxb. Apocynacee .. 21. Piper nove-hollandie, Miq. Piperacee .. Native Pepper. 22. Rubus Moorei, F.v.M. .. Rosaceze .. Five-leaved Blackberry. ae ae a v. Tryoni,* Shirley oe .. Rosacee .. Five-leaved Blackberry. 24. Trichosanthes palmata, } Roxb. AF .. Cucurbitaceze 25. Vitis nitens, F.v.M. .. Ampelidee .. Water-vines. 26. ., hypoglauca, F.v.M. Ampelidee .. Water-vines. 27. 4, ‘opaca, F.v.M. .. Ampelidee .. Water-vines.
FERNS OF THE NATIONAL PARK.
No. Species. Local Name (if any). 1, Adiantum ethiopicum, L. .. Common Maiden-hair Fern. 2, 35 affine, Willd. .. Scrub Maiden-hair Fern. at Be diaphanum, Bl. .. Waterfall Maiden-hair Fern. 4 = formosum, R. Br. Giant Maiden-hair Fern. 5 sn hispidulum, Sw. .. Rough Maiden-hair Fern. 6. Alsophila australis, R. Br. .. Rough-stemmed Tree Fern. 7 Ss excelsa, R. Br. .. Sear-stemmed Tree Fern. 8. es Leichhardti, F.v.M. Prickly-stemmed Tree Fern. 9. Arthrolepis Beckleri, Mett. .. Delicate Climbing Shield Fern. 10. =2 obliterata, J. Sm. .. Large Climbing Shield Fern. 11. ~ tenella, J. Sm. .. Dotted-leaved Climbing Shield Fern. 12. Asplenium adiantoides, C. Ch. Social Veined Fern. ips Z, bulbiferum, Forst. Budding Veined Fern. 14, P flabellifolium, Cav. Fan-shaped Veined Fern. 15. > japonicum, Thunb. Japanese Veined Fern. 16. a nidus, L. .. .. Bird’s Nest Fern. 17. Athyrium umbrosum, J. Sm. v. tenerum, Bail. .. Tall Scrub Fern. 18. Blechnum (Lomaria) capensis, Willd. os .. Pickled Cabbage Fern. Lg) *e cartilagineum, Sw. .. Bungwal. 20. 55 (Lomaria) Patersoni, Spr. be “E .. Double-fronded Creek Fern. 21. Cyclophorus serpens, C. Ch. .. Small Climbing Tongue Fefn. 22, 29 confluens, C. Ch... Large Climbing Tongue Fern. 23. Davallia dubia, R. Br. .. Mountain Bracken. 24. F pyxidata, Cav. .. Hare’s Foot Fern. 25. a ; spelunce, Baker .2 Cave: Fem. ; 26. Dennstedtia davallioides, R. Br. 27. Dicksonia antarctica, Lab. .. Woolly Tree Fern. 28. Diplazium maximum, Don. .. Great Scrub Veined Fern.
*Separated from the type by its smaller, narrower leaflets, and paler coloured leaves-
No. . Doodia aspera R. Br.
BY JOHN Species.
* » v. heterophylla, naa
. Doodia caudata,R. Br. ..
39 no v. media, feeih
. Dryopteris decomposita, Ktze.
gongylodes, Ktze. punctata, C. Ch. Baileyi, M. & B... tenera, C. Ch.
. Histiopteris incisa, J. Sm. . Hymenophyllum bivalve, Forst.
flabellatum, Lab. javanicum, Spr.
39 39 39
tunbridgense, Sm
3?
. Hypolepis tenuifolia, Bernh. .. . Nephrolepis cordifolia, Presl. .. . Pellea falcata, R. Br.
os aS vy. nana, Bail.
. Polypodium australe, Metten ..
Brownti, Wikst. .. membranifolium,
IR Bre : pustulatum, Forst. scandens, Lab.
: Plafycetviim bifurcatum, C. Ch. . Pieridium aquilinum, Kubn. .. . Pteris tremula, R. Br. ..
umbrosa , R. Br.
>
. Trichomanes caudatum, Brack.
55 venosum, R. Br... Vittaria elongata, Sw. ..
Baileyana, Dom.
SHIRLEY.
Local Name (if any). Caraway-seed Fern. Small Caraway-seed Fern. Tailed Caraway-seed Fern.
Common Shield Fern. Swamp Shield Fern. Dotted Bracken.
Shiny Shield Fern. Black-bordered Shield Fern. Batswing Ferm.
Fan-shaped Filmy Fern. Javanese Filmy Fern. Bailey’s Filmy Fern.
English Filmy Fern.
Scrub Border Fern.
Sword Fern.
Ear Fern.
Small Ear Fern.
Class-roll Fern. Spotted-leaved Tongue Fern.
Parchment-leaved Tongue Fern. Pustule-leaved Tongue Fern. Branch-leaved Tongue Fern. Elk-horn.
Common Bracken.
Trembling Bracken.
Scrub Bracken.
Tailed Bristle Fern,
Veined Bristle Fern. Grass-leaved Fern,
NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN CHAETOGNATHA.,
s By Proressor T. Harvey Jounston, M,A., D.Sc., aAnp B. BuckLaNp TAYLOR
(Biology Department, University, Brisbane.)
(Text-figures 1-4.)
(Read before the Royal Society of Queensland, 28th April, 1919).
The Chaetognatha of the Australian coast have received very little attention. Apart fyom the collection made in Shark Bay, Western Australia, reported on by Ritter-Zahony (1910); no systematic attempt to investigate them seems to have been made.
No records have been published regarding their pre- sence on the northern and southern coasts, though several species, viz., Sagitta hexaptera, 8S. serratodentata and Eukrohnia hamata have been reported from Antarctic waters due south of Australia (Fowler, 1907). A few casual determinations of species from the Eastern coast have been made by Ritter-Zahony in 1909 (S. bipunctata, S. serrato- dentata and S. robusta), and Jchnston in 1909 (S. australis). | Whitelegge (1889. p. 163) mentioned the occurrence of Sagitta sp. in Sydney Harbour, while Waite* reported that Sagitta was taken commonly in tew nets _ by the Thetis Expedition off the N.S.W. coast. Steinhaus | recorded S. enflata from 160° E, some distance westward of New Caledonia, but the record cannot be considered as Australian. Ritter-Zahony (1909 p. 792) referred to the
* E. R. Waite, Memoirs Austr. Museum, 4 (1), 1899, p. 14.
BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND B. BUCKLAND TAYLOR. 29
capture of S. enflata forma minor by the “ Gazelle’ during a voyage between the Solomon Islands and Moreton Bay, but this record is not sufficiently localised to be regarded as Australian. SS. hexaptera is known from New Guinea and New Britain (Ritt.-Z. 1909, p. 790),
We have examined tcw-net material from Moreton Bay and Port Jackson, as well as that collected by Pro- fessor Haswell, F.R.S., in the s.s. ‘‘ Miner,” in June, 1906, at a locality fifty miles E. of Sydney. We take this opportunity to express our indebtedness to Professor Has- well.
To the three species of Chaetognatha reported from Eastern Australian waters, we are able to add six species of Sagitta and one of Spadella. The total number of species now known from the Australian coast is as follows : Sagitta eleven ; Pterosagitta one; Krohnitta one; Spadella one ; total fourteen.
Under each heading we have mentioned some of the outstanding features by which the species may be readily determined. A list of measurements is appended, and a simple key to the recorded Australian forms, which we have found to be of service, has been added for the con- venience of Australian students.
1. S. serratodentata Krohn. Syn : Spadella serratodentata Grassi, 1883.
We have examined a good many specimens of the species, and have found a considerable range of variation in the number of anterior and posterior teeth, and in the™ relative size of the jaws. Our specimens have from 2 to 3 anterior and 4 to 12 posterior teeth as compared with 8 to 10 and 17 to 20 respectively, as recorded by Fowler (1906, p. 20) and 6 to 9 anterior. 13 to 19 posterior, as recorded by Michael (1911. p. 39). The fins of the speci- mens were very torn, which probably accounts for the fact that we found less than 50% of the posterior fin on the body. Michael (1911. p. 39) has referred to the variability of this ratio. In a few of our specimens, which were very small, being less than 5mm. in length, some of the jaws were
30 NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN CHAETOGNATHA,
slender and apparently not serrated. Tactile papillae were present on nearly all, and in the mature forms the tail was filled with sperm morule.
Australian localities: Port Jackson (June, 1907) ; also Shark Bay, Western Australia (Ritter-Zahony, 1910, p.126); Great Sandy Island, Queensland (Ritt.-Z., 1909, p. 792).
Also recorded from the Atlantic Ocean; the East Indies ; Japan; the Maldives; the Indian Ocean: the Mediterranean Sea; Southern California; the Straits of Magellan.
2. S. australis Johnston.
We have re-examined specimens of this species, declared by Ritter-Zahony (1911, p. 13) to be a synonym of S. enflata, and have come to the conclusion that the species is valid. There are four transparent, flaccid species with which it might at first sight be confused, but from all of which it is distinguished by the possession of a bilobed tail. They are S. enflata, S. hexaptera, S. pulchra, and 8S. lyra.
From S. enflata it differs markedly in the relative posi- tions of the anterior fin and ventral ganglion. Ritter- Zahony (1911, p. 13), says, “‘ Vorderflossen schmal, abger- — undet, von Bauchganglion um dessen mehrfache Lange entfernt,’’ which is borne out by his diagram in which the interval between the two is at least the length of the fin. As shewn in the original figure of australis (Johnston, 1909), the anterior fin begins in front of the ganglion. There is also a difference in the position of the widest portion of the posterior fin, this being at the tail septum in enflata, but behind the septum in ausiralis. Again, the former has a small collarette, but no such structure has been observed in the latter.
From S. pulchra it is distingushed by the well marked neck, the presence of rays in the fins ; also the maximum number of jaws in pulchra (7) is the minimum in australis (7-11); the tail percentage is lower in australis (16.5%, as compared with 18% in pulchra).
From S. hezxaptera it differs in the number of anterior teeth (1-4 hexaptera ; 6-12 australis); in the number of
BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND B. BUCKLAND TAYLOR 3l
posterior teeth (1-6 hexaptera ; 9-11 australis) ; the anterior fin is remote from the ganglion in hexaptera and there is a greater distance between it and the posterior fin (11°% com- pared to 8% in australis) ; there is also a difference in the relative length of the two fins, the posterior being the longer in hexaptera, but in australis they are equal, or the anterior may be slightly the longer ; a crest is present on the jaws of hexaptera but not on those of australis; the latter is also distinguished by its marked neck.
From S. lyra it differs in the number of anterior teeth (4-8, lyra) ; in the position of the widest part of the pos- terior fin (in front oi the septum in lyra); in the lesser distance between the fins (6.1°% lyra) and in its well marked neck,
Australian record: Maroubra Bay, near Sydney,
N.S.W. (Johnston, 1909).
3. S. enflata Grassi. Syn: S. lyja Langerhans, 1880 (not Krohn, 1853). ; Spadelia enflata Grassi, 1881 ; S. flaccida Conant, 1896 ; S. gardinert Doneaster, 1902 ; S. brachycephala Moltschanoff, 1907 ; S. inflata Ritter-Zahony, 1908, 1909.
Body broad, transparent and flaccid; neck marked ; anterior fin does not reach ventral ganglion. Posterior fin does not reach seminal vesicles but tail fin does. Very like S. australis in general appearance but the differences have been discussed under S. australis.
Australian localities : 50 miles E. of, Sydney (common, June. 1906); Southport, Moreton Bay, Queensland, (Feb. 1919) ; already reported from Shark Bay, W.A. (Ritter- Zahony, 1910). Also recorded from the North Atlantic ; Mediterranean Sea; Madeira; Japan ; Indo-Pacific ; Mal- dives ; East Indies; Southern California.
4. S. pulchra Doncaster.
We have identified this species from a_ solitary immature specimen. It is a transparent, flaccid form with numerous sensory papillae distributed over the entire
32 NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN CHAETOGNATHA,
animal. From the posterior end of the tail to the ganglion is 67% of the total length. A collarette is present.
Australian localities: Tasman Sea, 50 miles E. of Sydney—previously reported from Shark Bay, W.A. (Ritter-Zahony, 1910). Also recorded from New Guinea ; the East Indies ; Indo-Pacific ; Maldives ; and the North Pacific.
5. S. minima Grassi.
Syn: Spadella minima Grassi, 1881.
Transparent and comparatively stout, with a neck region visible, though there is no marked constriction. In one of our specimens, which was almost mature, the ovaries were compact and club-shaped, the whole tail filled with developing spermatozoa’; the seminal vesicles, however, were very small. There is no constriction at the septum, but the decrease in size is rather sudden. 20% is the maxi- mum tail percentage recorded, but one of our specimens has a percentage of over 23%. The anterior fin almost reaches the ganglion.
Australian localities: 50 miles E. of Sydney (June, 1906) ; already known from Shark Bay, W.A. (Ritter- Zahony, 1910). Also recorded from Japan ; Indian Ocean ; Mid Atlantic ; and the Mediterranean Sea.
6. S. bedoti Beraneck.
Syn: S. bipunctata Aida, 1895. S. polyodon Doncaster, 1902.
This form is not among our Eastern Australian material the following information being taken from Michael (1911, p.- 75). No colldrette ; head small; sudden diminution at tail septum ; anterior fin longer than posterior ; pos- terior fin extends to seminal vesicles ; less than 50% of posterior fin in front of tail septum.
Australian localities : Shark Bay, W.A. (Ritter-Zahony, 1910). Also recorded from the East Indies ; Japan : Indo- Pacific ; Maldives (as S. polyodon).
7. S. regularis Aida. Syn: S. bedfordit Doncaster, 1902. We have examined only one immature specimen,
BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND B. BUCKLAND TAYLOR. 33
comparatively slender, firm and opaque, with a fairly uniform breadth to the septum. The corona ciliata is entirely on the body ; a very noticeable collarette is present extending over the whole head ; and apparently there is a thickening of the epidermis all over the body, bearing numer- ous tactile papillae.
Australian localities: 50 miles E. of Sydney (June, 1906) ; known also from Shark Bay, W.A. (Ritter-Zahony, 1910). Also recorded from the East Indies ; Japan, Indo- Pacific ; Maldives.
8. S. robusta Doncaster. Syn: S. hispida (non Conant) Aida, 1897 ; S. hispida Doncaster, 1902 ; S. ferox Doncaster, 1902 ; S. japonica Galzow, 1910.
A firm opaque form, about the same width-from the ganglion to septum; many sensory papillae ove: whole body and tail ; collarette marked, though not so conspicu- ous as in regularis, extending to the anterior fin ; the pos- terior fin reaching the characteristically shaped seminal vesicles in mature specimens, as does also the tail fin ; the jaws thick at the base and greatly curved in the terminal third ; lateral process of vestibular ridge blunt ; papillae irregular and rather pointed.
Australian localities: 50 miles E. of Sydney (June, 1906) ; reported also from Great Sandy Island, Queensland (Ritter-Zahony, 1909). . Also recorded from New Guinea ; East Indies; Sea of Japan; Indian Ocean; Maldives ; Atlantic Ocean.
9. S. bipunctata Quoy and Gaimard. Syn: S. multidentata Krohn, 1853 ; Spadella mariont Gourret, 1884.
This form was not found among our Eastern Australian material, the following information being taken from Michael 1911, p. 41). Body rigid; constriction at tail septum evident ; collarette very short ; anterior fin never extend-
ing to ventral ganglion ; posterior fin longer than anterior, C
34 NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN CHAETOGNATHA,
extending to seminal vesicles when the latter are tumid_ being always more than 50% of fin in front of tail septum.
Australian localities; Great Sandy Island, Queens- land (Ritter-Zahony, 1909; Shark Bay, W.A. (Ritter- Zahony, 1910). Also recorded from New Guinea ; Altantic Ocean ; North Sea; Baltic Sea; English Channel ; Irish Sea; Mediterranean Sea ; Carribean Sea: Indo-Pacific ; Bay of Bengal; Southern California; 8. of the Cape of Good Hope ; Arctic Ocean.
10 S. tenuis Conant.
This species is placed by Ritter-Zahony in the synonymy of S. bipunctata, but Michael (1911, p. 72) declares it dis- tinct. We vefer to this species a solitary specimen which is opaque and firm, and more or less of even width. It is impossible to make out the limits of the fins, but all other measurements coincide with those of S. tenuis, though our specimen is 0.5mm. longer than any other recorded. There is a small collarette, a few papillae, and no neck ; the tail is full of sperm morulae. It should be borne in mind that Ritter-Zahony has already recorded S. bipunctata from Great Sandy Island, on the Queensland coast.
Australian locality: Port Jackson (June, 1907). Previously recorded from Jamaica by Conant.
11. S. neglecta Aida. Syn: S. septata Doncaster, 1902.
Our specimens ranged from 3.6 to 5.2mm. in length, none of which were fully mature. They were slender, firm and opaque. A collarette was visible on several. The anterior fin reached the seminal vesicles. There was less than 50° of the posterior fin in front of the tail septum. The fins were imperfect in all our material, which will account for the great variation in the interval between the fins as recorded in our table.
Australian localities ; Caloundra and Southport, More- ton Bay, Queensland, May, 1918, Feb., 1919. Also recorded from the Indo-Pacific: Maldives ; Japan; East Indies ; Southern California.
BY T HARVEY JOHNSTON AND B. BUCKLAND TAYLOR. 35
12. Pterosagitta-draco (Krohn). Syn: Pt. mediterranea Costa, 1869 ; Sagitta draco Krohn, 1858 ; Spadella draco of authors ; Spadella vaugai Beraneck, 1895.
This species was not present in our Eastern Australian material, the following description being taken from Michael (1911, p. 54). Body firm and opaque; collarette very pronounced, measuring approximately 0.5% on each side of the body, and extending from head to tail septum ; ventral ganglion midway between head and tail septum.
Length 7mm. ; tail 43.6%; tail to ventral ganglion 66% ; anterior teeth 4-8 ; posterior teeth 8-18 ; jaws 8-10.
Australian locality : Shark Bay, W.A. (Ritter-Zahony, 1910). Also recorded from the Atlantic Ocean; Mediter- ranean Sea; Indian Ocean; Maldives ; Japan; Southern California ; Agulhas ; Antarctic.
13. Krohnitia subtilis (Grassi). Syn: Sagitta subtilis Grassi, 1881. Spadella subtilis Grassi, 1883 ; Krohnia subtilis Strodtmann, 1892 ; K. pacifica Aida, 1897 ; EKukrohnia subtilis (Grassi).
This species was not among out Eastern Australian material, the following description being taken from Michael (1911, p. 52). Body nearly transparent. long and slender ; neck evident ; seizing jaw very ilat, broad, thin and evenly curved, points extremely fine and delicate.
Length 12-16mm. ; tail 30-34%; to ventral ganglion 17-23% ; teeth 10-14; jaws 7-9.
Australian locality : Shark Bay, W.A. (Ritter-Zahony, 1910). Also recorded from the Atlantic Ocean; Black Sea ; Mediterranean Sea; Indian Ocean; Bay of Bengal ; Southern California.
na
36 NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN CHAETOGNATHA
TABLE OF CHARACTERS OF SPECIES OF SacittTa (recorded from Australian waters).
() denotes information obtained from the following sources: Fowler (1906); Michael (1908); and _ Ritter- Zahony (1911).
14. Spadella moretonensis a. sp. (Text-figures 1-4).
A small robust species, 3.68mm. in length, with a pronounced neck region, which is masked by an extensive
°% of total length. Bonothy even eames | Post. | Dist. |Anter.|Poster. inmm. | Tail fin. fin. bet. fins teeth | teeth . serratodentata | 3.4-16 | 20-30 | (20-24) | 14287 (7.5) 2-3 4-12 (17) | (36) (25) (11) | (20) qustralis.4.)0|, 12224016197 4) 20-98. "ages 8. "eae yaad a ~ ollnmye G6 call lrg 13-20 | 11-17 17 6.8 10 15 (20) | (25) (17) Ypulchrs, | 628. | BTIB~ |)(34%6) (24) | (5.7) |(5-10)] (9-19) (22) | | | . minima S14. 8-6 | -19=28%! | (3-5) | (7-14) (10) | | | _bedoti .. ..| (5-18) |(21-35) | (20) | (24) |(5.4) | (@-13)] (20-23) . regularis soll ake 29) (13) (23) 6.8 | (2-4)] (2-6) (27) (40) | pees | err (er: | robusta ..| 14416 | 20-29 | 14-17 | 18-24 W0ST2ey omens (20) | (36) (20) (6.8) | (10) | (16) . bipunctata ..| (9-20) | (21.27) | (15-9) (7.9): | (TASB eT) . tenuis .. .:| 6 28.3 | (12-13) | (25.6) |(16-17)) (5) | (9) | (29) | ' neglecta ..| 3.6-5°| 24-32.8] 11-18.4 | 17.6-23 | 6.4-11] 24 | 610 | 6-7 (10) (40) (2a (This). |
collarette, reaching the lateral fins and having a swelling |
on either side of the position of the corona, so that the neck region here appears almost as wide as the head, There are transverse muscles present throughout both body and tail, and the whole animal is covered with sensory papillae, each bearing several short tactile setae. The head is slightly broader than it is long, and has two prominences in front, each bearing 3 or 4 very stout curved teeth
BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND B. BUCKLAND TAYLOR. oil
measuring .03mm. in length; the eyes are large but not pigmented. There are 9 jaws on each side, in form like those of Eukrohnia subtilis, the point not being inserted into the shaft, but they are more curved. The corona is almost circular, and lies on the neck and body. The animal is widest at the septum, where it measures (exclud- ing fin) 0.4 mm. #.e., 11.7% of the total length, and then tapers gradually towards the neck and tail. The lateral fin commences on front of the receptaculum seminis. It reaches its maximum width (which is 18% of the total length of the animal including the tail fin) in front of the tail, then narrowing in the region of the seminal vesicles, where it becomes confluent with the tail fin. The latter, as well as the lateral fins are entirely traversed by rays. The ovaries extend into the vicinity of the ganglion the ova being few and relatively very large (0.2mm.) A small receptaculum seminis opens on the dorso-lateral surface on each side just in front of the tail septum. The aperture is situated on a well-marked rounded prominence with a swollen extremity and a rather narrower stalk-like portion. The actual opening is trilobed in our specimen. The tail measures 56.5% of the total length. Most of its coelome is filled with sperm morule, the testis occupying only a small anterior position. The vesicule seminales are very small and inconspicuous, and lie in the posterior third of the tail, at the narrowest part of the fin width. The tail fin arises from the dorsal surface and there 1s a differenti- ated zone at the posterior end of the tail. There are sensory patches on both the lateral and tail fins. Two club-shaped papillated bodies are present on the posterior half of the tail, lying on the ventral surface at the right side. Though they became stained like the tissues of the animal, as a result of the use of hematoxylin, yet their asymmetrical arrange- ment and general appearance suggest that they are foreign bodies—perhaps of an algal nature. The largest measures -0.14mm. in length and 0..06mm. in maximum breadth ; the other 0.10 and 0.04mm. respectively.
The following measurements were taken from the animal while in formalin ; Length, including tail fin, 3.68 mm.; tail, 56.5% of total length; maximum breadth,
38 NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN CHAETOGNATHA.
excluding lateral fin, 11.7% of total length ; maximum width of fin, 18.2% of total length ; percentage of fin in front of tail septum, 3% ; tail, including tail fin, to ventral ganglion, 75°% of total length.
Sp. moretonensis differs from the other two valid species of Spadella in the following characters :—
Sp. schizoptera Conant, possesses two pairs of fins, its corona is triangular, its teeth are long and curved, and the tail is 51% of the total length.
Sp. cephaloptera Busch, possesses two rows of teeth, the fin begins behind the receptaculum seminis, the corona is a long oval and the collarette covers the whole body. The possession of a club-like tentacle on each side of the head is quoted as one of the distinguishing characters of the species. These however do not appear to have been seen by subsequent observers, at least some of whom have assumed that they had become lost from the specimens which they examined. The figures of Sp. cephaloplera, which are available to us, and which show the presence of these structures, suggest that they are probably not ten- tacles but are foreign organisms, probably alge, which have accidently developed symmetrically on the head region. They remind us of the two club-like bodies present on our solitary specimen of Sp. moretonensis.
The known range of Spadella (sensu stricto) is as follows :—Sp. cephaloptera, Atlantic and Mediterranean coast of Europe, the Black Sea and the Irish Seas. Sp. schizoptera is known only from the Bahamas. Sp. moreton- ensis is the first species of the genus to be recorded from the Seuthern Hemisphere.
We take this opportunity to express our thanks to Mr. R. L. Higgins for this specimen, which was found among alge at Caloundra, July, 1918.
BY T HARVEY JOHNSTON AND B. BUCKLAND TAYLOR. 39
KEY TO GENERA OF CHAETOGNATHA.
From Ritter-Zahony (1911, p. 44).
IE MUrAnAVerse eIMUSCless OM OGY sere idole feleisi lo loll oiole ele) @ ol <=) ele) +1) «11 «1° 2 IN@itransverse muscles) OmmnOdy, <tc \)s)1 ie) lersi=/a)s.ce 1 se «21s se) 010) =)0\ ele) oi 4
2. Medium sized species, with 1 or 2 rows of numerous teeth
on each side, and an extensive pair of fins extending WOE OMY SAMRAT ce apt etaiiee ols ais) aia -teicke ieke [1 shvini='a) Ves <i) eins 3
Small compact species with 1 or 2 rows of small teeth,
a pair of fins on the tail, and may have a second smell Toei GE UNS GN Wa DOC Nagasan dds eoobocdsocsouee Spadella
3. Two rows of teeth on each side, transverse muscles in ANGEMOL GhIrGe OL ball ees sors) leuevererers 3218 6/0 steiciens!on ae Heterokrohnia
One row of teeth on each side, small transverse ANNTERGLOSE OLIN LAME 5 coy=)'a fa) ele cvataie nbs) ayedohe eras ale ersietsVoreseis Sel s\ehar« Eukrohnia
4. One row of slender converging teeth on each side, one Palrmotwla Geral fins iio, a sells jac cecre cn -vacsves she tee aucrerers w,-ve10 Se Krohnitia MwOsrows) OL conical teethron) each Side... circle eles os swe elan a 5 5. Two pairs of lateral fins, sometimes fused together.......... Sagitta
One pair of lateral fins on the tail, as the continuation OLmauavoluminous) -collaretteag sa sins ae 0s ors aieiersls ele Pterosagitta
KEY TO SPECIES OF SAGITTA recorded from Australian waters.
Ibe Bodys transparent yands flaccid! (7 e)..1-.6)<101 2-12) steels 0121s) -) steel shcie) 0 fers 3 OF, lakerihve sth Guava l Cap oE KC 6 agm enon oO rOe on ab Od oT OAC Oe aD COMOmCeD Or 6 tae NOCKCONSULIC HON VeLY, MaLKeG series ceyae aeteieie faleieiciererectereretsieiel 4 Neckmconstrction note marked. n+. e- tects sets cisco sre aieliel)s ee 5 4. Anterior fin extends in front of ganglion................ australis Anterior findoes nob meachivamelion ys ces seis =e ceieie «sole ele enflata ae COMaretter pleseMureaiersarcst sos ior aoiateye atet s Sereyeateraic race ste oeehen oles pulchra Collarettem absentee ste aces «jac cls aso ceremioandiene ners aaueerras minima Ome Veoth serrated sys: .s asic %s cle os eee haters chaps arse berets: gists. lek serratodentata Meothin noth a SEELate” veloc s:scvsateiers eaiovonexses erste tlelnises eta esicds arora u Ue bosterionceethimorerunan: 20). creche aver sets s cree sic) Ss) = eeresys) es ae bedoti iRosteriors teethw fewer sthani 20 )sc sess yerstste ree suet sl acy -ssyer-1 <'t stegete) ve 8 8. Collarette extends over whole head and to anterior fin...... regularis Collarette extends from behind head to anterior fin.......... robusta, Collarettog veryusmialllprs sasci marti sree cielo Saree 00s) ele sialic cites etsy sae 9 9. Posterior fin extends to seminal vesicles.................. bipunctata Posterior fin does not extend to seminal vesicles................ 10 10. Anterior fin less than 15% total length.../................ tenuis
Anterior fin more than 15% total length.............. neglecta
40
1906
1907
1909
1908
1911
1909
1910
1911
1889
NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN CHAETOGNATHA. ,
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Fowler, G. H.—Chaetognatha of the Siboga Expedition, ete. Siboga Expedition Monograph, 21, 1906.
Fowler, G. H.—Chaetognatha with a note on those collected by H.M.S. “Challenger,” ete. National Antarctic Exp. Nat. Hist., Vol. 3, 1907, 6 pp.
Johnston, T. H.—An Australian Chaetognath. Records of the Australian Museum, 7, (4), 1909, pp. 251-6.
Michael, E. L.—Notes on the identification of the Chaetognatha, Biol. Bull, 15, (2), 1908, pp. 67-84.
Michael, E. L.—Classification and vertical distribution of the Chaetognatha of the San Diego region. University of California publications in Zoology, 8, (3), 1911, pp. 21-186.
Ritter-Zahony, R. von—Die Chaetognathen der Gazelle Expedi- tion, Zool. Anz. 34, 1909.
Ritter-Zahony, R. von—Chaetognatha. Fauna Sud-West Aus- traliens, 3, (3), 1910, pp. 125-6.
Ritter-Zahony, R. von—Revision der Chaetognathen. Deutsche Sud-polar Exped., Vol. 13, Zool., Vol. 5 (1).
Whitelegge, T.—List of marine and invertebrate fauna of Port Jackson, ctc., P.R.S. N.S.W., 23, 1889.
BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND B. BUCKLAND TAYLOR. 4i
TEXT-FIGURES, 1-4.
Text-figure 1.—Entire specimen of Spadella moretonensis, viewed from the ventral surface as a transparent object: sensory areas omitted.
Text-figure 2.—Dorsal view to show arrangement of sensory areas on dorsal surface. To avoid confusion those on the ventral surface have been omitted.
Text-figure 3.—Enlarged view of head and anterior portion of body ;
ventral view, anatomy showing through. Text-figure 4.—Region of a female aperture (dorsal view). References to lettering :—C., collarette ; cor., corona; f.b., foreign body ?; 0., ovum; r.s., receptaculum seminis; t.s., tail septum; v.g., ventral ganglion ; v.s., vesicula seminalis.
ON THE OCCURRENCE OF ABORTIVE STYLES IN BUCKINGHAMIA CELSISSIMA Fv.M.
By C. D. Gituiss, M.Sc., and C. T. Waite.
(Read before the Royal Society of Queensland, 26th May, 1919).
(Text-figures 1-2).
In 1918, Longman and White described an interesting mutant in the Proteaceous tree Buckinghamia celsissima F.v.M., which is a monotypic species endemic to tropical Australia, but on account of its handsome appearance it has been introduced into gardens of Southern Queens- and. The flowers normally possess a semi-annular hypogynous gland situated at the base of the stipes, but in the mutant of Longman and White the gland was divided into a number of segments and two accessory styliform structures accompanied the pistil. This condition was observed to be constant in two consecutive generations, viz. (a) in a tree at Wooloowin, and (bd) in a parent plant at Enoggera. Both of these localities are in the Brisbane district within a few miles of each other.
With the object of investigating the relationships of the hypogynous gland and the accessory styliform processes to one another, material was obtained from the Botanical Museum, Brisbane, off spikes of flowers collected in 1918 from the tree at Wooloowin. The specimens had been preserved in formalin for over six months, with the result that they had become discoloured and hardened, so safranin was used for staining. The paraffin method was used for embedding and on mounting it was found that the cytological detail was poor, this doubtless being
BY C. D. GILLIES AND C. T. WHITE. 43
due to the fact that the material was not immediately preserved in the formalin after collecting, for the specimens were not originally gathered for sectioning.
With reference to the hypogynous gland, Longman and White (1918, p. 162), state that ‘‘in practically every flower the hypogynous gland is divided into four or five segments (usually five) and two of these are much elongated into supplementary style-like processes,” and later (p. 164), * There is no evidence of a graduated change from the tiny segments of the hypogynous gland, and it is therefore thought that this marked modification is better expressed as a mutation than as a variation.” After a _ careful examination of our sections; we find that we cannot support the opinion that these style-like processes have any connection with the hypogynous gland, as it appears to us most conclusively on morphological and histological grounds, that they are neither hypogynous gland-segments nor a mutation from them. On the contrary, their resemblance to the style is very pronounced in regard to the following important features, viz. (a) general shape, (b) stigmoid extremity, and (c) microscopic structure. In Fig. 1. it will be noticed with reference to the histology of the stipes {which is similar to that of the style) and the style-like processes, that these organs are chiefly composed of lightly staining parenchyma (par.) surrounding a delicate central strand of vascular tissue (v.b.), and containing a few scattered deeply-stained cells (c). Contrasting and alter- nating with the stipes and the style-like processes are the segments of the hypogynous gland (hl, h2; h3), which stain deeply and consequently are conspicuous structures in section. We therefore conclude that the elongated organs referred to by Longman and White as segments of the hypogynous gland are really aborted styles and that their development has caused splitting of the hypogynous gland into distinct segments.
Early this year, one of us obtained typical flowers of Buckinghamia celsissima from the Brisbane Botanic Gardens, and sections for comparison were made. It will be observed that the hypogynous gland (Fig. 2, h) is entire and semi-annular in shape and that aborted styles are not present.
44 ABORTIVE STYLES IN BUCKINGHAMIA CELSISSIMA F.v.M.
J mm.
BY C. D. GILLIES AND CGC. T. WHITE. 45
Our thanks are due to Professor T. H. Johnston, who kindly allowed the section cutting to be performed in the laboratory of the Biology Dept., University of Queensland.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Baiiey, F. M., Queensland Flora, 1901, Pt. IV., pp. 1351-1352.
BentuaM, G., Flora Australiensis, 1870, V., p. 532. -
LonGMAN AND WHiItE, “ Mutation in a _ Proteaceous Tree.’ Proce. Roy. Soc. Q’land., XXX., 1918, pp. 162-4.-
Muercer, F. v. Fragm. Phytog., 1868, VI., pp. 247-8.
EXPLANATION OF TEXT-FIGURES. Transverse sections across flowers of Buckinghamua celsissima ¥.v.M. Fig. 1.—Mutant of Longman and White; c, deeply stained cells in parenchyma of stipes and aborted styles; Al, h2, 43, segments of hypogynous gland; p, perianth segments; par, parenchyma in stipes ; &, stipes: st. 1, st. 2. aborted styles; v.b., vascular bundles. Fig. 2.—Norma] flower;: lettering similar to above; h, undivided,
seri-annular hypogynous gland.
ALTERATION OF GENERIC NAME.
Norte By J. DouGuas OGILBY.
Ji these Proceedings, Vol. xxi, p. 91, I proposed the name Hurycaulus for a genus of belonoid fishes. This, having been previously used in Coleoptera by Fairmaire, 1868, I now change to Tropidocaulus.
THE LINGULIDA OF THE QUEENSLAND COAST.
o——_
By Proressor T. Harvey Jounston, M.A., D.Sc., C.M.Z.8., aNp Orto 8. HirscHFreLp, B.Sc., Biology Department, University, Brisbane.
(Read before the Royal Society of Queensland, 30th June, 1919).
Plates I and II and Text-figures 1-8).
The following species of Lingula have been recorded from the Queensland Coast: LZ. anatina Lam. (ZL. rostrum Shaw), L. murphiana King, L. tumidula Reeve, L. exusta Reeve, L. hians Swainson, and L. hirundo Reeve, the first five named being reported from Moreton Bay and the last two from Port Curtis. Davidson in his list (1879, p. 402) mentioned only the second, third and fourth, while Thom- son (1918, p. 43) referred to all six.
The genus is rarely found on the New South Wales Coast, only one species, L. hians, having been recorded from Port Jackson by Angas in 1867, and by Brazier (1879a, p. 370 ; 18796, p. 402) as an extreme rarity, the latter author— a very keen and persistent collector—stating that he had found only one living specimen in Sydney Harbour during his 25 years’ experience collecting there. Mr. C. Hedley, who succeeded Mr. Brazier as Conchologist to the Australian Museum, Sydney, informed us recently that he had never collected Lingula in Sydney, the only specimen from New South Wales that he had seen being the solitary form obtained in 1866 by Brazier who determined it.
BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND OTTO S. HIRSCHFELD 47
Hedley in his catalogue of the marine mollusea of Queensland (1909, p. 371) evidently considered that one species alone was present, since his list contains only L. anatina, while in hi§ check list of the marine molluscan fauna of New South Wales (1917, p. 113) he referred to L. rostrum Shaw (syn. L. analina) alone. He, however, mentioned (1916, p. 695) that the species of Lingula had been discriminated usually from dry and probably distorted material and that little attention has been given to change in appearance at different stages of growth. “It may be, therefore, still a matter for investigation whether the names assigned to Australian forms, L. tumidula Reeve, L. mur- phiana Reeve, L. exusta Reeve, and L. hirundo Reeve, represent distinct species, geographical races, or growth forms of a single species.”
Lingula rostrum Shaw.
This is better known as L. anatina Lam. but Hedley (1916, p. 694) has recently shown that Shaw’s name has priority. The latter author described material from the Philippine Islands under the name of Mytilus rostrum in Lin.
Hediey evidently inclines to the view that there is only one species on the Queensland coast, since, as already stated above, he listed only L. anatina in 1909 (p. 371). Von Martens (1889, p. 263) stated that while the * Gazelle ”’ was in quarantine at Peel Island, Moreton Bay, her natural- ists found ZL. anatina to be common in the mud there ; but the reference should be to L. murphiana King which is the representative of LZ. anatina in south-eastern Queens- land. Thomson (1918, p. 438), following Hedley (1916), quoted Moreton Bay as an Australian locality for L. rostrum, but both of these records relate to L. murphiana.
Brazier (1879a, p. 390) rejected Schmeltz’s record (in Mus. Godefroy Catalogue 5, p. 171) of ZL. anatina from Sydney, pointing out many other inaccuracies in the cata- logue in regard to the localities given for certain mollusca. He stated, however, that ZL. anatina was rather common in mud flats in Moreton Bay and in New Caledonia. The former record may refer to either L. hians or L. murphiana:
48 THE LINGULIDA OF THE QUEENSLAND COAST.
both of which occur in Moreton Bay, but it is more likely to be L. murphiana. We suspect that his New Caledonian Lingula record should be referred to L. hians (see below).
The species very rarely met with in Port Jackson and identified by Angas (1867, p. 935), Brazier (1879a, 1879b) and Whitelegge (1889, p. 294) as L. hians was considered by Hedley (1916, p. 694 ; 1917, p. 113) to be L. anatina (=L. rostrum), but re-examination has proved that the species is L. hians. The same author (1898, p. 369) regarded as belonging to L. anatina some specimens collected in British New Guinea but they belong to ZL. exusta.
L. anatina has been described anatomically by Vogt (1845), Gratiolet (1860), King (1873), Haneock (1858), Davidson (1888), Blochmann (1900), and others; and referred to incidentally by Morse (1902) and Yatsu (1902).
The habitat given by Davidson (1888, p. 207) includes the Indian Ocean ; Moluccas (between tide marks) ; off Yedo, Japan ; Philippines (where it is sometimes very common in sandy mud between tide marks) Timor and Fiji. Yatsu referred to its abundance in certain parts of Japan, as did also Morse. Reeve (1859) and Dall (1873, p. 203) mentioned only the Philippines and Moluccas, while Sowerby (p. 338) gave the latter locality and the Indian Ocean.* Semper (1862, 1864), Yatsu (1902) and Francois (1891) published an account of its habits in the Philippines, on the Japanese coast, and in the vicinity of Noumea, New: Cale- donia, respectively. There seems to be little difference in habits amongst the Lingulide, as far as known (Smith 1878 for L. hians ; Morse 1870 for Glottidia pyramidata ; Morse, 1902, for G. pyramedata and L. lepidula).
It is not unlikely that more than one species is included under the term L. anatina by the abovenamed authors. The type locality is the Philippines. fBlochmann, stated
*The ‘‘ Indian Ocean ”’ is of little value as a record. We do not know of any definite locality (if we exclude Timor) in the Indian Ocean where Lingula has been found, though no doubt it occurs in suitable situations on those parts of the East Indies whose shores are washed by the Indian Ocean.’
+Zur. Systematik u. geogr. Verbreitung d. Brachiopoden. Z.f. wiss. Zool. 90, 1908 pp. 596-644—quoted by Thomson 1918, pp. 38-9.
BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND OTTO S. HIRSCHFELD 49
that all known brachiopod larve except those of Lingula and Discina, were devoid of a mouth during their free swimming stage which, therefore, could not be long and, as a consequence, such species could not be distributed across Ocean basins ; moreover the majority of brachiopods occur on the submarine slopes of continents and adjacent islands and such cannot cross the ocean floor where the depth is too great. It would be of interest to know how long the larval Lingula can live prior to settling down. Judging from our findings regarding the distribution of some species (e.g. L. murphiana) on the Queensland coast, we suspect either that this period must be very short or Ise such larve are very susceptible to temperature changes ; while in other cases (e.g. L. hians) the larve must either be more hardy or more long-lived and thus allow of greater distribution to the species.
A careful examination of forms of the L. anatina type from the East Indies (Moluccas and Timor) and from Japan might lead to the discovery of specific differences. Yatsu referred to variations in size in Japanese specimens, some agreeing with L. anatina and others with ZL. murphiana. We have found the ratio of length to breadth to be a fairly constant character and one that can be readily utilised to separate species which closely resemble each other in appear- ance, e.g. L. murphiana and L. bancrofti from the Queens- land coast. The Fijian species is not likely to be L. anatina.
Davidson gives as sizes, one inch ten lines by ten lines, 4.€., a ratio of 2.2. Yatsu’s largest specimen (1902, p. 62) measured 45 mm. by 20 mm., i.e., a ratio of 2.25. Figures given by Adams (1858) Chenu (p. 234, fig. 1,203), Woodward (1910) and others, are too diagrammatic for measurements to have much value. Francois’ figure (1895 fig. 315) gives a ratio of about 2.2 Sowerby’s figures show a ratio from about 2.1 to 2.4.
We think it unlikely that L. anatina (L. rostrum) occurs on the coasts of New South Wales or of Southern Queensland. In view of the record (if correct) of the species from the Moluccas and Timor, its occurrence on the Northern Australian coasts is possible. For the present it should
be struck off the list of known Australian Brachiopods. D
50 THE LINGULIDZ OF THE QUEENSLAND COAST. L. tumidula Reeve.
Syn. L. tumida Davidson 1852, p. 377. L. tumida Adams 1858, p. 586.
This large species was originally described and figured by Reeve (1841, p. 180, pl.. 125, fig. 4; 184la, p. 100 Sowerby 1846, p. 339, pl. 67, fig. 7), New Holland beiag mentioned as the locality. In 1859 Reeve mentioned «a few of the shell characters and figured a specimen (pl. 1, figs. 2a 2b) from ‘“‘ Moreton Bay.” As an additional lecality he gave Masbate, Philippine Islands, where specimens were collected by Cuming in sandy mud at low water, these being at first regarded by Reeve (1841a, p. 100) as belonging to a distinct species, L. compressa, but subsequently he considered them as a synonym or as a variety of L. tumidula (Reeve 1859 ; Sowerby 1846, p. 339). Dall (1871, p. 156) in referring to the species stated that, judging from Reeve’s. figure, it differed materially from the other species figured. by him, in the broad form, the emarginations of the beaks, as weil as in the size and position of the muscular impress- ions: L. compressa was mentioned as a variety from the Philippines.* Chenu (1862, figs. 1200, 1201) republished Reeve’s figure. Adams (1863, p. 100) referred to finding the species in seven fathoms in mud in the Korean Archi- pelago. A single shell was present in Adams’ original collection when re-examined in 1871 by Davidson who gave an account and figure of it (1871, p. 310, pl. 30, fig. 1, and 1888, p. 218, pl. 28, fig. 19). This led Dall (1873, p. 202) to regard it as distinct from L. tumidula and he consequently renamed Adams’ shell as L. adamsi, the name being accepted by Davidson (1888, p. 219) who added another locality, viz. off Formosa. The only locality given by Dall (1873) for L. tumidula is ‘“‘ Moreton Bay’ Davidson (1888, p. 216) mentioned the Philippines as well, one of his figures (pl. 28, fig. 14—-from Sowerby) being drawn from a Philip- pine specimen and the other (fig. 15—copied from Reeve) from a Queensland shell. The former was apparently not distorted while the latter obviously was. The sizes given
*Thomson (1918, p. 43) has erroneously mentioned the Philippines as the type locality for the species, while Davidson in 1858 (p. 377) con- fused the two localities, giving its habitat as Masbate, New Holland.
BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND OTTO S. HIRSCHFELD. ODL
by him are length 2 inches 2 lines and breadth 1 inch 5 lines—the ratio thus being 1.53. These dimensions agree with his fig. 14 (Philippine specimen—Sowerby’s figure) which shows a ratio of 1.6. The ‘* Moreton Bay ”’ shell figured measures about 2.2 inches but owing to distortion, the true breadth cannot be measured. but the figure gives a ratio of about 1.6 In Reeve’s original account (1841, 184la) the sizes are given as 2.1 inches by 1.3, the ratio thus being 1.6.
In the Queensland Museum there are a few specimens of L. tumidula collected by Mr. C. Hedley in the Boyne River (Port Curtis)* and by Miss 8. Lovell at Frazer Island (Great Sandy Island), Harvey Bay.
The species is characterised by the possession of large thin, horny, scarcely calcified shells whose edges (especially
laterally) become curled dorsally as a result of drying7, such dried distorted specimens resembling Davidson’s figure (1888, pl. 28, fig. 16—from Reeve 1859, pl. 1, fig. 2b). The colour of the Museum specimens is a dark brownish red with very distinct black lines of growth. Reeve stated that it was burnt olive red (1841). Davidson mentioned that the colour was coppery brown or reddish blue, some- times bright green near the posterior margin. We suspect that he was referring to a Philippine form, since Sowerby’s figure shows a brown colouration with a well defined green band along the margin of the free extremity of the shell. The lines of growth on our specimens are much more like those figured by Davidson for L. adamsi (pl. 28, fig. 19) than those figured for L. tumidula (fig. 14).
The umbones are distinct, though small, when the valves are fairly well preserved, but in most of the specimens ex- amined by us they were scarcely recognisable. The least distorted of the few paired valves available measured 46 by 30.5 mm. the ratio of length to breadth thus being 1.51.
*Mr. Hedley has informed us that he found the specimen dead at low tide on the beach at Boyne Island, immediately north of the mouth of the Boyne River, Port Curtis.
+Reeve in his original description (1841) mentioned the irregularly reflexed margin as being a character of the species.
a2, THE LINGULIDZ OF THE QUEENSLAND COAST.
Its outline resembled that figured by Davidson (1888, fig. 14, and Sowerby, fig. 7). Others measured 54 by 13 (ratio 1.58); 65 by 41 (1.59).
We have examined a specimen in some respects inter- mediate between L. tumidula and L. adamsi as figured by Davidson. Perhaps the latter may be a young form of the Philippine L. tumidula. The proportions however are not quite the same (ratio in L. adamsi =1.7), while the described coloration is distinct and—judging from the figures—the degree of calcification is different. Whether the Philip- pine and the Queensland forms belong to distinct species we are not at present able to definitely decide, but we are of opinion that an examination of fresh undistorted material from each locality would show specific differences. In such case, Reeve’s name L. compressa would be available for the Philippine Lingula.*
Davidson stated (p. 216) that L. tumidula was the largest and finest recent species of the genus with which he was acquainted, being broader in proportion than any known recent form. Davidson’s sizes were 2.15 inches in length and 1.4 in breadth. One valve examined by us reached 2.6 inches in length and 1.64 in width. The specimen which came from Hervey Bay, appears then to be the largest recent Lingula valve of which there is any record.
We do not know what on grounds Davidson considered L. tumidula to be closely related to L. murphiana (1888, p. 216). In 1879 (p. 402) he went so far as to state “ L. tumidula and L. murphiana occur in the same locality and are of the same colour. I often ask myself whether they are distinct species or whether L. tumidula may not be a very wide variety of murphiana. This is a point which Australian zoologists must decide, as I have no opportunity of so doing as there are only two specimens of the form
*In his original account of L. compressa Reeve (1841) gave the dimen- gions as 1.8 and 1.1 inches respectively, the ratio thus being 1.63 The shell was stated to be brown olive, subquadrate oval, attenuated towards the apex, with the valves remarkably compressed and rather closely united all round ; whereas the shell of ZL. tumidula was described as be*ng burnt olive red in colour, subquadrate, and only slightly attenuated towards
the apex.
BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND OTTO S. HIRSCHFELD. 53
tumidula in the British Museum ; the form murphiana is common, I have two or three specimens.” The two species are quite dissimilar in their shell characters (see later under L. murphiana) and moreover, as far as we know, they do not occur in the same locality. All early records of plants and animals from “‘ Moreton Bay” should be critically re-examined since the name was given, not only to the bay in South-eastern Queensland, but also to a very large district (the Moreton Bay District) embracing the whole of North-eastern Australia, which became subsequently (December, 1859) separated from New South Wales as a distinct colony under the name of Queensland. Our records show that L. tumidula occurs in Hervey Bay, which is in the vicinity of the main line of junction of the Indo- Pacific and southern elements of the Eastern Australian fauna, Frazer Island (Great Sandy Island) forming the boundary.
L. hirundo Reeve.
This was briefly desciibed as a little semi-transparent. species, length 11 lines, breadth 43 inches ; with the shell oblong square, thin, greenish, posteriorly abruptly attenu- ated, and umbones rather sharp. (Reeve 1859, pl. 2, fig. 7; Sowerby 1846, p. 339; Davidson 1888, p. 220, pl. 28, fig. 22). Reeve’s material came from Port Curtis.
Davidson, who published Reeve’s account and figure, placed it among the uncertain species, though Dall (1878, p- 203) accepted it as valid. Adams (1863, p. 101) in his very bricf unfigured account of L. smaragdina Adams from mud from 10 fathoms from Japan and the China Seas, mentioned that it more closely resembled JL. hirundo. Adams’ species was subsequently figured by Davidson (1888, p. 220, pl. 28, fig. 25; 1875, p. 310, pl. 30, fig. 2), but an examination of it does not show any resemblance to L. hirundo. Davidson (1888) mentioned that the Japanese specimens examined by him bear much resemblance to the young of L. anatina. The ratio of length to breadth as published for L. hirundois 2.44. Theformand proportions do not agree with young specimens of L. bancrofti from Burnett Head which is in the vicinity of Port Curtis, whereas the ratio as well as the colour and shell characters
54 THE LINGULID# OF THE QUEENSLAND COAST.
as far as they have been noted, agree with L. hians. The ratio of length to breadth in the case of the latter (length 1 inch 10 lines, breadth 9 lines—Davidson 1888, p. 217) is also 2.44.
We have no hesitation in placing L. hirundo as a synonym of L. hians and consider it to be based on young specimens. JL. hians is definitely recorded from a number of Queensland localities, including Port Curtis.
L. hians Swainson. Syns.* L. hirundo Reeve, Port Curtis. L. hians Brazier 1879, Pt. Jackson, Pt. Curtis, Noumea. L. hians Angas 1867, Pt. Jackson, New Cale- donia, Fiji. L. hians Shirley 1910, Moreton Bay. L. rostrum Hedley 1916, in part; 1917, Pt. Jackson. . anatina Hedley 1916, Pt. Jackson. . exusta Tapparone—Canefri 1873, Australia. . anatina Francois 1891, Noumea. . anatina Brazier 1879b, Noumea. znatina Davidson 1888, Fiji. Biagiad sp. Jukes 1847, Cape York.
This species was recorded from Sydney Harbour by Angas (1867, p. 935) and Brazier (1879) and is mentioned by Whitelegge (1889, p. 295), but Hedley, as already stated earlier in this paper, regarded the specimens as belonging to L. anatina (=L.rostrum). Angas gave a brief description of the shell which was found in sandy mudin Middle Harbour, Port Jackson, mentioning as additional localities, Fiji, New Caledonia, China and the Philippines. Brazier (18796, p. 402) referred to its presence in Port Curtis as well as in Port Jackson and New Caledonia, stating (1879a, p. 390) that L. hians was the only species found in Sydney Harbour and was so rare that he had found only one living specimen in 25 years’ collecting there. Thanks to the courtesy and assistance of Mr. C. Hedley, we were able to re-examine Brazier’s material from Noumea, and found it to be L.
*Only Australasian synonymy is eee in each case.
oO rie ns
BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND OTTO S. HIRSCHFELD. 595
hians. Mr. Hedley thereupon obtained from Mr. Brazier the solitary specimen that he had collected in 1866 in five fathoms of water off Sow and Pigs Reef, Port Jackson, compared it at our request with L. hians and informed us that it, as we had suspected, belonged also to that species as stated by Brazier (1879). We can accept the latter’s record of L. hians from Port Curtis too.
Dr. Shirley who reported its occurrence in Moreton Bay (1910, p. 102) kindly allowed us to see his specimens which came from the Bribie sand banks, as well as some from Yeppoon. Keppel Bay. We confirm his identifi- eation. As already pointed out by us, L. hirundo Reeve from Port Curtis is based on young specimens of L. hians. In the Queensland Museum collection were many shells labelled as L. hians from Moreton Bay, but on examina- tion they were all found to be L. murphiana.
The valves of L. hians have been described by a number of workers including Sowerby (1846, p. 338, pl. 67, fig. 4) ; Reeve (1859, pl. 2, fig. 12a and b) ; Chenu (1862, p. 234, fig. 1202, 1204) ; and Davidson (1886 p. 217 pl. 29 figs. 12, 13). Gratiolet (1860) referred to certain points in its enatomy and published figures. The locality generally given for the species is the China Seas while Dall (1873) adds Amboyna in the Moluccas.
In the Queensland Museum collection are many speci- mens of L. hians, two of which were in the same box as L. exusta from Torres Straits and were presumably from that locality. There are no data regarding the remainder, but they are probably from Moreton Bay, since Dr. Shirley has informed us that ZL. hians is not uncommon on certain of the banks there.
The specimens were all characterised by a thin horny translucent shell of a very pale green colour, with the lines of growth sometimes of a deeper green. Occasionally one noticed a splash of coppery or rusty tint near the middle of the shell. The edges were almost colourless, while the centre portion was whitish or creamy owing to calcification in the region of the main muscle insertions. The remainder of the shell was very little mineralised and, as a consequence, dried specimens became more or less distorted (hence the
56 THE LINGULIDZ OF THE QUEENSLAND COAST.
name hians), especially towards the umbonal end, where the valves contracted laterally in such a way that-this portion of each became higher, narrower and much more pointed than under natural conditions. By placing such valves for a few minutes in warm water, they resumed their proper shape. All our measurements were made from specimens so treated and subsequently carefully wiped dry. The beak was much more pronounced on the ventral valves.
The length, breadth and ratio of length to breadth were as follows :—ventral valves—43 mm. by 18 mm. (2.38) ; 39 by 16 (2.43) ; 42 by 17 (2.47) ; 42 by 17 (2.47) ; 47 by 19.5 (2.41) ; 42 by 17.5 (2.40) ; 42 by 17.5 (2.40) ; dorsal valves— 45 by 19 (2.37) ; 43 by 18 (2.38) ; 42 by 18 (2.33) ; 42 by 18 (2.33). Our specimens then ranged from 39 to 47 mm. in length and 16 to 19 mm. in breadth ; the smallest ventral valve being 39 by 16 mm., 7.e. 1.56 inch by 0.64 inch ; and the longest 47 by 19.5 mm., 7.e., 1.88 inch by 0.78 inch. Davidson’s sizes are 1 inch 10 lines by 9 lines, #.e., 1.83 by 0.75 inch, the ratio being 2.44. His ratio falls within the limits observed by us for ventral valves, viz. 2.38 to 2.47. Most of ours were about 1.7 inches long and 0.72 inch wide.
In fully relaxed specimens the sides were practically parallel for the greater part of their length and were then greatly attenuated towards the apex. The lines of growth showed up quite distinctly through the very translucent shell, if held up to the light. They were wavy and could be readily noticed even on the inside of the shell. Davidson’s fig. 12, pl. 29, was evidently based on a dried and rather distorted specimen.
Tapparone-Canefri (1873, p. 255) identified as L. exusta a shell given by Dr. J. C. Cox as L. murphit. In the short,account, kindly transcribed for us by Mr. Chas. Hedley, mention is made of the subrostrate apex and of its form approaching that of L. hians from the China Seas and that there could thus be no doubt that the shell should be referred to L. exusta, the Australian representative of that species. He noted, however, that the colour differed from Reeve’s account, there being concentric zones of a fine green colour... From these scanty remarks we think
BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND OTTO S. HIRSCHFELD. 57
it probable that the correct determination should be L. hians since the remarks quoted do not apply to L. exusta as well as they would to that species which is now known to be so widely distributed.*
L. hians extends from the China Sea to Torres Straits, thence down the Eastern Australian coasts to Moreton Bay and occasionally to Port Jackson ; and also easterly to New Caledonia. There can be little doubt but that it occurs in suitable situations in New Guinea, the Solomons and New Hebrides. Perhaps the Fijian L. anatina may be L. hians.
At Noumea, both ZL. hians and L. anatina have been reported by Brazier (1879b, p. 402) and Francois (1891) respectively. The former mentioned in an earlier paper (1879a, p. 390) that DL. anatina was rather common in mud flats there. His material was, as already stated, L. hians. We have not had access to Francois’ original papers and therefore cannot pass definite opinion regarding his identi- fication, though we doubt the likelihood of L. anatina occur- ing in that locality. A brief note regarding the habits of L. hians in the China Sea was published by E. A. Smith (1878, pp. 820-1) who stated that it lived in mud or sandy clay at low water mark, its presence being indicated by the occurrence of oval orifices in the mud.
The wide distribution of the species suggests that the larva has a fairly extended life and is able to adapt itself vo rather wide limits of temperature, since the adult occurs in tropical, sub-tropical and warm temperate waters in the Eastern Pacific.
Inngula sp.
Jukesf in his “‘ Voyage of the Fly” (1847, p. 144) gave the following account of a Lingula occuring near Cape York, North Queensland :—‘‘ I procured also from a muddy bay, to the east of Evans Bay, anumber of the genus Lingula alive. The shells lay buried in a close unctuous mud.
*Dr. J. C. Cox in his privately issued “* Exchange list of Land and Marine Shells from Australia and the aijacent Islands” 1868, mention is made on p. 30 of No. 456, Lingula hians Swainson, Middle Harbour (Port Jackson)—fide Mr. C. Hedley. It was in this locality that Angas obtained his specimens.
+We are indebted to Mr. C. Hedley for this reference.
58 THE LINGULIDZ OF THE QUEENSLAND COAST.
two or three inches deep. They were always in a vertical position, with the beak downwards. The fleshy or gelatin- ous pedicle which passed from between the beaks was five or six times as long as the shell and passed down into the mud, ending in a thickened knob. These pedicles did not appear to be attached to anything. On pulling at the shell, a slight resistance was felt, but not more than would be caused by the knob being drawn through the narrower hole in which the pedicle lies.’””’ This description does not allow one to identify the animal but the species was probably either L. hians or L. exusta. The very long peduncle suggests the former, since this organ is short in the latter.
Lingula murphiana King. (Text-figure 8 ; Plate 2, figs. 5 and 6).
- Syns: JL. anatina Hancock 1858. L. anatina Dall 1871 (in part). L. anatina Brazier 1879a—Moreton Bay. L. anatina Martens 1889—Peel I., Moreton Bay. — L. anatina Hedley 1909 (in part), Moreton Bay.
L. rostrum Hedley 1916—Moreton Bay. L. rostrum Thomson 1918—Moreton Bay. L. murphiana of authors.
The species was described by Reeve (1859, pl. 1, fig. 3) who retained the MS. name given to it by Capt. King, one of the early explorers of Australia. Some of Reeve’s in- formation was published by Chenu (fig. 1199, p. 233). Davidson gave a very good account and several excellent figures of the shell (1888, p. 215-6, pl. 29, fig. 11; pl. 30, figs. 1-3), at the same time expressing the belief that Hancock (1858) had described the anatomy of this species under the’ name of L. anatina and that his L. affinis was probably L. anatina Lam. Hancock’s specimen of the former was examined by Davidson who stated (p. 215) that its size and colour agreed with those of L. murphiana, but that the identity could not be settled until the animal of ZL. mur- phiana had been again examined.
BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND OTTO S. HIRSCHFELD. 59
Davidson’s concise account of the shell is as follows .:— “ Shell large, squarish oblong, longer than wide, sides almost parallel, slightly curved inwards towards the middle of their length. Anterior edge gently rounded, with angular projection in the middle ; beaks attenuated, that of the ventral valve pointed and the longest. Valves about equally convex, with a flatness commencing close to the - beaks and extending to the front and on each side, sloping to the lateral edges. Colour coppery red, with bands of different shades of green and brown. In the interior of the valves, the muscular area is white, the remainder of the surface light and dark green. Shell structure horny and calcareous. Length of shell 2 inches 6 lines, breadth 1 inch 1 line ; length of peduncle 63 inches.”
L. murphiana is not uncommonly found in the sandy mud between tide marks at certain localities in Moreton Bay, e.g., at Sandgate (to the north of the mouth of the Brisbane River), and at Burpengary Creek, Deception Bay.
In addition to our own material, we examined a number of specimens belonging to the Queensland Museum collec- tion, allfrom the same localities. Marten’s ZL. anatina from Peel Island, Moreton Bay, almost certainly belongs to this species which resembles L. anatina rather closely. As already mentioned, the brachiopods from Moreton Bay referred to under the latter name by Brazier (1879a) and Hedley (1909), and as L. rostrum by Hedley (1916), and Thomson (1918), belong to L. murphiana. Dall (1871, p. 55) doubted the validity of the species stating that ‘ this species (?) much resembles L. anatina,’’ while in 1873 (p. 203) he included it as a ¢synonym of the latter, but omitted to include Moreton Bay amongst the known localities.
The length, breadth and ratio of length to breadth of specimens and ventral valves examined by us, were as follows :—59 mm. by 26, ratio 2.27 ; 59 by 26 (2.27) ; 59 by 25.5 (2.31) ; 57 by 26 (2.19) ; 57 by 25.5 (2.23) ; 57 by 25 (2.28); 57 by 25 (2.28); 55 by 26 (2.1); 54 by 24 (—a shrunken specimen—ratio 2.25); 52 by 23 (2.26); 51 by
60 THE LINGULIDE OF THE QUEENSLAND COAST.
23 (2.22); 50 by 22 (2.27).* Through the kindness of Professor Sir Baldwin Spencer F.R.S., we were able to examine two specimens in the Melbourne University collection (locality, ?Brisbane), measuring 58 mm. by 25 mm. (ratio 2.32), and 50 by 21 mm. (ratio 2.38) respect - ively. Davidson mentioned as sizes 2 inches 6 lines by. l inch 1 line, the ratio being 2.3. The ratio of all measured specimens is then practically constant being between 2.1 and 2.3. JL. anatina has much the same viz. 2.2, but as already mentioned, its valves are less strongly calcified and do not attain to the same length and breadth,, while the outline is not so square at the free extremity.
The valves of L. murphiana are strongly calcified, relatively thick and practically opaque. Even after pro- longed treatment (for several weeks) in 5 per cent. acid alcohol, they do not lose their form as a result of subsequent drying, whereas the shell of L. bancrofti does under such conditions. The rectangular outline has been already re- ferred to and is well illustrated by Davidson. The entire animal is comparatively thick and a transverse section shows a more or less elliptical outline, there being no depressed area on each side of the mid region of each valve. A considerable overlap of the dorsal valve by the ventral was commonly noticed, the amount being about two millimetres.
The deltidial region is very well developed and the muscle scars quite prominent, the median ridge being welt marked especially on the dorsal valve. This was noted by Davidson (1888, p. 211) who published excellent figures showing the inner faces of the valves (pl. 30, figs. 1-3). The projecting point shown in his figure (pl. 30, fig. 1) is fairly characteristic, though not usually as sharply marked as indicated therein. It is best seen on the dorsal valve. The shell occasionally gapes slightly. The colouration has been noted by Reeve and Davidson. We found, how ever, that the amount of green present varied, but that the coppery red tint predominated and was often blotehy.
*There is also a specimen (?locality) measuring 43.5 by 20 mm. (ratio 2.17) which may belong to L. murphiana but we are inclined to regard it as DL. exusta.
BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND OTTO S. HIRSCHFELD. 61
‘The entire shell may be red brown to pinkish, interspersed with shades of green. The general colour is very like the brown variety of L. bancroftt. There is commonly a deposit of thick, almost black, readily removable, pigment on the surface of the valves, especially in the vicinity of the peduncle. The latter is rather long and fleshy, measuring from 110 to 155 mm. in length in our preserved specimens. A tube of sand covers only the cylindrical ampulla at its extremity.
The sete are arranged at the free end as in JL. anatina while the laterals are short and the postero-laterals well marked. We were unable to detect pallial pigmentation in our material which had been preserved several years. Perhaps the densely calcified condition of the shell may be correlated with the lack of pigment, if this feature be normal. The arrangement of the musculature resembles in detail that figured (under the name JL. anatina) by Hancock whose excellent drawings show also the typical form of the ccelome as seen when either the dorsal or ventral valve is removed.
The. intestine, which is relatively wider and thinner walled than in L. bancrofti, is thrown into a few wide loops differing in position from those of that species and JL. anatina. The anus lies somewhat dorsally on the right side anteriorly to the insertion of the oblique muscles. It is not situated on a distinct elevation and is, as a con- sequence, inconspicuous. The liver and gonads occupy positions as shown by Hancock. The nephridia are maroon coloured organs, covered in greater part by the gonads.
Occasionally one notices specimens in which only a few of the pallial sinuses branch in the manner figured by Hancock (pl. 64, fig. 4) ; but in many cases, a fairnumber of the most anteriorly situated vessels divide up to a cousider- able degree, so that a plexus-like condition is seen. There may be frequent anastomoses. Between the anterior termination of each main sinus is a space which to the naked eye appears as a non-vascular whitish area, on account of the absence of prominent branches from the inner aspect of each terminal sinus. The majority of the outer vessels from each pallial sinus travel outwardly
62 THE LINGULIDZ OF THE QUEENSLAND COAST.
almost in a straight line. The posterior pallial sinuses are relatively large branching vessels which may be gorged with purplish blood. A well defined visceral vessel is also at times readily recognisable, its appearance reminding one of that figured by Hancock (pl. 64, fig. 1).
This latter condition was not observed in any of our specimens of L. bancrofti. The form and position of the canals in the arms (text-figure 8) is different from that described for the last named species. In L. murphiana the anterior canal, as seen in section, is not circular, while the posterior canal is less extensive, and the brachial fold is rather thin and narrow.
The habits of LZ. murphiana as far as we know them, resemble those of LZ. anatina and other littoral species of Lingula.
Relationships :—Reeve (1859) remarked “‘ whether this should be regarded as an Australian form of Lingula anatina or as a distinct species, it is certain that the differ- ences are obvious and constant.”? He went on to say that all the specimens examined by him were distinguished from L. anatina which is common in the Bay of Manila, Philip- pine Islands, by a more square outline and a peculiarly coppery-red tone of colour.
Davidson (1888, p. 216) referred to the shell being wider in comparison to its length, thicker and differing in colour. He thought it nearly allied to L. tumidula and in a letter to Brazier (Davidson 1879, p. 402) had doubted whether the two species were really distinct, suggesting that as they occurred in the same Jocality and were of the same colour, L. twmidula might be only a very wide variety of L. murphiana. As pointed out by us when dealing with the former, there is no resemblance either in colour, consistency of shell, or shell proportions ; and, moreover, they do not occur in the same locality as far as we know, though the name ** Moreton Bay ”’ was stated as the locality in each case. We have mentioned elsewhere the likeli- hood of confusion between Moreton Bay, an inlet in the south-eastern corner of Queensland, and Moreton Bay, the district which subsequently became the colony of Queensland,
BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND OTTO S. HIRSCHFELD. 63
Blochmann (1900, pp. 94-5; quoted by Yatsu 1902) enumerated several distinguishing characters separating this species from L. anatina, but Yatsu believed the mode of branching to be the only reliable criterion, considering the remaining points to be mere individual differences. He found that Japanese forms, regarded as L. anatina varied in their proportions of length, breadth, and thickness so that some agreed with L. anatina and others with L. murphiana. We regret that we have not been able to consult Blochmann’s paper either in Brisbane or Sydney.
L. exusta Reeve. Syns :—L. anatina Hedley 1898, Brit. New Guinea L. anatina Banfield 1918, Dunk I., N.Q. L. exusta Tapparone-Canefri, 1873.
The best account is that published by Davidson (1888, p. 217-8, pl. 28, figs. 20, 21, 21a), the original being very short (Reeve 1859, pl. 2, fig. 9; Sowerby, 1846, p. 339). Reeve considered it related to L. hians and thought that it was perhaps the Australian representative of that species. The description given by Davidson is as follows :—*‘ Shell oblong, much longer than wide, a little broader anteriorly ; sides almost subparallel, slightly curved inwards near the middle of their length ; front line very gently curved, with a projecting angle in the middle. Valves convex, beaks obtusely angular, surface smooth, shining, darkish coppery yellow-brown, especially towards the lateral and frontal margins. Length of shell 1 inch 7 lines, breadth 8 lines.” The ratio of length to breadth is then 2.37. The only .ocality mentioned for the species is ‘‘ Moreton Bay.’’ Davidson remarked that he had seen a number of specimens and that they all presented the same shape and marked dark colour. In addition to republishing Reeve’s figure, he illustrated a shell from the British Museum collection (pl. 28, fig. 21, 21a), the locality being given as Moreton Bay.
We have examined a number of valves belonging to the Queensland Museum, collected by Hartmann in Torres Straits. These agree with Davidson’s:account and figure. The shell is strongly calcified especially when adult, main- taining its form when dry. In these two points the species
64 THE LINGULID& OF THE QUEENSLAND COAST.
is quite distinct from L. hians. Though its proportions may approximate those of the latter, the consistency and colour of the valves are more suggestive of L. anatina. There is usually a very deep green margin and a green tinge is common throughout the shell, especially in its anterior half. Sometimes a distinct metallic appearance is visible on parts of the valves. This has been referred to by Reeve as a peculiar coppery redness which assumes in this species * a dark, shining, swarthy tone of colour.” This is at times very evident in old specimens, especially anteriorly and around the margiis, when the green colour then becomes much less noticeable. The muscle impressions are very obvious.
L. exusta is the smallest species known from the Queens- land coast.. The following is a list of measurements (length, breadth and ratio of length to breadth) made by us from odd valves: ventral valves—37 mm. by 15 mm. (2.46) ; 34 by 13.5 (2.52) ; 32 by 13 (2.46) ; 32.5 by 13.5 (2.41) ; dorsal valves—31 by 14 (2.21) ; 31 by 13 (2.38). Occasion- ally the free margin was the widest portion of the shell.
There is in the Queensland Museum collection a specimen collected by C. J. Wild, at Port Douglas, North Queensland, measuring 42 mm. by 19 mm., the ratio being 2.2. It has a strongly calcified shell, brownish and greenish in colour, with the sides practically parallel. Its general appearance agrees sufficiently closely with that of L. exusta, though in some points it suggests L. murphiana.
Owing to the kindness of Professor $8. J. Johnston, of the Zoology Department, University, Sydney, we were able to examine two specimens of Lingula which Professor W. A. Haswell, F.R.S., informed us were given to him in 1883, by Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods. The latter said that these had been obtained in Port Jackson. They proved to be L. exusta. Their measurements were as follows : length 37 and 34 mm. ; breadth 14.5 and 14 mm. ; peduncle 42 and 37 mm. respectively. The ratios of length to breadth were thus 2.55 and 2.43. The well calcified valves had a slight coppery appearance but were yellowish and greenish towards the free end which was slightly widened and bore a small but distinctgmedian prominence. They curved
BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND OTTO S. HIRSCHFELD. 65
gently on each side from the midline so that the cavity of the shell was comparatively deep, as in L. murphiana. The anterior sete were seen to be arranged in three groups as in L. anatina. The brownish peduncle terminated in a small ampullary region enclosed in a sandy tube about 5. mm. long. Since Tenison-Woods collected extensively in Northern Queensland, and seeing that all definitely known Australian localities for the species are in that region, it is quite probable that confusion in regard to localities has arisen. We feel justified in declining to recognise Port Jackson as a habitat, Prof. Haswell agreeing with our action in this matter.
K. J. Banfield in his recent book “ Tropic Days ” 1918, pp. 106-7) referred to the occurrence of a Lingula én Dunk Island, to the north of Rockingham Bay, North Queensland. ‘* In the mud close to the edge of the beach sand one of the most singular of marine animals exists and often its empty, horny, flexible semitransparent shell always tinted green, may be found. It is known in some works as Lingula anatina, and by the natives of this Isle, by whom a certain part is eaten, as ‘* Mill-ar-ing.’ A pinhole in the mud indicates the presence of the animal and the hungry black boy, thrusting his hand with out- spread fingers below it, closes the fingers and withdraws anything but an inviting morsel. To the tongue-shaped shell is attached a pedicle or stalk, attaining a length of ten inches, opaque and tough, which is broken off, seared over the fire, and eaten with apparent relish. It is remark- able that in localities where this mollusc is found, a seaweed occurs similar in shape and size, the chief difference in > appearance being in the length of the stalk which in the plant is thin and membranous.” (? Halophila ovata T.H.J.).
The “empty horny, flexible, semitransparent shell, always tinted green ”’ suggested L. hians, but in answer to our request for specimens, Mr. Banfield kindly sent down a goodly number collected in a few minutes in sandy mud near Brammo Bay, Dunk Island. The species has been determined by us as L. exusta. Either L. hians occurs in addition, or the above remarks regarding shell characters relate to young specimens of JL. exusta which are rather
difficult to distinguish from L. hians. The adults are quite E
66 THE LINGULID& OF THE QUEENSLAND COAST.
distinct and readily separable. Three young animais all with rather thin, horny, semitransparent valves through which the viscera, pallial pigmentation and pallial sinuses could be seen, were found to measure 26 mm. by 12.5 mm. (ratio 2.08) ; peduncle 35 mm. ; 29.5 by 14.5 (ratio 2.03) ; 32 by 14.5 (ratio (2.20) ; peduncle 32 mm., this specimen showing the presence of dark green pigment at the free extremities while the rest of the valves was yellowish brown, the shell being more calcified than those of the other two just referred to. Eight others, all adults with strongly calcified valves, were measured :—38 by 16. 5 (ratio 2.30) ; 39 by 17.5 (2.23) ; 39 by 18 (2.17) ; 40.5 by 18.5 (2.19) ; 40.5 by 19 (2.13) ; 41.2 by 19.5 (2.22) ; 42 by 17.7 (2.37) ; 42 by 19.2 (2.3). The contracted peduncle in this species is small, ranging up to 70 mm. but usually much shorter. All adults ex- amined showed the same general colouration—a very dark green pigmentation, especially towards the free ex- tremities, with green, golden and pale yellowish areas elsewhere. Occasionally a coppery tint was to be observed. The form of young shells was practically elliptical though somewhat broadened anteriorly, while that of adults was more rectangular with the sides subparallel and corners obtusely rounded, the anterior border possessing. a well marked median prominence. Hrosion of valves was com- monly seen. The ratio of length to breadth varies within considerable limits even in adults. Young forms are relatively broader. Since these measurements were made from preserved animais, they are more likely to be correct than those previously given, based on separated valves. The ranges of sizes in the two cases overlap, however, the ratios varying from 2.03 to 2.20 in young transparent forms, 2.13 to 2.37 in preserved adults ; and 2.37 to 2.52 in the case of separated ventral valves. No doubt amongst the latter there has been a slight lateral contraction owing to drying, and this would cause the shell to appear longer and the ratio greater.
Since this paper was practically completed before Mr. Banfield’s specimens arrived, we have not included an account of the anatomy of L. exusta. The pallial pigmen- tation is very heavy and is characteristically arranged
BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND OTTO S. HIRSCHFELD 67
being intermediate between that figured by Morse (figs 10 and 11) for Lingula sp. from Nagasaki, Japan, and that for L. anatina.
Mr. Hedley sent us a small specimen collected at Fyfe Bay near the south-eastern corner of British New Guinea (Lat. 10° 35’8., Long. 150° E.) and recorded by him as J.. anatina (1898, p. 369). It measured 34 by 14.5 mm. (ratio 2.34) and had a small peduncle 28 mm. long. The shell characters were those of a young L. exusta.
As already mentioned when dealing with L. hians, Tapparone Canefri identified an Australian specimen sent by Dr. Cox under the name of L. murphit as being L. exusta, but we believe it to have been L. hians.
Lingula bancrofti n.sp. (Text-figures 1-7; pl. I, figs. 1-4).
Representatives of this new species were collected by Dr. T. L. Bancroft and Miss M. J. Bancroft in December, 1916-January, 1917, at Burnett Head. They obtained their specimens by digging a large hole in the wet sand and then picking out Lingula, Thalassema and other invertebrates as the sides of the excavation fellin. By this means several very small brachiopods were gathered. We subsequently visited the locality on different occasions during 1918 and obtained additional material. Two dead Lingulas collected by Miss G. James on Pialba beach to the southward, belonged to the same species. No doubt L. bancrofti will be found to occur on many of the same mud flats on the shores of Hervey Bay, of which Burnett Head constitutes one boundary.*
This Lingula was met with at the Head in a portion of a bay-like area, exposed at low tides, and partly enclosed by the breakwater on the southern side of the entrance to the Burnett River. Its presence was detected by the occurrence of slit-like apertures in the mud from about ten yards from high water mark down to the furthermost limit of low tide. The animal appeared to be sociai in habit. It is worthy of note that the mud-inhabiting crabs were
*Miss James has forwarded others collected at Torquay and Urangan, on the coast of Hervey Bay (June, 1919).
68 THE LINGULIDZ OF THE QUEENSLAND COAST.
absent from the places where Lingula was plentiful though they were very abundant on other portions of the sand-mud beach. As Lingula was found to be very common in a gutter which contained water, while the banks were exposed, observations on its habits were made. In such a situation the brachiopods could be located owing to the reflection of light from the waving sete projecting just above the surface of the mud. The sete and the rounded portion of extremity of the valves could be protruded above the surface of the mud, so that about inch of shell projected under favourable conditions. The habits were similar to those described for L. anatina.
A few specimens were obtained in rather soft mud, but nearly all were collected in muddy sand. A greenish form was more common where the beach was rather muddy, while a brownish variety was commoner where the ground was more sandy, but both kinds were in abundance in a little gutter.
The shell corresponds rather closely with the account of that of ZL. anatina given by Davidson (1888, p. 207), Gratiolet (1860, p. 52, figs. 1 and 2) and Reeve (1895, pl. 2, fig. 10). Some dried specimens which had been previously preserved in spirit, coincide with certain of Sowerby’s figures of L. anatina (figs.9 and 10). Occasionally the valves are slightly wider near the beak than more distally. They are approximately equally convex and possess a ridge on their inner surfaces. The ventral valve extends slightly beyond the dorsal at the distal free pallial edge. The shell is quite smooth, though the lines of growth are readily noticed. Umbones are distinct.
The angles of the valves project so that the free extremity is rather squared, although there is often a slight median prominence. The shape of this portion is more like that figured by Sowerby’s (figs. 9 and 10) for the dark and brown varieties of ZL. anatina than his fig. 2 and 3, although occasionally that shape is to be seen too. The free end is rounded in very young specimens. The general colour is like that of L. anatina (Davidson, Reeve). In some the prevailing tint is distinctly brown, in others brown with some green, in others bright green with some brown.
BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND OTTO S. HIRSCHFELD. 69
None were found to be entirely brown though that colour predominates in the thicker parts of the shell of all specimens and in preserved material tends to become dominant. Sometimes the colour is almost a pure pale green, but brown tints are visible in the central portion of the valves. Longitudinal lines and also lines of growth are readily seen in decalcified valves.
Morse (p. 320) in speaking of L. anatina from Japanese waters mentioned that he found a proportion of the shells thickened, discoloured and eroded, forming a marked con- trast to other specimens, equally large, but with clear green shells, thinner in texture and more perfect in condition. He believed that the animals with rougher and thicker valves were probably a year or more older than the others. We found such eroded thicker shells amongst the rather chinner shelled forms.
Our smallest specimens measure 10.5 by 5.0 mm. with a peduncle of 100 mm. long, the ratio of the length of the ventral valve to its breadth being 2.1; 13.5 by 6.4 mm. (ratio 2.11), peduncle 20 mm. ; 12 by 5.6 (ratio 2.14) ; 20.5 by 10 (ratio 2.05), peduncle 35 mm. ; 21.0 by 10.8 (ratio almost 2); 23 by 11 (ratio 2.1). Many of the collected specimens measured about 41 mm. in length by 20.5 mm. in breadth (ratio 2.0). A few large forms with thickened shell and light coppery tint reminding one of L. murphiana, measured 50 by 24 mm. (ratio 2.08). Another with a typical greenish shell not specially thickened had the same measure- ments. Of the 45 adults measured, 29 were between 40 and 50 millimetres in length, 35 were between 32 and 48 mm. The majority were between 43 and 46 mm. Thirty-eight had a breadth ranging between 20 and 24 mm. We find that the ratio of length to breadth is a very useful character in distinguishing Lingulids, being, at least in some species, a comparatively constant feature. Out of the 45 specimens measured, in two cases it was 1.9 ; in 19, 2.0°; 14, 2:1 ; 6) 2.2): 3, 2.3 7 while in one it was 2.4) The average was 2.08. In 33 the ratio was between 2.0 and 2.1. In the longest specimen it was 2.08. Even in all the young animals measured it was found to range between 2.0 and 2.14. Owing to the horny nature of the edges, the sides of
70 THE LINGULIDH OF THE QUEENSLAND COAST.
the valves may undergo some distortion during drying. All the foregoing measurements, however, were taken from preserved animals.
The sizes mentioned and the figures published for Z. anatina by Davidson, Yatsu and others show a ratio of 2.2. Sowerby’s fig. 3, has a ratio of 2.4, while figs. 9 and 10 (brown and dark varieties respectively) show a ratio of 2.1. L. bancroftti then can usually be distinguished from ZL. anatina, which it closely resembles in most of its shell characters, by its 1atio of length to breadth being rather less. 7.e., the shell is relatively somewhat broader. Sowerby’s figs. 9 and 10 are very suggestive of our species.
In L. murphiana, the other Queensland species with which the shell might be confused, the ratio is about 2.3, and, moreover, the adult shell is longer, thicker, more mineralised and the coppery colour more pronounced. Besides, just distally from the umbones, a section of the paired valves is more rounded than in L. bancrofti, a de- pressed area being present on each side of the mid-region of the valve in the latter species. There are also. marked anatomical differences to be noted later.
The proportions correspond with those of L. jaspidea, viz., 2.0, and L. reevei, 2.1 (Davidson pl. 28, fig. 23, 24 and fig. 18 respectively), but the form is quite different in the three species. In young individuals the shell is sufficiently transparent to allow one to see the arms,«pallial sinuses, nephridia, rectum, liver and muscle impressions. The anatomy of small and medium sized specimens can be easily studied in Canada balsam after prolonged decalcification in rather strong acid acohol (70 per cent. alcohol with 3 per cent. HC1.) followed by gradual dehydration and clear- ing in clove oil. The use of a weak solution of Ehrlich’s or Delafield’s hematoxylin followed by careful and pro- longed decolorisation, gives a very good result.
The muscle scars are arranged as in L. anatina. No marked submarginal scar for the insertion of the sete musculature was recognised. King (p. 12, fig. 5) did not observe it in L. anatina. The deltidial region (text-figure 6) resembles in most details that described by this author for L. anatina.
BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND OTTO S. HIRSCHFELD. 71
The pallial pigment is constant in position (text-figure ' 5), resembling somewhat that figured by Morse (pl. 52, fig. 10) for the Japanese L. anatina. Sometimes the pig- mentation is not so heavy and consequently not so evident
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72 THE LINGULIDZ OF THE QUEENSLAND COAST.
but the general disposition of the patches is constant. Morse believed the arrangement to be of specific value. We agree with his suggestion (p. 349) that these areas are prob- ably sensitive to light. They are restricted to those portions of the pallium lying in the translucent region of the shell which can be projected above the surface of the sand.
The peduncle is highly contractile (text-figure 2). In life the centre is creamy in colour but has a tinge of pink after preservation. The horny envelope is quite trans- parent. The whole peduncle and also its inner muscular portion gradually become narrowed as they pass back from the insertion into the ventral valve, being narrowest just in front of the ampulla where the stalk widens as a*thin walled organ. The horny layer of the anterior part of the ampulla is considerable thickened. Surrounding the ampulla is a tube of agglutinated sand grains. The structure of the peduncle is like that described by Gratiolet (1860, pp. 63- 70) and King (1873, p. 14).
The arrangement of the sete resembles that in L. anatina (Morse pl. 40, fig. 16 ; Francois 1891, 1895, fig. 315), the median and anterior clusters projecting freely, the lateral setze only slightly, while the posterior cluster is very distinct on each side. Rather long setze surround the base of the peduncle. The anterior lateral setz are very long in young specimens (text-figure 1), measuring as much as 3.5 mm.inaform12mm.long. In the lateral and posterior setze which are doubtless the organs by which Lingula climbs up its tube, one notices a strongly marked alter- nation of brown and colour‘ess regions, particularly in the basal portion of each seta.
In L. bancroftt the pallial sinuses resemble those
figured by Hancock* (pl. 64, fig. 3) for L. anatena except that there is commonly a certain amount of branching of
the most anterior channels and, at times, of some of the laterals also. Gratiolet published figures (pl. 7, fig. 1; p. 89. fig. 15) showing occasional branching of the anterior pallial sinuses in LD. anatina, such a condition being also’ indicated in one of his figures of L. hians (pl. 9 fig. 1). In L. affinis the sinuses are few and branch in a marked manner
*Hancock’s L. anatina is not L. anatina Lam. but L. murphiana.
BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND OTTO S. HIRSCHFELD. 73
(Hancock, pl. 66, figs. 1, 2, 3 ; Davidson pl. 29, fig. 9). The arrangement in New Caledonian specimens of L. anatina is shown in Francois’ figure (1895, p. 315) as being simple ; likewise also in Woodward’s figures. Occasionally the terminal portions of the sinuses in L. bancroftt are somewhat swollen, resembling the condition figured by Gratiolet (p. 89, fies = pl. 8: fig. 1).
The posterior pallial sinus on each side is inconspicuous and bears very short branches since this region of the body is very narrow owing to there being little room between the oval perivisceral cavity and the lateral edge of the body. In ZL. anatina and L. murphiana there is a considerable space in this position on each side and the posterior sinus is consequently large and gives off numerous short branches (Francois, King, Gratiolet, Hancock). The structure of a branch of the anterior sinuses is like that described and figured by Morse (p. 351, pl. 53, fig. 4), the ciliate ridge dividing the channels or lacune being rather wide and shallow.
The arms or brachia do not call for comment. They are pearly, whereas in L. anatina Morse states (p. 332) that they are pure white with a border and collar of a dark brown and the sides of the cirri also-brown. Though this author recorded that the arms could be protruded to a considerable distance beyond the shell (pl. 40, fig. 17), we did not observe such action, some of the cirri being the only projecting structures. Yatsu (p. 64) reported that the Japanese L. anatina could project only the comb-like row of cirri of the largest whorl of the arm, the tip of the brach- ium being always retained within the mantle cavity.
If a section be cut across an arm (text-figure 7), the anterior canal (which is circular in section) is seen to be comparatively large while the posterior canal is long and very narrow, lying just below the surface. The brachial fold is prominent. The general appearance is like that of L. anatina as figured by Gratiolet and that given by Hancock for his L. anatina (pl. 65, fig. 7) whichis really L. murphiande
We have compared the muscular system with the available accounts given for L. anatina and L. lepidula, but have not been able to consult Blochmann’s important paper on the subject (1900).
74 THE LINGULIDA OF THE QUEENSLAND COAST.
The anterior occlusors (central muscles of King and Davidson), as seen on removing the dorsal valve, are rela- tively larger and more distin tly pyriform than they are in ‘L. anatina, while the anteriorly directed narrow portion of each approximates its fellow so that a very narrow interval separates them from each other and from the hinder border of the lateralis muscles (anterior laterals of King and David- son). These anterior occlusors are relatively larger than those of L. lepidula (Morse, pl. 48, fig. 2) and of about the same relative size as those of L. affinis, but they approach each other more closely in L. bancrofti than in the last- named species. The lateralis is relatively smaller than in L. anatina (Hancock, Woodward, King) and L. lepidula (Morse). The posterior occlusor (umbonal) muscle is well developed and is circular or elliptical in outline.
If the ventral valve be removed the appearance of the muscular system is somewhat like that figured by Hancock (pl. 64, fig. 2) for his L. anatina (whichis really L. murphiana) except that the posterior lateral pallial region is much narrower and the lateralis better deve’oped in L. bancroftt. In the latter the internal oblique (transmedian of King and Davidson) is more powerful and covers the posterior parts of the nephridium, while the anteriorly situated band of its divided fellow of the opposite side is considerably wider than the posteriorly directed portion, reminding one of the condition figured by Gratiolet (p. 77, fig. 11) for L. anatina, and by Morse (pl. 48, fig. 2) for L. lepidula. In L. affinis they are subequal (Hancock, pl. 65, fig. 2).
The mouth, an elongate aperture with a _ crenate border, leads into an cesophagus which is thick walled, especially near the mouth and in the vicinity of the insert- ion of the mesentery. The stomach is more marked than in Hancock’s figure (pl. 65, fig. 4) but less pronounced than in L. lepidula (Morse pl. 47, figs. 5 and 6). The gastric or stomachal glands (“‘ liver ’’ or hepatic diverticula) occupy a great deal of the perivisceral ccelome, the dorsal portion being more extensive than the ventral. The straight intestine proceeds posteriorly in line with the cesophagus and stomach, but just in front of the umbonal muscle it becomes bent forwards on the left side sometimes reaching
BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND OTTO S. HIRSCHFELD. 75
the ventral lobe of the liver. In young specimens (text- figure 1) it then bends backwards to travel between the straight intestine and the first loop, or else above the straight intestine (¢.e., on the left side of the ccelome). It then crosses above the latter to travel obliquely forward to terminate at the arms on the right side. In adult animals (text-figure 3) the intestine appears to have elongated to a much greater extent than the ccelome and as a consequence has become thrown into a pronounced loop which is barely indicated in young specimens. The tube after reaching the vicinity of the liver forms a large open loop extending dorsally into the right side of the ccelome above the straight intestine and commonly above the rectum also, returning to the left side to form another loop before con- tinuing as the rectum which has the same relative position asin young animals. The coiling of the intestine resembles that described by Gratiolet for L. hians (fig. 19, p. 138) rather than that figured for L. anatina (Woodward), and L. affinis (Hancock, pl. 65, fig. 4). In these two species the loops are closer, the coils forming a loose ball. In the adult of L. bancrofti the coiling is intermediate between the condition seen in L. hians and L. anatina.
The intestine, stomach and gastric glands of several small specimens which had been cleared and mounted were found to be filled with the valves of a number of different genera of diatoms. The contents of the posterior half of the intestine were arranged in more or less rounded fecal pellets in which diatoms could be seen.
In a young decalcified specimen in a position similar to that in which Morse found an otocyst in L. lepidula (pl. 47, figs. 5 and 6) we observed a small spherical organ 0.15 mm. in diameter. This otocyst was situated just behind the occlusor and laterally from the stomach. Morse noted its presence in L. anatina also (p. 348) but mentioned that he had not been able to see them in any Lingulas preserved in alcohol. We observed them in only two out of several submitted to microscopical examination.
The gonads are obvious structures in adults but are not recognisable in our smallest specimens. They occupy
76 THE LINGULIDZ OF THE QUEENSLAND COAST.
positions similar to those of L. anatina, the ovary being pale brownish and the spermary whitish or faintly pinkish..
The glandular portion of each nephridium is flattened. and brightly coloured—red brown to deep orange—especially towards the nephrostome, shading into a pale yellow towards. its outer opening (text-figures 3 and 4). This coloured. part can be readily seen through the valves in most specimens the colour persisting in specimens which had been over two years in alcohol and formalin. In L. anatina it is marked by dark maroon lines (Morse p. 361). In one of our specimens,, a young adult, a few deeper coloured longitudinal lines were: noticed, but whether they were merely accidental folds. or not we are unable to say. There is a sharp line of demar- cation between the coloured glandular nephridium and its colourless nephrostome, a deep constriction separating the two. The latter, which is about a millimetre in diameter,. in a specimen 35 mm. long, is intermediate in form between those of L. anatina and L. lepidula as figured by Morse (pl. 54, fig. 11; pl. 55, fig. 1). The margin is simple and the rim is bent over outwardly, one part of the rim being confluent with the body wall. The vessels in the wall of the nephrostome stain readily with hematoxylin.
A characteristic difference between ZL. bancrofts and most other species whose anatomy is known, relates to the form of the perivisceral coelome as seen when either valve is removed. If one compares its shape (figs. 2 and 3 and text-figure 1) with the figures of Z. anatina (King, figs. 1 and 2; Gratiolet, fig. 11; Hancock, pl. 64, figs. 1 and 2 =L. murphiana) and L. affinis (Hancock, pl. 66, fig. 1), it will be noted that the portion of the body cavity lying posteriorly to a line joining the insertions of the oblique muscles is greatly narrowed in the two species referred to, particularly when viewed from the dorsal surface. Con- sequently the oblique muscles and the nephridia lie in a wide celomic bay. In L. bancrofti the sides of the body wall do not project inwards to the same degree, the curvature being much more gradual. In this respect it is rather like L. lepidula where it is almost circular according to Morse. In the Burnett species it is a short oval if viewed in its mid
BY. T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND OTTO S. HIRSCHFELD. 77
horizontal region, since the lateral projections do not involve this portion but cover the dorsal and ventral postero- lateral edges as a thin sheet. We have used the term “* perivisceral ccelome ”’ widely so as to include the peri- gastric cavity. The periesophageal cavity does not call for comment.
L. bancrofti is closely related to both L. murphiana and L. anatina (L. rostrum). Type specimens have been deposited in the collections of the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, and the Australian Museum, Sydney.
GENERAL REMARKS.
Our brief acquaintance with the Lingulidz has led us to regard the following features as being of value for specific determination. Shell characters :—Opacity or transparency of the adult shell ; degree and extent of calcification ; general form of valves ; convexity of valves ; ratio of length to breadth ; maximum length; character of the umbonal regions ; presence or absence of well marked median ridges on the valves internally ; prevailing colour. Anatomical characters :—shape of ccelome ; arrangement of musculature ; disposition of setz ; branching of pallial sinuses ; pigment- ation of pallium ; shape of nephrostome ; coiling of intestine. The peduncular length should also be noted.
The Queensland species fall into four groups, (a) L tumidula, (b) L. hians, (c) L. murphiana and L. banerofti which resemble L. rostrum in general appearance, (d) L. exusta which reminds one of a small and very narrow L. rostrum.
Key to Queensland. species of Lingula, based on shell characters :— 1. Breadth of valves Lana more than half the length; shell thin, reddish brown........ L. tumidula
2. breadth of shel] not more than half length, shell greenish or copper coloured............00. 3
3. a. valves very thin, horny, readily distorted so that beaks become very prominent in dried
78 THE LINGULIDZ OF THE QUEENSLAND COASTY
specimens, shell translucent, colour pale green and) ‘bright SECM . 2 .ts cise loi eloe «leer ebetelste drt etait L. hians
b. valves more or less calcified, maintaining form more or less completely. ............ 4
4. a. large opaque strongly calcified valves of pale or coppery red colour, ratio of length to breadth 2.2 to 2.3—no depression on either side of mid- h}1( eas ROR BAR GCC OaOCOO CODED OOS cocc ce oe L. murphiane
b. fairly large shells, well calcified, translucent at free end, greenish or copper coloured, slight depression on either side of midline, ratio — generally <2:0—2.0 "9 2.350 cco selene L. bancrofte
c. Shell small, narrow, valves generally dark green at free extremity, rest may be coppery in tint, free extremity rather squared with median prominence, ratio of length to breadth variable, er PAK OMA ELEN WS! 8) Boge BS aapuC od oGbralocmcc DL. exusta.
Thomson (1918, p. 51) in referring to the distribution of Brachiopods in the Southern Hemisphere, stated that, if we exclude deep sea forms, there were few species common to the Southern and Northern Seas and that in the case of Lingula and of Platidia, the identifications of the southern forms were in need of confirmation. In the list of five such species mentioned by him are three of Lingula, viz., L. rostrum from Moreton Bay, the Indian Ocean and Japan ; L. hians from Port Jackson and the China Sea ; L. tumidula from Moreton Bay and the Philippines. We have shown that there is no undoubted record of L. rostrum (L. anatina) from Australia ; that ZL. hians is widely distributed in north . eastern Australia and adjacent islands ; and that L. tumidula occurs in Hervey Bay and is probably quite distinct from the Philippine species L. compressa.
The following table represents an attempt to show the relationships of different species in various Eastern Pacific regions. We think that a comparison of the East Indian and Japanese L. rostrum with the Philippine typical form should be carefully made—hence our query regarding such identifications.
BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND OTTO S. HIRSCHFELD. 79
Australasia | E. Indies Philippines S. Japan L. hians L. hians ? ? L. murphiana | | ? L. rostrum L. rostrum ? L. rostrum L. bancrofti
L. tumidula ? L. compressa L. adamsi L. exusta ? ? ? SUMMARY.
1. There are at least five species of Lingula known
from the Eastern Australian coast :
(a) L. hians Swainson—Torres Straits ; Keppel Bay ; Port Curtis ; Moreton Bay ; ?Cape York ; also from Sydney Harbour as an extremely rare animal.— (New Caledonia).
(6) L. murphiana King—Moreton Bay.
(c) LZ. bancrofti Johnston and Hirschfeld—Burnett Head, Ur.ngan, Torquay and Pialba (Hervey Bay).
(d) L. exusta Reeve—Torres Straits ; Dunk Is., N.Q.— (British New Guinea).
(ec) L. tumidula Reeve—Hervey Bay; Port Curtis. This is probably not a littoral species but an inhabitant of comparatively shallow waters,
2. There are no undoubted records of L. anatina (i.e., L. rostrum) from Australian waters.
3. The ratio of length to breadth is fairly constant for the species. In the case of ventral valves of adults of Australian Lingulids they are as follows :—L. hians 2.3 to 2.47, variable; DL. murphiana 2.2 to 2.3 (practically the same as L. anatina, 2.2); L. bancrofti 2.0 to 2.1; L. exusta 2.2 to 25, variable ; L. tumidula apparently about 1.5 to 1.6.
80 THE LINGULIDZ OF THE QUEENSLAND COAST.
We desire to acknowledge our indebtedness to Mr. H. A. Longman, Director of the Queensland Museum, for permission to examine the collection under his care: Dr. T. L. Bancroft, Miss M. J. Bancroft and Mr. E. J. Banfield, for supplies of brachiopods ; and especially to Mr. Chas. Hedley, Assistant Curator of the Australian Museum, Sydney, for his kindness in supplying information from many sources which were either unknown or inaccessible to us, and in forwarding for our examination specimens from New Guinea, New Caledonia, ete. The figures on plates I and II were drawn by Mr. Hubert Jarvis, Assist- ant Entomologist, Brisbane.
LETTERING AND EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Text-figures 1-7, L. bancrofti, fig. 8 L. murphiana. All except text-
figure 5 are from camera lucida drawings.
1. L. bancrofti, young specimen 13.5 mm. Jong, stained and viewed from ventral aspect as a transparent object.
2. part of peduncle of specimen shown in fig. 1 (full length 20 mm).
3. part of celome showing anatomy.
4. nephrostome and portion of nephridium.
5. free extremity of pallium of a small adult, to show arrangement of pigment (freehand sketch).
6. deltidium.
7. T.S. brachium (basal portion) of LZ. bancrofti.
8. T.S. brachium of L. murphiana.
Puate 1. L. bancrofti. Fig. 1. view of entire adult animal. 2. dorsal do. do. do, dorsal valve removed. 3. ventral do. do. do. ventral valve removed. 4, view of entire adult animal, pallium reflected, to show brachia pigmentation of pallium, pallial sinuses, etc.
Puate 2. L. murphiana. Fig. 5. dorsal view of animal, dorsal valve removed. 6. ventral do do ventral do do.
REFERENCES TO LETTERING ON TEXT-FIGURES AND PLATES.
a., anus; a.c., anterior canal of brachium ; 6.c., base of cirrus; b.f., brachial fold ; br., brachium ; c., cirrus; c.w., coelomic wall; d., deltidium crossed by alternating pale and yellowish-brown bands; d.c., deltidial callosities on deltidial ridges ; d./., dorsal portion of “‘ liver” ; d.r., deltidial ridge ; e.c., efferent canal of cirrus ; f., fecal] pellet ; g., gonad ; int., intestine ; 1.i., ‘‘lineated impression’ (of King), marking position of anterior end of
on, a
BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND OTTO S. HIRSCHFELD. 81]
horny layer of peduncle : /.m., lateralis muscle ; m., muscle ; m.p., muscul- ature of peduncle; n., nephridium ; nst., nephrostome: 0.m.e., external oblique muscle ; 0.m.7., internal obliqte muscle ; 0.m.m., median oblique muscle; oc.m., occlusor (anterior occlusor) muscles; 0c.m.e., external occlusor ; 0¢.m.i., internal occlusor ; of., otocysé; .c., posterior canal of brachium ; p.v.c., pervisceral ccelome ; s.7., straight portion of intestine ; u.m., umbonal (posterior occlusor) muscle ; v./., ventral portion of “‘liver”’; v.v., ventral valve; 2., marks limits of aperture through which the peduncle passes to its insertion into the ventral valve.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1858 Apams, A. Genera of Recent Mollusca, vol. 2 (plates vol. 3) 1858.
1863 Apams, A. On the genera and species of recent Brachiopoda found in the Seas of Japan. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3. 11, 1863, pp. 98-101.
1867 Ancas, G. F. A list of species of marine mollusca found in Pt. Jackson, etc. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, pp. 912-935.
1918 BanrieLp, E. J. ‘‘ Tropic Days.” Fisher Unwin, London, 1918.
1900 BrocumMann, F, Untersuchungen uber den Bau der Brachiopoden, pt. 2., Jena, 1900, pp. 69-124 (not available).
1879a Brazier, J. Synonymy of and remarks upon Port Jackson, New Caledonian and other shells, etc., P.L.S., N.S.W., ser. 1., 4, 1879 (1880) pp. 388-392.
18796 Brazier, J. List of Brachiopoda or lamp shells found in Port Jackson and the coast of New South Wales. P.L.S., N.S.W., ser. 1., 4, 1879 (1880) pp. 399-403.
1867 Curenu, J. C. Manuel de Conchyiologie, vol. 2., 1862.
1871 Dati, W. H. Amer. Jour. Conch. 6, 1871 (p. 156).
1873 Dati, W. H. Catalogue of the recent species of the class Brachio- poda, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad. 1873, pp. 177-204 (Lingulide, pp. 202-4).
1852 Davinson, T. Sketch of a classification of recent Brachiopoda, ete. Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist., 9, 1852 (Lingula, p. 377).
1871 Davinson, T. On Japanese recent Brachiopoda, P.Z.8., 1871, pp. 300-312.
1879 Davipson, T. Remarks on Australian Brachiopods—in Brazier 1879, pp. 400-402.
1880 Davipson, T. Report on Brachiopoda. Challenger Report, Zool. 1, 1880.
1888 Davipson, T. A monograph of recent Brachiopoda. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., ser. 2., 4, 1888. (Lingulide pp. 183-242).
891 Francois, P. Choses de Noumea. Arch. Zool. exp. gen. ser. 2, 9, 1891, pp. 231-9; and in Comptes Rendus 102, 1891, pp. 1316-8 (not available).
189la Francois, P. Abstract of Francois 1891, under title “‘ Anatomy of Lingula” in Jour. Roy. Micr. Soc. 1891, pp. 728-9.
1895 Francois, P. Abstracts and figures in Cambr. Nat. Hist. vol. 3.
(Molluscs and Brachiopods), pp. 483-4, figs. 315-321. G
Fd ‘ig
MARINE MOLLUSCA COMMON TO AUSTRALIA AND SOUTH AFRICA.
By Joun SHIRLEY, D.Sc., F.M.S.
( Read before the Royal Society of Queensland, 28th July, 1919).
In a former paper* the extremely wide range of marine shells found on the Queensland coasts, and the large per- -centage of species common to such distant places as Queens- land and the Philippine Islands have been dealt with at length. Melville and Standen in their ** Shells from Lifu ” refer constantly to similarity of species in the molluscan faunas of Mauritius and the Loyalty Islands, places separated by 3,000 miles of sea. They notice particularly the presence of a Galapagos shell, Cerithiwm zebrum Kiener, at Lifu, also reported by the writer from Murray Island in Torres Strait. Queensland species are found inhabiting the Red Sea and Persian Gulf, and others range as far as the coasts of China and Japan. Keeping their extraordinarily wide distribution in view, especially in the Indo-Pacific regions, it is curious to meet with statements like the following ,— tT The species,” referring to Ziziphinus bicingulatus Lamarck, “is South African according to the British Museum collection, and the Queensland locality is necessarily false.’ Again, the same writer in referring to Cymatium doliarium
*Shirley, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queens., XXV, 1914, pp. 5-12. j Hedley, Studies of Australian Mollusca, Part XI, 1913 p., 279.
84 MARINE MOLLUSCA
L. says, *‘‘ All the specimens in the British Museum col-
lection are from South Africa. There can be no doubt that these Australian records are fictitious.” In a prelim- inary index of the Mollusca of Western Australia the same argument is used: f‘‘ This record by Menke from W. Australia of an African shell is considered an error by Von Martens.”’ In each of these cases it is not the decision as to nomenclature that is here objected to, but the assertion that a South African habitat denies the possibility of the shell being found in Australian waters.
Having a small collection of shells from Cape Colony
and Natal, an examination proved that about one-sixth of these are also known to inhabit the coasts of Australia. This led to a careful search through the works of the chief conchologists and the compilation of the following list of species common to South Africa and the Australian. con- tinent, a list of some three hundred and fifty species. From the list some curious facts may be drawn. The common species are found mainly in the Solanderian and Dampierian or northern faunal provinces, while very few South African shells range to the nearer Adelaidean province, lying bet- ween Shark Bay and Wilson’s Promontory. Among Pelecypoda the genera Arca, Cardita, Mactra, Paphia and Tellina show the greatest percentage of species common to the coasts of the Union and the Commonwealth ; and among Gasteropods the following :— Arcularia, Cerithiwm, Conus, Cypraea, Drupa, Mitra, Pyrene, Terebra, Triton or Cymatium. It is to be expected that such far-wandering ocean travellers as Cavolinia and Janthina will prove common to the two areas ; but it is a surprise to find small shells as Hrato sulcifera Gray, Monoptygma casta A. Adams, Phos roseatus Hinds, Pteria zebra Reeve, Pyrene varians Sowerby, Rissoina. elegantula Angas, and Rissoina crassa Angas, common to these two southern lands.
Another point worthy of mention is the scanty number of shells in common of the very large families, Turbinidae and Pyramidellidae,
*Loc. cit. p. 297. tJour. Roy. Soc. W. Australia, I, 1916, pp. 19. 29, 65.
a
BY JOHN SHIRLEY.
85
Moxivusoa ComMon TO SourH AFRICA AND AUSTRALIA.
Acanthopleura spinigera Sowerby =gemmata Blainville. Akera soluta Gmelin. Ancilla anceps Lamarck. Anomia ephippium Linnaeus. Antigona listeri Gray. Aplustrum amplustre Linnaeus. Arca dwaricata Reeve. domingensis Lamarck. imbricata Bruguiere. navicularis Bruguiere. nwvea Chemnitz. squamosa Lamarck. + Architectonica cingulum Kiener. maximum Philippi. + Arcularia algida Reeve. arcularia Linnaeus. bicallosa Smith. clathrata Adams and
Reeve. tcoronata Bruguiere. filmerae Sowerby. jgaudiosa Hinds. gemmulata Lamarck. lentiginosa A. Adams. picta Dunker.
+ Aspella anceps Lamarck. Ataxocerithium serotinuma A. Adams.
Atys cylindrica Helbling. elongata A. Adams. Bankivia varians Becquard. ~t Bullaria ampulla Linnaeus.
Bullina scabra Gmelin.
Bursa affinis Broderip. granifera Lamarck. tlampas Lamarck= B. rubeta Bolten (L). tpusilla Broderip. Calliostoma Meyeri Philippi. Cancellaria lamellosa Hinds.
Cardita calyculata Lamarck. concamerata Bruguiere. tvariegata Bruguiere. |
Cardium papyraceum Chemnitz. rubicundum Reeve. rugosum Lamarck. tenuicostatum Lamarck.
Cassis achatina Lamarck.
areola Lamarck. tpila Reeve. Ttorquata Reeve.
Cavolinia uncinata Rang. quadridentata Lesueur. trispinosa Lesueur.
Cerithiopsis purpurea=WSetla albo-
sutura T. Wds.
Certthium citrinum Sowerby. tcolumna Sowerby. echinatum Lamarck. kochit Philippi. lactewm Kiener. tobeliscum Bruguiere. pingue A. Adams. rugosum Wood. taentatum Sowerby. tzebrum Kiener.
Charonia aquatilis Reeve.
Chitonellus striatus Lamarck.
Conus aplustre Reeve.
tarenatus Hwass. betulinus Linnaeus. tcapitaneus Linnaeus. ceylanensis Hwass. conspersus Reeve. flavidus Lamarck. tgeographus Linnaeus. glans Bruguiere. thebracus Linnaeus. tlineatus Chemnitz. tlividus Lamarck. tmiles Linnaeus. miliaris Hwass. tminemus Linnaeus. Tquercinus Bruguiere. rattus Lamarck. tessellatus Born. ttextile Linnaeus. tvermiculatus Lamarck. tvexillum Gmelin.
EE
t Shells so marked range also to Lifu, Loyalty Islands.
86
MARINE MOLLUSCA
Corbula tunicata Hinds. Crepidula aculeata Gmelin.
Cymatium australe Lamarck.
toracteatus Hinds. {chlorostoma Lamarck. cutaceus Linneus. doliarium Lamarck. elongatum Reeve= ves- encausticum Reeve. exaratus Reeve. Tgemmatus Reeve. tlabiosum Wood. olearium Linnaeus. tpyrum Reeve. paceum Reeve. trubeculum Lamarck. {tuberosum Lamarck. vespaceum Lamarck.
Cypraea angustata Gmelin.
tannulus Linnaeus. tarabica Linnaeus.
jcaput-serpentis Linnaeus.
tearneola Linnaeus. teaurica Linnaeus. {clandestina Linnaeus. costata Gmelin. teribraria Linnaeus. cruenta Gmelin. jerosa Linnaeus. felina Gmelin. fimbriata Gmelin. thelvola Linnaeus. tisabella Linnaeus. tlynx Lamarck. miliaris Gmelin. tmoneta Linnaeus. neglecta Sowerby. ocellata Linnaeus. quadripunctata Gray. tstaphylaea Linnaeus. stolida Linnaeus. ttabescens Solander. undata Lamarck. fvitellus Linnaeus. tziczac Linnaeus.
Cypricardia anguluta Lamarck.
Cytherea hebraea Lamarck.
Dentalium longitrorsum Reeve.
Distortrixanus Lamarck. decipiens Reeve.
Dolabellarumphii Cuvier= scapula:
Martyn. Dolium costatum Menke.
finbriatum Sowerby. variegatum Lamarck. Donax nitida Deshaye =veruinus
Hedley. Dosinia lamellata Reeve. Drillia bijubata Reeve. {Drupa aspera Lamarck.
tarachnoides Lamarck. fiscella Lamarck. heptagonalis Reeve. marginatra Blainville. tricinus Linnaeus. undata Chemnitz.
+ Engina anaxares Duclos. Epitonium aculeatum Sowerby.
clathratulum Montagu: jukesianum Forbes. replicatum Sowerby.
Erato sulcifera Gray. Ervilia bisculpta Gould.
+ Fasciolaria filamentosa Lamarck. . Fissurella fimbriata Reeve.
scutella Say. similis Soweroy.
Gafrarium divaricatum Chemnitz...
pectinatum Linnaeus.
Gibbula townsendi Sowerby.
affine Pease.
Gyrineum ranelloides Reeve. Haminea subcylindrica Sowerby. Harpa conoidalis Lamarck.
crassa Philippi. ventricosa Lamarck.
Heliacus luteus Lamarck.
Hipponyx acuta Quoy.
tantiquata Linnaeus.
jaustralis Quoy and Gaimard.
tbarbata Sowerby.
Hydatina physis Linnaeus Ischnochiton lentiginosus Sowerby
+ Shells so marked range also to Lifu, Loyalty Islands.
BY JOHN SHIRLEY. 37.
Janthina communis Lamarck. | Murex axicornis Lamarck. globosa Swainson. banksii Sowerby. exigua Lamarck. brevispina Lamarck.
Lima squamosa Lamarck=lima | ramosus Linnaeus.
Linnaeus. | Natica areolata Recluz. ftenera Chemnitz. didyma Bolten. { Lioconcha picta Lamarck. Li ag tmamilla Lamarck.
Lotorium gracile Reeve. marochiensis Gmelin.
{ Lucina exasperata Reeve. tsimiae Chemnitz. Ee ES + Nerita albicilla Linnaeus.
Tirana oblonga Cheeni einai Colin:
Lyrva matraeformis Lamarck. Splicata Linnaeus.
Macroschisma producta A. Adams. palantnecae,
Mactra achatina Chemnitz. australis Lamarck. ovalina Lamarck. polita Chemnitz. Margaritifera vulgaris Schumacher
Neritina crepidularia Lamarck. | Odostomia angasi Tryon. Oliva caerulea Bolten.
elegans Lamarck.
Marginella fusiformis Hinds. Ostrea cucullata Born. inconspicua Sowerby. Paphia cumingii Sowerby. metcalfer Angas= deshayesii Hanley. ochracea Ang. textrix Chemnitz=tezxtile- Megatabennus concatanatus Cross Lamarck. and Fischer. sulcaria Lamarck. Merria deshayesiana Recluz. Pecten limatula Reeve. ¢ Mitra cadaverosa Reeve. Philine aperta Linnaeus. carbonacea Hinds. schroetert Philippi. etreula Kiener. Phos roseatus Hinds. Rent ana | Pinna madida Reeve.
crenulata Lamarck. serra Reeve.
eiares Here: vexillum Born.
eeerale Gane” | Planarisaudeatus Quoy and Gat- aspera elin.
flammea Quoy. interlirata Reeve. limbifera Lamarck. tlitterata Lamarck. obeliscus Reeve. tpaupercula Linnaeus. trufescens A. Adams. zephyrina Duclos. Modiola auriculata Krauss.
mard. Pleurotoma marmorata Lamarck. | monilifera Pease. | tigrina Lamarck= Turris acuta Perry. Plicatula australis Lamarck. Psammmobia ornata Deshayes. Pteria zebra Reeve. +Pupa affinis A. Adams. lignea Reeve. suturalis A. Adams. Hodiolaria cuneata Gould. tsolidula Linnaeus. cumingiana Dunker. Pyramidella dolabratus Linnaeus. Monodonta australia Deshayes. tmitralis A. Adams. Monoptygma casita A. Adams. jsuleatus A. Adams. Montfortia conoidea Reeve. + Pyrazus palustris Bruguiere.
} Shells so marked range also to Lifu, Loyalty Islands.
88 MARINE Pyrene flava Bruguiere. + filmerae Sowerby. lactea Duclos. mendicaria (var.) Lamarck. pulchella Sowerby. tvarians Sowerby. tversicolor Sowerby. Pyrula reticulata Lamarck. Rapana nodosa A. Adams. | Rissoina elegantula Angas. } Rissoina crassa Angas.
Rochfortia paula A. Adams= peculiaris A. Adams.
Sanguinolaria donacioides Reeve.
Saaicava arctica Gmelin.=australis Lamarck.
Scutum imbricatum Quoy and Gai- mard. unguis Linnaeus. Seila albosutura T. Wads. Sepia hierredda Rang. tSepta pileare Lamarck.
Sigaretus papillus Gmelin. planulatus Recluz.
Solen sloanei Gray. Spondylus nicobaricus Chemnitz. Stomatella sulcifera Lamarck.
+Strombus floridus Lamarck.
tgtb’erulus Linnaeus. lamarcku Gray. lentiginosus Linnaeus.
Tellina capsoides Lamarck. tdispar Conrad. pharaonis Hanley. rastellum Hanley. trhomboides Quoy and Gai-
mard.
rosea Spengler. semen Hanley. umbonella Lamarck. tvirgata Linnaeus. virgulata Hanley.
MOLLUSCA
{ Terebra affinis Gray. babylonia Lamarck. cingulifera Lamarck. fictilis Hinds. monilis Quoy and Gai-
mard. pertusa Born. tstraminea Gray. tsubulata Lamarck. ttextilis Hinds. tdimidiata Lamarck.
Thais bufo Lamarck.
mancinella Lamarck. persica Lamarck. succincta Lamarck.
Torinia caelata Hinds. dorsuosa Hinds. variegata Gmelin.
Trapezium angulatum Lamarck.
Tridacna elongata Lamarck.
Triphora corrugata Hinds.
Tritonidea subrubiginosa Smith.
{Trivia insecta Mighels.
tpellucidula Gaskoin. {vitrea Gaskoin. toryza Lamarck.
Trochus impervius Menke.
virgatus Gmelin.
Trophon contractus Reeve.
Turbinella incarnata Reeve. nassatula Lamarck
*Turbo chrysostomus Linnaeus.
intercostalis Menke.
Turbonilla bifasciata A. Adams. fusca A. Adams. hofmani Angas. Turris acuta Perry.
Umbonium vestiarium Linnaeus. Umbrella indica Lamarck. Venerupis rugosa Reeve. Vermetus tricuspe Morch. Vexillum vexillum Lamarck. . Volvulella rostrata A. Adams.
Ziziphinus euglyptus A. Adaras=
tvulsella Chemnitz.
Calliostoma Meyert Philippi.
+ Shells so marked range also to Lifu, Loyalty Islands.
BY JOHN SHIRLEY. 89
WORKS CONSULTED.
A. anp H. Apams, Genera of Recent Mollusca, 1858.
BartscH, Pau, Report on the Turton Collection, U.S. Natural History Bulletin, 91, 1915, Smithsonian Publication.
BLaINVILLE, Manuel de Malacologie, 1825.
-CHENU, Manuel de Conchyliologie, 1859.
Dittwyn, Descriptive Catalogue of recent Shells. Vols. land IT, 1817.
Haney Catalogue of recent Bivalve Shells, 1842-56.
Hep.tey, Memoirs of the Australian Mueum ; Studies of the Mollusca, Jour. Lin. Soc. of N.S. Wales.
MELVILLE AND STANDEN, Shells of Lifu, Parts 1-111, Jour. Conch Vol. VIII. pp. 84-132, 273-315, 379-381, 396-421.
PELSENEER, Challenger Rep., Zool., Vol. XXIII, 1888.
Purtieri, Conchylien Cab. Vols. I and II, 1845-1851.
QuoyY AND GAIMARD, Zool. Astrolabe, Vol. II, 1832.
Situ, Challenger Rep., Zool., Vol. XIII, 1885.
Sowersy, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, Vols. 1-V.
“Tryon, Manual of Conchology, Part I, Vols. I- XVI.
Warson, Challenger Rep., Zool., Vol. XV, 1886.
‘Woop, Index Testaceologicus, 1856,
ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS ON THE QUEENS- LAND COAST.
es
By Heper A. Loneman, F.L.S., Director of the Queensland. Museum.
Plates III and LV.
(Read before the Royal Society of Queensland, 28th July, 1919).
In December, 1918, Mr. B. H. Todd kindly informed. me that the remains of a large marine animal were stranded. on the coast at Nikenbah, near Maryborough, South Queensland, on the property of Mr. Emil Jensen. For- tunately the remains were above tidal influence, and the opinion was expressed by Mr. Todd that the animal must have “‘ committed suicide’ to get ashore in such a way. Probably it was endeavouring to escape from some enemy. On being communicated with, Mr. Jensen kindly covered the remains with sand, to facilitate cleaning, and in February forwarded to the Queensland Museum all the bones obtainable. Special care was taken to preserve the cranium, the detached rami of the lower jaw and a single tooth. Examination shows that the bones are those of a specimen of Cuvier’s Whale, Ziphius cavirostris, which has. not previously been recorded from the Coasts of Australia. Reg. No. Q.M.J. 3262.
The distribution of this interesting Cetacean was dealt. with by Dr. 8S. F. Harmer, in 1915, who reviewed the previous. references and recorded the occurrence of two specimens on the Southern Coast of Ireland.* Previous records included specimens from both sides of the Atlantic, Bering
*Harmer, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1915, pp. 559-566.
BY HEBER A. LONGMAN. QO]
Sea, the Mediterranean, South Africa and New Zealand, but notwithstanding its wide range Ziphius cavirostris‘seems to be one of the rarer Ziphioid whales. The affinities of the New Zealand specimens, first described by Haast and Hector as distinct species, were demonstrated by Turner.* A specimen reported from Liscannor, Co. Clare, Ireland, was subsequently found to be True’s Mesoplodon mirum.t
Skul]l,—The majority of the sutures are markedly open, as may be seen from the illustrations. In the occipital plane, the lateral sutures separating the parietals may be distinguished. There is a median suture between the fron- tals. The massive, conjoined nasals include an asymmet- rical bone which protrudes in advance of the frontals for some distance in the median suture. A partial suture is also present on the right nasal. The prenarial basin, so characteristic of adult forms, is not strongly developed. The premaxille in this region are flattened, especially that on the right, whilst a longitudinal groove is present on the left. The foramen of the left premaxilla is smaller and is situated a little anteriorly to that on the right. The mesorostral ossification is not prominent, only appearing on the floor of the deep groove formed in the rostrum by the semi-tubular premaxille. For some distance in front of their lateral expansions, the maxille have a well-marked double (ectomaxillary) ridge. The maxillary prominences are small and unequally developed, that on the right side being the larger.
The anterior part of the palatal surface of the rostrum is formed by the premaxille, the vomer appearing 145mm. from the tip. The converging sides of the maxille are produced between the palatine strips and just exclude the vomer, which reappears after a few millimetres and separates the palatines as they junction with the ptery- goids. The palatine strips are only about 8 mm. across in this region. The slender jugals are lost, with the excep- tion of an anterior fragment on the left side. The ear- bones were misplaced in transit, and in Plate IV. the mastoid portion is missing in the postero-lateral contour. Although detached, both tympanic and both periotic
*Turner, Challenger Zoology, vol. 1, No. iv, 1880, p. 27. {‘‘ Nature,” May 22nd, 1919, p. 237.
92 ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS ON THE QUEENSLAND COAST.
bones are present. When compared with the interesting series figured by True, they are found to agree best with No. 4, which is the type of Z. grebnitzkii. In one periotic the fenestra ovalis was closed by a simple rod of bone representing the stapes.
Mandible.—The rami of the mandible are not anchy- losed. The superior contours agree well with figure 1 in Plate 22 of F. W. True’s work on the Ziphiidae.* The alveolus terminating the right side has an’ open groove anteriorly, but this may be abnormal; unfortunately the corresponding portion of the left ramus is broken, and cannot be compared. The single tooth forwarded is 51mm. in length. It tapers from a basal diameter of 12 mm. to an acuminate enamelled tip. In section it is sub-cir- cular ; the root is hollow and the cavity extends to within 12 mm. of the tip. When placed in the alveolus only the tip protrudes.
In certain characters, notably the small conical tooth, the absence of a mesorostral ossification and of a pronounced
prenarial basin, our specimen exhibits the characters of an immature female.
F. W. True has shown that Ziphius gervaisii (Duvernoy) represents a female of Z. cavirostris, and Dr. 8. F. Harmer also accepts this principle of sexual diagnosis (loc. cit.), so there is sound reason for classifying these remains as a female of Cuvier’s species. So long ago as 1870, Owen referred to the small size of the mandibular teeth as typify- ing a female.
No actual measurements were taken by the discoverers, but the specimen when first stranded is said to have been “about nineteen feet.’
Dimensions of Cranium and Mandible :—
Total length of cranium a es 5c or 830mm Maximum breadth (between zygomatic processes
of the squamosal) Be 467mm Maximum height (from inferior bodes of ptaryaente
to vertex) .. we nie 414mm Distance from tip of rata We poston median
margin of pterygoids .. Se ie ee 636mm
*True, Bull. 73, United States Nat. Mus., 1910. +Owen, Mon. Brit. Foss. Cretacea, No. 1, 1870, p. 12.
Proc. Roy. Soc. Q’Lanp, Vou. xxxt. Prate III.
Ziphius cavirostris Cuvier.
a
Proc.
Roy.
Soc. Q’Lanp, VoL. XXXI.
Prats LV.
Ziphius cavirostris Cuvier.
‘0
BY HEBER A. LONGMAN. 93
Length of rostrum... “ie : 450mm Distance from tip of rostrum to anterior Border
of nasals_.. an 36 BE Se 4s 580mm Length of mandible .. . bic 3c ac 740mm Depth of mandible at soronoid Se as ie 147mm Length of symphysis .. oe af So be 130mm
Vertebrae.—There are four coalesced cervical vertebrae. In the atlas the foramina in the arch for the exit of the first pair of spinal nerves are complete on each side ; the inferior lateral processes are thick and strong and slightly bent backwards, the maximum diameter between them being 250 mm.
There are seven thoracic vertebrae, probably being the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 7th, 8th and 9th. The last three have facets for the articulation of ribs on the transverse processes only.
There are fourteen post-thoracic vertebrae, four of which are caudal centra only. Four incomplete ribs, one chevron bone and five epiphyseal dises are present.
Three vertebrae of a dugong and the coracoid of a turtle were forwarded at the same time, and testify to the efforts of the donor to secure as many bones as the cireum- stances permitted.
THE STRUT PROBLEM.
By R. W. H. Hawken, B.A., M.E. (Sydney), M. Inst. C.E.,
Professor of Engineering, University of Queensland.
(Read before the Royal Society of Queensland, August 25th, 1919).
In engineering and architectural construction the problem of strut design constantly occurs ; many elaborate theoretical analyses have been made, and much money spent in experiment to determine formulae and principles governing the design of such members.
The failure of the Quebec Bridge in 1907, when many lives were lost, and hundreds of thousands of pounds fell into the river, showed that our knowledge of column design was not complete.
The author, ina series of papers collected and published under the title of ‘‘Column Analysis and Design,’* has made a comparison of the various formulae proposed, and has deduced sets of curves for the purpose of analysing experimental results and for use in the design of columns.
The deductions made in the paper mentioned were based on interpretations of previous work, and on new methods of analysis, which it is the purpose of this paper to explain and discuss.
*Published by the University of Queensland and the Sydney University Engineering Society.
BY R. W. H. HAWKEN. 95
The basic result is that of Euler (1707-1783), which will be here stated in the notation to be adopted throughout. (See Fig. 1).
NY
|
Sav
a
Sole rea he Siem a, BG: = te
‘Let O be the centre of coordinates
l — be the length of a column fixed at one end and 2 free at the other (equivalent to a column
length ‘7’ pin ended).
y be the ordinate of the deflection curve
l
x- the abscissa measured from O 9°
o~_
E be the Modulus of Elasticity of the material
I be the Moment of Inertia of the cross section
Q be the Load centrally applied.
96 THE STRUT PROBLEM.
The differential equation of equilibrium d?y
The solution of this equation is a cosine curve
1% $6. VB COB KR oe oes oe corel ae (2):
oo
and it has been proved that Q can have only one value, viz.
m2 KI QS ee ba Use Venda Boe (3) ]2 which will be called the ‘ Euler Value’ or ‘Q’ of the COlMMD 9) ie bc ele ee es 2 + eines (5a)
The results (2) and (3) were deduced a century and a-half ago by Euler; the derivation of the Euler results appears in almost any book on infinitesimal calculus, or on the theory of structures, yet it is with their meaning and interpretation that this paper deals, because the author thinks that neither has been fully nor correctly understood.
Mathematicians and Engineers using the results (2) and (3) of Euler gave various explanations of their meaning, such as :—
(a) the column is in ‘ neutral’ or ‘ unstable ’ equilibrium,
(6) a deflection occurs under one load only, and is then indeterminable,
(c) it is true only for long thin columns, (d) the Euler load always causes collapse,
(e) and many others.
To make clear the proposed explanation, it will be necessary to examine a modified case, shown in Fig. (2), that is, instead of the load being central it is applied with an eccentricity ‘e,’ the differential equation is then
BY R. W. H. HAWKEN. 97
and it will be seen at once from (2) above that
n Varo COS Ma HOPE ICUS wiatteleicte se eee ee ees (5) 9 n? EI ere ae MONI, WEISS da ee eb cee seem se es (6) (I')?
A solution was first deduced* as if it were a separate problem from that of Euler by Prof. R. H. Smith, in 1878, -who left it in the form
l ie (yi te)=(ate) — Cos ~— se aeeeeeccecceees (7) 2 EI
Rie. 2;
Prof. Smith wrote his paper to express the view that there was no such thing as perfectly central loading, and ‘that the correct case to consider for any column was for
an eccentric load; he went on to use his equation to
deduce some results which are probably correct, but he
*Proc. Edinburgh and Leith Engineering Society, 1878. H
9S THE STRUT PROBLEM.
would not acknowledge any practical meaning* of result (3) or the ‘German Rule,’ as he called it, though admitting the accuracy of the mathematics. He deduced l’ of (6) 72 EI as ,/——~ but saw no practical application in his result.f P .
Apparently he did not realise that he was virtually repeating Euler’s analysis.
Smith’s work was somewhat neglected by subsequent. writers; in many Engineering text-books it is not mentioned,t but, later, equation (7) has been quoted as ‘Professor Smith’s Formula,’§ but often under a special heading of eccentrically loaded columns.
The author|| (who at the time did not know of Smith’s work) put the solution of the differential equation in the form shown in (5) and (6) and using (6) has proceeded as follows :—
z?KL Qi? Q since P=——-=—— ..]' =1/—.l ‘hes l? r eae (8) Q P q or if gq =— and p =— then l’=,/—. A A p
that is to say, every column bends as if it has a ‘ virtual length,’ according to the load applied, provided Q is assumed a constant. He adopted lst (with Smith) the view that there is an ‘essential eccentricity’ of loading small or large according to practical conditions of making and adjustment; 2nd, that absolutely central loading is a mathematical conception only, but (in disagreement with Smith) the ‘ Euler Value ’ ‘ Q’ has a very practical applica- tion, as will be shown below.
*See Footnotes, pages 101 and 102 ; also pp. 36,37, “Column Analysis and Design.”
See pp. 35, 36, 37 of paper by author, ““ Column Analysis and Design.”
{Vide Morly “Theory of Structures,” who solves the differential equation (4) and apparently was not aware of Smith’s work.
§Jamieson “‘ Applied Mechanics.”
||Vide Proc. Inst. C.E., Vol. 204, paper No. 4207.
BY R. W. H. HAWKEN. 99
The problem, as it occurs in Engineering Practice, will now be stated.
The design of a column depends mainly on the maximum stress at the extreme fibre; to get this it is necessary to take account of both direct compression and bending stress, thus :—Referring to Fig. 1 or Fig. 2,—
if P be the load on the column A be area of cross section y be distance of extreme fibre from neutral axis f, be stress at extreme fibre due to bending only
I. be moment of inertia of section and r radius of gyration where [=Ar?
f be total stress at the extreme fibre at the point C on the column=f, +p
n be maximum deflection
P p be — A then Pxnxy pny ee eae eee eee ee (9) aac 1 jeeye MOD he ep et i, SG tao wees eel ae (10) re
so that if we know the quantity ‘n’ we can calculate f and from (10) we can express p in terms of f, thus :—
72
and thus say, for any material, what direct stresses can be applied to a column to cause a certain allowable stress f, according to the material used, at the extreme fibre.
100 THE STRUT PROBLEM.
The difficulty is that from the assumptions of central loading, n is indeterminate, and various devices have been adopted to make practical use of (11): the best known is that of Professor Rankine, who, following the analogy*
]2 -of beam deflection, said n for a constant {=c— where ¢ is 7 -constant for the material, and thus obtained the familiar Rankine-Gordon formula
this is still extensively used, it has been modified empiric-
1X2 ally to the ‘ parabolic formula ’ p=t{ of -) }. . (12a) r
} l -and to the ‘straight line formula ‘=f 1x) » af (26) r
‘these latter are easy of application, and, over limited ranges for f and k chosen with judgment are suitable for ordinary
-design. T
*The analogy of beam and strut is not nearly complete and may be -deceptive. In a beam the deflection varies directly as the load, whereas in a column the rate of change of deflection increases with the load, for this reason breaking test results for apparent central loading which may .and do conform to Rankine’s formula, do not give a true indication of what will happen under loads used in practice. The curves appended show this; f/p is not constant for the same column, in fact the curves have been drawn to deduce the varying amount ; in a beam the various curves would be straight lines parallel to the axis. For these reasons any table ~of breaking strengths of columns can only be a very rough indication of how the column is stressed under working conditions. For columns with a definite eccentricity of loading these remarks apply with equal ‘force. Plate VI illustrates these remarks; both when results are being determined in terms of |/r and of (1/r)?.
f {That is if the fact is kept in mind that the ratio — varies with f
see Plate VI.) p
BY R. W. H. HAWKEN. 10
Continental Engineers specify that columns shall be loaded only to a proportion of the Euler Value* (generally Da) eiee-a blade —Aocitipions,. <Q... 3», <9 ince dyetayenace a <4» (13)
To apply the results (1) to (6) to the solution of (11).
The author considers that in practice we can no more realise the Euler condition than we can make a _ perfect sphere—we can only approach either to the limit of accuracy” of workmanship or of the measuring instruments, consequently every material column has some eccentricity of loading. Itis quite possible that the deviationf from the ideal conditions is not exactly that shewn diagrammatically in Fig. 2. The column may be in a bent state though unstrained, or the sources of eccentricity may lie in different amounts of strain on compressive and tensile sides (vide Fidler’s ‘ Bridge Construction’), but the assumption made allows of exact solutions and visualising methods and may be reasonably considered as a summary of sources of difference from ideal loading.
The phenomena shewn by experiment confirm what has been stated above; in the most carefully conducted experimental work the Euler condition cannot be realised though various experimenters have thought it so: it is only a close approximation that has been reached, and experimentally ‘unstable equilibrium ’ cannot be attained, some residual friction at supportst or want of centrality
EI
* . . . “And yet it is this value Q=72 , which has been:
L2 stated to be the theoretically (sic) safe (!) load, and the framers of the formula who were, of course, perfectly well aware that the formula gave results as far away from the results of experiment as the sun is from the moon, proceeded gravely to divide the modulus of elasticity E by a factor of safety varying from 6to12. . . . The idea of dividing a modulus. of elasticity by a factor of safety is sufficiently grotesque in any circumstances, but the idea that it may possibly be six or twelve times as great as we think it is, is a strange absurdity.” (Extract from Professor Smith’s paper on ‘“‘ The Strength of Struts.”’).
tSee p. 38-39 of “Column Analysis and Design.”
{This might cause an approach to fixation, consequently the virtual. length may be shorter than the actual length and a column apparently be able to carry more than its Euler Value.
162 THE STRUT PROBLEM.
is sufficient to ensure some variation from the ideal condition, and, as the deflection is nearly infinite in its ratio to eccentricity of loading when the load is nearly the Euler load (see equation (18) ), an infinitely small eccentricity may cause a definite deflection; in the language of mathematics, 00 x O = a; more strictly— nearly «¢ xX nearly O = nearly a.
It is inconceivable that an absolutely different set of conditions obtains in the two cases of (a) absolute centrality, and (6b) infinitely close to absolute centrality, yet this is what Smith apparently assumed.*
The explanation of the apparent anomalies lies probably in the fact that the primary differential equation solved by Euler, and later in a modified form, by Smith, is not itself exact. This important point seems to have been missed in the numerous discussions of column formulae. Let H be the load applied.
The exact equation is
d2y dy \243 df fap no T {i+ alt } Lew, Lateonate (14) dx? dx
d?y the ordinary equation assumed, see (1), is = — Hy dx? dy \2 that is (2 , being small, is neglected, yet it is quite dx
conceivable that even though negligible so far as arith- metical results are concerned, yet if taken into account, it may provide the element of stability.
* “The error is not in pure mathematics. From first to last Grashof’s careful and elaborate investigation is correct, so far at least as I have detected. His mathematical deduction from his final equation is substantially right, but his mistake consisted in assuming that the case e=O was one which commonly occurred in practice, and thus in inferring that the mathematical results of assumption has a bearing on the practical question of the strength of struts. This case never occurs in practice, and although e may often be very small, still its slightest variation from absolutely O altogether destroys the validity of the conclusions drawn.’® (Extract from Professor Smith’s Paper, 1878).
BY R. W. H. HAWKEN. 103
This view is confirmed by the solution of (14) using elliptic functions by R. W. Burgess,* he shows that each central load is accompanied by a definite deflection, and, as was to be expected, that the cosine curve is quite
dy inaccurate when the slope (:) becomes appreciable. dx Keeping to the assumption of Q as a unit basis for all loads for the column and putting H for the actual central load, some figures of Burgesst have been put into the form of Table I.
TaBLe I. wp Corresponding values of Values of -;/— for | In the Author’s Deflection 2q | notation. a/l, i.e. ————— pin-jointed columns. | Length 1.57080 er — GO) 0.0000 1.57092 H=1.00014 Q 0.0111 1.58284 H—1O1@ 0.1097
The figures of Table I. show that for any deflection to take place the load must be somewhat greater than Q,
Q but when the load is —— greater than Q, the deflection 7500
is 1% of the length, an amount beyond that usually allow- able in Engineering practice, so that the error in assuming Q as the unit maximum load is less than 1 in 10,000 ; yet Q is not necessarily a load causing collapse, nor is there instability even for a central load.
Professor Chapman, of Adelaide University, has deduced by exact analysis for eccentric load
e a+e pz that =cen (6, v6) where v=—— and 6 = 1/- —- ate l q 2 ae. pis and thus v@= /—— :...(15)
l q 2 *Physical Review, March, 1917. tThe table has been prepared by the author in the way shewn from figures kindly supplied by Professor Chapman, of Adelaide University. See Proc. Roy. Soc. South Australia, Vol. xlii, 1918.
104 THE STRUT PROBLEM.
The Smith-Euler analysis as modified by the author e
gives =cos 6, see later equation (18) .......... (16) a Le
By expanding both series the error of (16) is only
‘2% when vO@='l. In Engineering practice v@ is rarely
greater than ‘Ol.
The results just stated for exact solutions show that. the assumptions of a cosine curve, and of Q as a_ unit. maximum load have very small errors which are quite negligible in Engineering Design.
Granting an essential eccentricity ‘e,’ as argued above,. and using equations (5) and (8) the Author deduced the following result :—
l l p In (5) when x= — then y=e and -=4/-— from (8) is I’ q pz *,e@ =(a--e) cos y— — |. .2cne eee (17) q 2 pa or-(a-Fe)=e sec! 4/s— 222 See (18). q 2
Consequently curves may be plotted* showing (a+e) or maximum deflection in terms of ‘e’ as the load P varies ; when P=Qthe deflection is infinite (see Plate V). Curves
have been plotted usually with abscissa ranging from q
O to 1, showing all variations of stress as the load varies,.
and thus the actual meaning and accuracy of various.
formulae are clearly shown.
The many tables and curves of the author of which some examples are shown*, should allow of experimental results being properly interpreted, and probably a formula. evolved, showing how ‘e’ varies with the dimensions end construction of practical columns: if this were known authoritatively the theory of design of columns might
become as satisfactory as that of a simple beam.
*See diagrams appended. Plates V and VI.
BY R. W. H. HAWKEN. 105
When this variation is known, possibly formulae eliminating intermediate computation based on ‘e’ may be evolved: this at present those of (12) and (13) attempt
to do, but they are not sufficiently rational.
The method of the author seems to bring into touch, and reconcile, the various deductions made for columns thus :—
Taking as the basis the pin ended column of length /
m2 KI it has an Euler value Q=—— —..... nee cece eee (19) /2
All practical columns bend with a virtual length
Q l'= »1/— 1 where P is the load applied .............. (20) Aig
The extreme cases are for ideal conditions.*
(a) Fixed at both ends then P=4Q and virtual length
Q l Ba af = Ses Abs, DISTANT BAL. (21) 4Q 2 (6) Fixed at one end and free at the other then P=— 4 Q and virtual length l’=./— /=21_ ........ (22)
Q/4
Between these extreme cases every column bends with a virtual length according to the partial fixing and the amount of load.
In Engineering Practice judgment will have to be exercised in deciding on the amount of fixing or otherwise to be allowed for.
* “The deflection of a column with fixed ends does not depend on the eccentricity of loading. Extra strain is brought on the fixed ends, but not on the column itself.” (Extract from Prof. Chapman’s corres- pondence with the author).
106 THE STRUT PROBLEM.
APPENDIX,
Applying (18) to (11)
f SS ee sive Jondge Couete areas et chagetre (CL) ey pa 1+ — see y- - r2 q 2 ey or writing —=¢ r2 f PS ark ere ————— +, OR ERR toes (b) px 1+ sec y/- - q 2 This does not allow of p being deduced in terms of f pz unless an algebraical expression for sec 1/W—-- may _ be q 2
found: many attempts have been made at this, and the author has put forward the expression*
*Interesting and probably very useful deductions may be made from this. It will be seen that if‘‘a” be the induced deflection, applying the suggested approximation to (18)
9) q then a=1-25se5 ————— 5 eee sce oeee « o isnee Shere oceans eaateneneneae (i) p sv
q
so that the deflection of a column may be computed_mentally.
The assumption of original bending of an amount e (followed by Fidler, Hutt, Andrews and others) gives :—
that is 20% less than (i)
Blakey. ce A A Sg a ene NA i a pbb al boo IN SR AG a Ce et ! ga ITE a ing, change In ex Ter eae A Gi ges a a | 1 | Hi GR EA EE change RES RA A a oo aA | iH liktet — ni tl EAA E 7 Wau za a a Mee 111 A A a et 7 SMTA) AAR Ge i HOE PE iat eee pase MN Hedda 20801) AES Hue et es B= 40) Ht bes ba : Hata aE Se el Hd 00 8 a ! a pass OY, yy aaeattee ae ete nan ie Ha a Tits 7a AES GR TT ina TR ely sp. |) PHT AL] War HEI eT na: AKL | Fae in HE it ‘ghange NL ears an ce ZEEE et 2 ac a Bl ld uaa Ae)
ib
=}
pea
!
Proo. Roy. Soc. Q’Lanp, Vou. xxx. Prat V.
CURVES FOR STRESS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF COLUMNS.
By R. W. H. Hawken, B.A., M.E. (Sydney), M. Inst. C.E., Professor of Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane.
3
ma
LSS PER 3a INCH
ee pialetole
7) ELC) a lm
“6 “To 2 0
| TT WE) ea reren Pr ret ra Pay ' i TTP OSH Pet dys i
| t | lye || H I | t { ||
HE {ait ! oe ae | } | \| 14 fe} peg t BET peter Fee
-}-|-+-++ t+ tt t tar ete HO 6 LO A oe +4 +4 = t t Teer ey selmi wht te . seme a 1 i a nat Fear Oa N ie - + T + Deal ; SS cen } t 2 TOSS Pea Tp peat Hatatah = NN r rt 4-444. oe Os +4-[op | Ly + == a 4+ tt ttl} 4—+-+-4 + + {4t-bty get aH 4 ts +44 james = + Ht + ol . Aaa, es a { a 4b b+ I + | ff] t-4 ff byt > a f sa } } bm Oo as { — 4-4 }-}-+ ee a { t ae 1-1 te] 444} f PP y+ tJ
1] ‘4 din
seeea rae 4 OT Bae pt feet ++ 1 4 teat +4 ++4-| et nee ATS = "7 : cnet :
Spaying! zx mI Por a, '
H+ ine eee
| bas | {i lated brie ey js Li ++ » Ga DEaS0uness Guam - ei T -\iemes an Ett Zl a: rai Res + +43 ‘Te i] aE LY e ° cT b ris J 4 fesge
| icese feces fooen PH tH Ph Feet ceset eBael nul
SESREGEEES
|| i Ha OMT Dot a as 7 jeait
] at Bl ih
Pit SSE eenn8 ceeee
PES
S |
bal ier sa mi ~)e\ "oi
a4
tooe SSR
Se
gu bo ee
PuatEe VI.
XXXI.
Vou.
Proc Roy. Soc QLAND.
64000 LBS
ER SQ. INCH
=16000 LBS R SQ.INCH.
PER SQ.INCH. = 64000 LBS PER SQ INCH.
790 = € For f= 16000 LBs
3 10 = € For;
48 5
40 42 |44 46
ie 38
Cocos
“HONIOS Y3d SBI 0009) = F 4Os O0QQ9d)
"HON! OS Yad /S37 es
BY R. W. H. HAWKEN. 107
p 14°25 - pz q sec f/- -= q 2 p == q
the error of which is negligible, but it is more conclusive and just as easy to use the secant curve, consequently all the curves and data have been deduced on the latter basis.
As shewn in the previous paper this does not cause anything like f 20% difference in results for - Pp
P
q It is apparent that —— is the sum of a Geometrical Progression,
Pp ee
q 80 that
Induced Deflection Pp p 1\? = Eine Ice Se aL tee ae Eccentricity of Loading q q q
which is easily visualised.
THE AUSTRALIAN GELECHIANAB (LEPIDOPTERA).
By A. JEFFERIS TURNER, M.D., F.E.S.
(Read before the Royal Society of Queensland, 29th October, 1919.)
The Gelechianae are rather a difficult group, and I have only lately studied them seriously. With the help of a small number of species named for me by Mr. Meyrick,, but especially by the study of Mr. Meyrick’s admirable revision (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1904, p. 255), of which I cannot speak too highly, I have found the genera not so hard to understand as might have been expected.
Moths of this sub-family are mostly small, sometimes: minute, mostly of dull and inconspicuous colouring (the genus Crocanthes is an exception), and of very retired habits, so that isolated examples of new species have occurred rather frequently, and until the larve have been discovered, many species will remain poorly represented in collections. The species of Crocanthes, Dichomeris, and some others are usually abundant, and some species are taken freely at light. One species Dichomeris capnitis, Meyr., sometimes occurs in countless millions. 1 came upon one of these swarms near Gympie, Queensland, on April 15th, 1906. For twenty yards in length and several yards in breadth along the bank of a small creek the eucalyptus saplings, some of considerable size, were so covered with. moths that not only was their foliage completely blackened, but the saplings themselves were actually bowed with the weight. On beating a sapling with a stick it recovered its
BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 109
uprightness while the moths arose in a dense black cloud, and the rustling sound of their wings was distinctly audible.
- The moths were imbricated on the leaves like the seales of a roof. In order to form some estimate of their numbers I captured with a sweep of the net the moths on two large leaves (at the utmost 5 x 2 inches) and counted 710 speci- mens. As the leaves on the shrubs were numerous and the shrubs fairly close together the total number of insects must have been beyond computation.
Among the new genera I have made, it is possible that some may be identical with extra-Australian genera with which I am unacquainted. Among the species I have had most difficulty with those of the large genus Proto- lechia. The species of this genus are mostly obscure and sometimes variable, and of the 85 species described by Mr, Meyrick I have so far identified only 33.
Fam. TINEID. Subfam. Gelechiane. EPIPHTHORA PSOLOSTICTA n. sp.
pohootixtos, spotted with black.
3g. ll mm. Head and thorax whitish. Palpi whitish with a few fuscous scales ; second joint with an anterior apical tuft, which is longer than terminal joint ; terminal joint 4, rather loosely scaled. Antennz whitish. Abdomen grey-whitish. Legs whitish ; anterior pair with fine trans- verse dark-fuscous strie; middle pair with some fuscous irroration most pronounced on tarsi. Forewings narrow, costa rather strongly arched, apex acute; whitish with scanty pale ochreous-fuscous irroration, denser towards apex ; a line of three blackish subcostal dots near base ; a blackish subcostal dot at 4, a second opposite to it beneath fold, a third above fold before middle ; a short blackish subcostal line from middle; blackish dots above tornus, before termen above middle, and at apex ; cilia whitish with some fuscous irroration round apex. Hindwings with emargination rectangular, apical process 4; pale-grey ; cilia ochreous-whitish,
N.S.W., Glen Innes, in March ; one specimen.
110 AUSTRALIAN GELECHIANAE
EPpIPHTHORA POLIOPASTA 1. Sp.
modwunactos, sprinkled with grey.
$13 mm. Head whitish. Palpi whitish; second: joint fuscous externally except at apex, an apical tuft not quite so long as terminal joint ; terminal joint $. Antenne whitish. Thorax whitish irrorated with grey. Abdomen ochreous-whitish. Legs, anterior pair dark-fuscous irrorated with whitish ; middle pair whitish irrorated with fuscous, more densely